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169 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Ancient times before 400 AD studies of fossils and mummies indicates many modern health conditions such as infections, bone diseases, arteriosclerosis, UTI, and GI and ______
arthritis
Ancient times belief in _____ causes but health care problems and diseases date to beginning of time.
supernatural
Ancient times blood letting, beating ill person, and loud noise examples of ancient +++++ rituals.
healthcare
Ancient times life span only 20-____ years.
35
Ancient times ____ diseases were rare.
chronic
Most famous ancient physician was ______. Observation and conservative tx. Health the balance of 4 humors.
Hippocrates
Hippocrates was also called the +++++ of Medicine. Used dietetics to balance the humors. Only if diet failed would he resort to drugs or surgery.
Father
Medieval Times AD400-1350. 2 plagues killed majority of people and led to breakdown of ++++++Monks preserved written medical texts and monasteries served as centers of learning.
civilization
Medieval times- Christian belief that disease was _____ for sins.
punishment
Medieval times -
Christianity emphasized the soul not the ____. Prayer, pentinence, and assistance of saints. Any cure a miracle.
body
Medieval times 400ad to 1350 Council of Tours the church proclaimed no ______
blood shed
Medieval times 400ad to 1350
Since most physicians also clergy not allowed to perform _____
surgery
Medieval times 400ad to 1350
Title of ____became known. Major medical legislation 9 year curriculum, licenses, and exams
doctor
Medieval times 400ad to 1350
Medicine became an official ____, but not enuf for lower class who relied on barbers an healers.,
profession
Medieval Times 400-1250 Concept of ____ , due to plague, became established as preventive measure.
quarentine
Medieval Times 400-1250 Network of ++++ built. New, humane approach. A refuge for the sick.
hospitals
Rennaissance- 1350-1650
revival of learning and science. Accurate _____ drawings and autopsies.
anatomical
Rennaissance- 1350-1650
Brissot spoke against bloodletting and so died in exile. Study of _____ greatly expanded.
plants, botany
Rennaissance- 1350-1650
Plants were the main sources of ____ and 500 species classifed.
drugs
Rennaissance- 1350-1650
First theory of contagious diseases Girolamo Frascastoro. Still no ____
hygiene
Rennaissance- 1350-1650
Printing ____ invented allowing for widespread distribution of books
press
Rennaissance- 1350-1650
invention of gun powder led to more gun shot _____. Need for surgeons elevated barber surgeons to higher status.
wounds
17th century study of anatomy continues and study of ____ begins.
physiology
17th century William Harvey said that blood _____ thru the body within a continuous network of vessels.
circulates
17th century Medication first injected into +++++ system.
circulatory
17th century1666 Anton van Leeuwenhook invented the _____ Germs viewed but not connected with disease for several centuries
microscope
17th century Quinine imported from peru as cure for malaria. Separated malaria from other =++++. Specific diseases have specific causes.
fevers
17th century-nervous system and stimulation of muscles discovered. Mucous not produced by the ++++
brain
18th century 3 theories: 1. Body functioned like hydraulic +++++. Run by undefined fluid flowing thru nervous system. 2. Every disease the result of overstimulation or inability to respond to stimulation. Tx a stimulant or ++++++3. Direct clinical observation should be used to categorize diseases. Led to 2400 diagnoses
pump
depressant
18th century-nervous systemSurgery became an acceptable form of ++++ Louis XIV. Became a science
tx
18th century Giovanni Battisa Morgagni published On the Sites and causes of ______
Disease
18th century With Sites and Causes of Disease, emphasis changed from general conditions and humors to specific changes in _____
organs
18th century
Techniques for measuring BP and ------- were developed. Measurement of ----- signs used to determine pt status.
termperature
vital
18th century Science of _____ comes of age. Digestion as a _____ process, rather than purely mechanical.
chemistry
chemical
18th century Philosopy of ____ and rational approach.
enlightenment
18th century focus shifted from devil and possession to mental illness as a _____Treated in more ____ way
disease
humane
18th century Public health, Sanitary reform, Personal _____ improved. Interest in child health increased and decreased rate of _____ of infants and children
hygiene
deaths
18th century Edward Jenner showed that the vaccination of with cowpow improves immunity for ______
smallpox
19th century Industrial revolution and hospitals built. Allowed for _____ observation and autopsy
clinical
19th century Emphasis moved from individual organs to ____
Advances in physiology
tissue
19th century
Advance in ____ knowledge. Physicans and surgeons united in one profession.
medical
19th century
More first time surgeries.tracheostomy and removal of thyroid and _____
_____ areas of medicine develop
uterus
specialty
19th century
human tissue could be seen at ++++ level. Pharmacology, metabolism, and _+++++
cellular
dietetics
19th century
Dentists introduced _____and spread to surgery
anastetia
19th century
Anastetia decreased ____ and need for speed in surgery. Death rate decreased.
shock
19th century
Elizabeth Blackwell MD opens first _____ school
nursing
19th century
Louis Pasteur proved bacteria the cause of specific +++++
diseases
19th century infectious microorganisms carried by +++++ means. Specific identificaiton of microorganism led to ++++++
various
vaccines
19th century
Anastetia and asepsis and invention of variety of _____ instruments
surgical
19th century Lister applied germ theory to surgical practice. Microorganisms could fall into surgical _____
wounds
19th century Freud and Breuer psychoanalysis and repression of sexual ____
urges
19th century pasteurization, vaccination, asepsis, sanitation, and _____ medicine
Preventive
19th century
life span increased from 40 to 70 in fifties due to _____, not curative measures.
preventative
20th century Karl Landsteiner discovered +++++ groups.Made blood transfusion safe.
blood
20th century F G Banting discovered _____ as a treatment for diabetes. Diabetes no longer a ++++ disease.
insulin
fatal
20th century large scale vaccination programs eradicated _____, but influenza epidemic
disease
20th century new diagnostic and theraputic. Biomedical engineering with invention of +++++
computer
20th century X rays, ECG, EEG, ultasound, pacemakers, dialysis, tomography provided _____ tools.
diagnostic
20th century
Vitamens discovered by US. Showed disease could be caused by lack of _____ as well as germs.
vitamens
20th century
New synthetic drugs, chemotherapy, antibiotics, and medications to fight allergies or ++++++
allergens
20th century
lifespan 70-80 years. ------ illnesses common and geriatrics becomes a specialty.
Chronic
20th century Mental illness a problem for society. Shock therapy and psychosurgery replaced with drugs and +++++Tranquilizers changed approach to +++++ of mental illness
psychotherapy
assessment
End of 19th and beginning of 20th centuries- increasing focus on specialization- patient focus was ____
lost
20th century physcial, occupational and speech therapy. continuing focus on specialty vs _____ perspective
holistic
20th century Costs increase due to _____, limiting the access of poor.
specialization
20th century surgery and ananestia improve. Transplatation of _____
organs
20th century Defintion of death changed from cessation of heart and lung function to ____ death by EEG.
brain
20th century People could be kept alive by mechanical means. Focus on living ____ 1975 removal of support from comatose woman
wills
20th century Pts with terminal illnesses want to die with dignity. First hospice in 1967. Dr Jack ++++++ assisted suicide
Kervokian
20th century mass media image of medicine ++++ Quackery medicine
cold
20th century Rejection of herbal and alternative therapies in favor of ____ approach. People favor alternative and herbal therapies, but they are not _____
scientific
regulated
20th century Identification of specific _____ related to certain conditions. how to alter or prevent condiiton unknown
genes
20th century First test tube baby born. Gave hope to ____ couples.
infertile
20th century 1981 AIDs discovered and challenge to research. Prolonged life but no _____
cure
20th century 1997 First successful cloning of sheep- human ____ and growth of organs for human transplantation
cloning
Hopes for 21st century Vaccine for HIV, Cure for ___, Cure for obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and cancer. cloning of organs
Aids
Hopes for 21st century More effective tx mental illness, prevention and alternative therapy used to complement ++++++medicine
traditional
Hopes for 21st century Lifespan of ____ years. Less invasive diagnostic and theraputic tx with less harmful side effects
100+
Specialization Medical practice is more technical and ++++++
fragmented
Specialization Long term relationships between patient and _____ are breaking down
physician
Aging Population- Life span increases due to improved medicine and ++++. Also more aged due to baby boom
surgery
Aging Population heavy consumers health care including ++++ facilities, chronic problems, and home health care.
LTC
Increasing Costs
Technology, More elderly, rising prices of drugs, and increasing number of diagnostic ++++and treatments, more medical malpractice suits, lack of competition, rising expectations, poor distribution of health care providers and facilities, and more effective treatments.
tests
The following conditions account for the majority of hospital admissions: heart problems, mental illness, _____, stroke and respiratory problems.
cancer
cost of hospitals increasing causing development of other types of care to limit the ++++ and length of stay
number
Levels of care offered by hospital include: trauma center sophisticated equipment and trauma ____
surgeons
Levels of care offered by hospital: emergency room sudden conditions that require _____ attention accidents and heart attacks
immediate
Levels of care offered by hospital:ICU or +++++ care unit. Contiuous care and monitor of serious illnesses or injuries
intensive
Levels of care offered by hospital:CCU Specialized equipment and continuous monitoring of _____ conditions
heart
Hospital General Unit provides care for ill who do not need specialized ____ or continuous nursing care.
Care
Transitional care or TCU provides lower level care while arrangements to return ____ or other facility
home
Rehab units- musculoskeletal, neurological, and orthopedic ++++++
conditions
Challenges of Modern Hospital
diversification of services, elimination of _____, merging, joining with large systems, and purchased by large organizations.
services
Problem facing hospitals is the large number of +++++
uninsured
Joint commission, private nonprofit, set standards for +++++ for hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, LTC and labs.
accreditation
Medicare and private insurance won't pay for services at facilities that are ++++ accredited.
NOT
Adult Day Care activities, meals and ____ for seniors and developmentally disabled.
supervision
LTC includes SNF or skilled ____ facilities which provide nursing and rehab on 24 hr basis.
nursing
LTC includes SNF or skilled ____ facilities which provide nursing and rehab on 24 hr basis.
nursing
LTC includes intermediate ---------- care facility which provides personal care, soc services, for those who don't req 24 hr nursing care.
nursing
LTC includes adult foster _____which provides 24 hr personal care and supervision for a +++++number of residents
home
small
LTC includes intermediate ---------- care facility which provides personal care, soc services, for those who don't req 24 hr nursing care.
nursing
LTC includes SNF or skilled ____ facilities which provide nursing and rehab on 24 hr basis.
nursing
LTC includes adult foster _____which provides 24 hr personal care and supervision for a +++++number of residents
home
small
LTC also includes assisted _____ residence provides housing, meals, and personal care to individuals who need help with daily living activities but don't need +++++care.Also known as supportive housing and residential LTC
lving
nursing
LTC includes intermediate ---------- care facility which provides personal care, soc services, for those who don't req 24 hr nursing care.
nursing
LTC also includes assisted _____ residence provides housing, meals, and personal care to individuals who need help with daily living activities but don't need +++++care.Also known as supportive housing and residential LTC
lving
nursing
LTC also continuing care community. Variety of ____ arrangements.
living
LTC includes adult foster _____which provides 24 hr personal care and supervision for a +++++number of residents
home
small
LTC also continuing care community. Variety of ____ arrangements.
living
LTC also includes assisted _____ residence provides housing, meals, and personal care to individuals who need help with daily living activities but don't need +++++care.Also known as supportive housing and residential LTC
lving
nursing
LTC also continuing care community. Variety of ____ arrangements.
living
Diagnostic centers - radiography, to determine the ____ of illness
causes
Emergency and Urgent Care Centers care for conditions that req ______ attention
immediate
Health ____services in companies, schools, and prisons
care
basic preventive
Surgical Centers- outpt services that do not req ______
hospitalization
Wellness Centers offer routine physicals, prevention such as immunizations, exercise and +++++
nutrition
Rehabilitation Clinics occupational therapy, speech therapy, hearing, substance ____
abuse
Home health care providers
shorter hospital stays, more elderly, advances in equipment to allow at home, desire of individuals to remain at +++++
home
Hospice supplies palliative care. It ____, not cures.
relieves
National Institute of _____
27 centers that conduct and support all types of medical research.
Health
US Dept of Labor Occupational Safety and ++++ Administration OSHA minimum health and safety standards which employers must follow
Health
Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
research to prevent _____
contagion
FDA Food and +++ Administration ensures pure and safe food, drugs, and cosmetics
Drug
State Health Depts
licensed hospitals, nursing homes, monitor chronic and communicable _____. Lab services, emergency medical services, health data systems, and conduct public health planning
diseases
Local Health Depts
collect ____ statistics
screen for diseases
provide health education and immunizations
supevise water and sewage
provide Vd clinics
mental and substance abuse counseling
vital
Why new approaches to health care: access to info, search for less invasive and costly, growing interest in use of ------- products, belief in mind body connection, emphasis on prevention, pt want more responsibility for tx, direct to consumer advertising, and humanization of medicine
natural
Wellness is the promotion of ++++ thru prevention and practice of good health habits.
health
Margaret Newman associated with expanding consciousness, nursing approach for pts not well but living with ____ or injury
illness
Complementary and alternative medicine not traditionally performed by ++++medical practitioners, Herbs and meditation
conventional
Local Health Depts
collect ____ statistics
screen for diseases
provide health education and immunizations
supevise water and sewage
provide Vd clinics
mental and substance abuse counseling
vital
Why new approaches to health care: access to info, search for less invasive and costly, growing interest in use of ------- products, belief in mind body connection, emphasis on prevention, pt want more responsibility for tx, direct to consumer advertising, and humanization of medicine
natural
Wellness is the promotion of ++++ thru prevention and practice of good health habits.
health
Margaret Newman associated with expanding consciousness, nursing approach for pts not well but living with ____ or injury
illness
Local Health Depts
collect ____ statistics
screen for diseases
provide health education and immunizations
supevise water and sewage
provide Vd clinics
mental and substance abuse counseling
vital
Complementary and alternative medicine not traditionally performed by ++++medical practitioners, Herbs and meditation
conventional
Why new approaches to health care: access to info, search for less invasive and costly, growing interest in use of ------- products, belief in mind body connection, emphasis on prevention, pt want more responsibility for tx, direct to consumer advertising, and humanization of medicine
natural
Wellness is the promotion of ++++ thru prevention and practice of good health habits.
health
Margaret Newman associated with expanding consciousness, nursing approach for pts not well but living with ____ or injury
illness
Complementary and alternative medicine not traditionally performed by ++++medical practitioners, Herbs and meditation
conventional
Complementary medicine is used along with _____ medicine
conventional
Integrative medicine combines conventional med tx with _____ med tx for which there is a high quality of scientic evidence of safety and effectiveness.
complementary
Alternative _____ refers to practices used instead of conventional medicine, such as acupuncture instead of surgery.
medicine
Complementary and alternative ++++ becoming increasingly popular.
increasingly
Homeopathic medicine (whole medical systems) assists body to heal itself of symptoms by small quantities of substance produces symptoms like cures ++++
like
Naturopathic medicine assists the body to use own healing power with methods such as exercise and medicinal +++++
plants
Mind-Body Medicine patient support groups, meditation, prayer, and ++++ outlets like art and music
creative
Biologically based Practices
aromatherapy, herbs, ____ supplements, and use of natural products like shark
dietary
Manipulative and Body Based Practices= chiropractic, osteopathic, massage, and application of pressure to body parts or ++++++
reflexology
Energy therapies- energy fields and pathways- qi gong movement, meditation, and breathing,- ___theraputic touch and transmit universal energy and Bioelectromagnetic
Reiki
Complemetary alternative medicine is susceptible to ++++
fraud
Osteopathy based on belief that body can protect itself if musculoskeletal fine, esp the ++++
spine
Osteopath vs chiropractor Which is MD, and can prescribe drugs?
Osteopath is MD. Chiropractor may recommend nutrition and herbal.
Chiropractor puts pressure on the nerves leaving ____ column.
spinal
Massage therapy puts pressure on body, promotes circulation and _____
healing
Naturopathy combines traditional and ____ remedies.Diet, exercise
natural
Homeopathy small amounts of the natural substance that casue the ____ in the first place. Only 3 states license.
disorder
Energy Therapies Acupuncture is ____
one
Social Conditions that affect Healthcare: poverty (breakdown of _____ unit)
family
Social Conditions that affect Healthcare: homelessnes leads to lack of access to ==== care, malnutrition and poor hygiene.
medical
Social Conditions that affect Healthcare: Violence leads to emergency ++++ care services.
health
Social Conditions that Affect Health and Health Care Substance abuse leads to increased violence and inability to ___
Care for self and family
Social Conditions that Affect Health and Health Care Spousal and Child Abuse need for health care, and use of _____ room
emergency
Social Conditions that Affect Health and Health Care Poverty and malnutrition lack of prenatal ++++
care
Social Conditions that Affect Health and Health Care People live _____
alone
Preauthorization allows procedures to be +++++
performed
Public health concern: pandemic. Important indicator of health system is ___ mortality rate.
infant
Antibiotic resistance one of world's most pressing _____ problems
health
3 leading causes of death in US heart disease, cancer, and _____ All effected by lifestyle change
stroke