Hsc 0003 Chapter 10

Front 1

The main goal of infection ++++ is to prevent the spread of infectious disease.

Back 1

control

Front 2

Pathogens are ___ or disease causing microorganisms of the body

Back 2

germs

Front 3

Strict adherence to proper procedure prevents spread of ______

Back 3

pathogens

Front 4

An infection can be generalized or ++++++

Back 4

systemic

Front 5

Generalized infections associated with headaches, fever, ____, vomiting, diarrhea, and inc in pulse and respiration

Back 5

fatigue

Front 6

Localized infections associated with swollen, ____, warm to touch, and painful. May also be drainage.

Back 6

red

Front 7

Microorganisms are very small, usually one-celled lving plants or animals can only be seen with aid of +++++++

Back 7

microscope

Front 8

The study of ++++++ is called microbiology. Micro=small bio=life logy=study of

Back 8

microorganisms

Front 9

Pasteur 1800's Germ theory specific microorganisms called _____ are the cause of specific diseases in humans and animals.

Back 9

bacteria

Front 10

Contageous or communicable disease transmitted directly or ____ from one individual to another by the contaminated presence of infectious material on hands of drs and rns.

Back 10

indirectly

Front 11

Holmes 1843 disease spread by _____ with infectious materials on hands.

Back 11

contamination

Front 12

Sennelweis no washing of hands led to )))))))

Back 12

infection

Front 13

Lord Joseph Lister asceptic ++++ technique prevented contamination of wound.

Back 13

surgical

Front 14

Normal flora- microorganisms in skin, vagina, and intestines not normally --------

Back 14

harmful

Front 15

When an infection occurs due to a weakened state of the body, it is called ______ infection.

Back 15

opportunistic

Front 16

Suppressed immune function associated with chemotherapy, long term antibiotic use (decreases growth of normal ____),

Back 16

flora

Front 17

Immune function assoc with age, presence of other disease, level of phys health, mental ++++, nutrition, and medications.

Back 17

stress

Front 18

Microorganisms can derive nutrients from nonliving material or living organisms or +++++

Back 18

hosts

Front 19

If the relationship between the microorganism and the host is beneficial, it is called _____If no effect upon each other ++++++. If damage is done to the host, the rel is called +++++

Back 19

symbiosis
neutralism
parasitic

Front 20

Any living thing that nourishes at cost to other organism, and damages them is called ______

Back 20

parasite

Front 21

Bacteria may be pathogenic or +++++

Back 21

nonpathogenic

Front 22

When a group of bacteria grows in one place it is called a +++++

Back 22

colony

Front 23

Bacteria is categorized according to its shape: round, rod, and _____

Back 23

spiral

Front 24

Round bacteria are called +++++. Round bacteria subdivied into micrococcus or single, diplococci or pairs, stahylococci or clusters, and streptococci or _____

Back 24

cocci
chains

Front 25

Micrococci cause ++++ and wound infections. Diplococci cause gonnorhea, menningitis, and some ______

Back 25

skin
pneumonia

Front 26

Staphylococcus is pus producing and can cause +++++, boils, wound infections, and UTI

Back 26

abcesses

Front 27

Streptococci can cause rheumatic +++++ and sore or strep throat

Back 27

fever

Front 28

+++++ shaped bacteria are called bacilli. Bacilli appear singly. Coccobacilli are _____. Diplobaccilli appear in pairs. Steptobacilli are attached end to end to form a chain.

Back 28

rod-shaped\
oval

Front 29

Common diseases caused by bacilli are: TB, tetanus, pertusis, and +++++and diphtheria and typhoid fever

Back 29

botulism

Front 30

There are 3 kinds of spiral bacteria: Vibrios or _____ rods, Sprilla or rigid, and Spirochetes flexible.

Back 30

curved

Front 31

Common diseases by spiral shaped bacteria are cholera and _____

Back 31

syhyliss

Front 32

Gramstaining is a lab method for identifying type of +++++

Back 32

bacteria

Front 33

Gram positive bacteria retains the ++++Gram neg bacteria ____ the stain. Acid fast bacteria retains the stain even when treated with ++++

Back 33

stain
loses
acid

Front 34

Gramstaining can help to identify the +++++ to prescribe. Also can grow bacteria in lab medium

Back 34

antibiotic

Front 35

Viruses are the smallest of microbes and cannot be seen under the traditional light +++++

Back 35

microscope

Front 36

viruses can only live inside other organisms. Called obligate _____ parasites.

Back 36

intracellular

Front 37

Viruses not killed by _____, resistant to disinfectants, and multiply rapidly.

Back 37

antibiotics

Front 38

Viruses assoc with flu, AIDS, measles, mumps, herpes, warts, and _____

Back 38

polio

Front 39

The two forms of fungi, a plant are yeast and ++++. Yeast are one celled and molds are ____celled.

Back 39

molds
multi

Front 40

Fungi cannot produce their ____ food.

Back 40

own

Front 41

.Many yeasts and molds are harmless because they are ____However, under right conditions can create +++++ infection.

Back 41

nonpathogenic
opportunistic

Front 42

Fungi assoc with ringworm, ____ foot, infections of hair, skin, and scalp.

Back 42

athletes

Front 43

Rickettsia are much ____ than bacteria. Rod or spherical shape. Gram negative. Obligate intracellular ______

Back 43

smaller
parasites

Front 44

Rickettsia causes typhus and Rocky Mountain _____. Passed thru flies, ticks, lice, and _____

Back 44

Fever
mites

Front 45

Epidemic typhus is only rickettsia passed by ++++++

Back 45

humans

Front 46

Protozoa only micoorganism classified as +++++. One celled. Reside in and on the human body.

Back 46

animal

Front 47

Protozoa cause dysentery, trichomonias, toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and ______

Back 47

malaria

Front 48

pneumocystic pneumonia in immuno-______

Back 48

suppressed

Front 49

malaria - bite of mosquito or blood ______

Back 49

transfusion

Front 50

The chain of ____ is a model for exlaining how infectious diseases are transmitted.

Back 50

infection

Front 51

The chain of infection requires 1. an infectious agent or pathogen must be +++++

Back 51

present

Front 52

The chain of infection requires 1. infectious agent and 2. resevoir host or place where ++++ lives and grows.

Back 52

pathogen

Front 53

When animals and humans are capable of transmitting the disease but show no outward signs or symptoms, they are called _______

Back 53

carriers

Front 54

The chain of infection steps are 1. infectious agent, 2,resevoir host, and portal of ++++ or how the pathogen escapes the resevoir host.

Back 54

exit

Front 55

The chain of infection steps are 1. infectious agent, 2,resevoir host, and 3.portal of exit, 4. route of ____ or when the pathogen leaves the resevoir host thru the poral of exist, it must have a way of being transmitted to ++++host.

Back 55

transmission
new

Front 56

The chain of infection steps are 1. infectious agent, 2,resevoir host, and 3.portal of exit, 4. route of transmission or when the pathogen leaves the resevoir host thru the portal of exist, it must have a way of being transmitted to new host. 5.portal of ____ or the pathogen must have a way to enter new host.

Back 56

entry

Front 57

The chain of infection steps are 1. infectious agent, 2,resevoir host, and 3.portal of exit, 4. route of transmission or when the pathogen leaves the resevoir host thru the portal of exist, it must have a way of being transmitted to new host. 5.portal of entry or the pathogen must have a way to enter new host.6. Susceptible host or indiv with large no of pathogens not adequate +++++

Back 57

resistance

Front 58

Examples of body defense mechanisms: cilia in the respiratory ____ that catch and remove pathogens

Back 58

tract

Front 59

Examples of body defense mechanisms:coughing and ++++ to propel pathogens outward

Back 59

sneezing

Front 60

Examples of body defense mechanisms:tears which contain +++++ to kill bacteria

Back 60

chemicals

Front 61

Examples of body defense mechanisms: mucous membranes of the respiratory, +++++, and reproductive tracts which serve to trap pathogens.

Back 61

digestive

Front 62

Examples of body defense mechanisms:rise in body temp to a _____that will kill microorganisms

Back 62

fever

Front 63

Examples of body defense mechanisms: production of additional leukocytes, which have function destroy ______

Back 63

pathogens

Front 64

Health care facility has higher concentration of ++++++

Back 64

microorganisms

Front 65

Noscomial infection- acquired thru association with _____ care facilities

Back 65

health

Front 66

Noscomial infections inc, and include UTI, surgical site, pneumonia or ++++, bloodstream, infections

Back 66

lung

Front 67

CDC handwashing single most imp prevention of ++++++ infections

Back 67

noscomial

Front 68

2 imp regulatory agencies: the CDC (epidemiology) and OSHA -minimum health and safety standards for _____

Back 68

workplace

Front 69

Asepsis procedures to make the patient, worker, and enviroment as ____-free as possible.

Back 69

pathogen

Front 70

Two types of asepsis: medical (clean technique) and +++++ or sterile technique

Back 70

surgical

Front 71

Breaking the Chain of infection
Source of infection: ____ host and infectious ____.

Back 71

resevoir
agent

Front 72

Breaking the Chain of infection
Means of ______: portal of exit, portal of ____, and route of transmission.

Back 72

entry

Front 73

Breaking the Chain of infection
Susceptible _____

Back 73

host

Front 74

Decrease the source of microorganisms: proper ------ washing.

Back 74

hand

Front 75

How to prevent the transmission of microorganisms P___, and isolation procedures

Back 75

PPE

Front 76

Have can I maximize the resistance of the host? good hygiene, proper nutrition and fluid intake, decrease _____

Back 76

stress

Front 77

First line of defense good _____washing technique

Back 77

hand

Front 78

Two types of flora: resident that is very hard to remove and ++++ that care be easily removed with handwashing. Pathogenic or non

Back 78

transient

Front 79

Transient flora can be removed and normal flora ______

Back 79

diminished

Front 80

CDC developed procedures to prevent contact with potentially infectious agents. Called _____ procedures

Back 80

standard

Front 81

potentially infectious body fluids req standard precautions are: blood, all body fluids except sweat, nonintact skin, ++++ membranes, and any unidentified fluids.

Back 81

mucous

Front 82

Good times for handwashing when coming on duty, when taking a ____or leave work, between pt contacts, and before or after touch face or parts of face.

Back 82

break

Front 83

Good times for handwashing:
after contact with contaminated and before touching anything _____

Back 83

clean

Front 84

PPE or ------- protective equipment includes gloves, masks, eyewear, gowns, and caps.

Back 84

personal

Front 85

OSHA req the use of ____, the selection maintenance, and use of PPE, training and monitoring.

Back 85

PPE

Front 86

Handwashing 1.Turn faucet on using a clean dry +++++ towel 2 Run warm water over _____ and wrists. 3 Do not lean against the ____ and avoid splashing. 4 Keep hands lower than arms and point fingertips +++++. 5 Apply liquid soap to hands. 6 Scrub palms in a _____ motion while clasping hands together. 7 Scrub wrists 1 to +++ inches above the hands by encircling one wrist with other hand 8. Scrub ___ of each hand by cupping other hand.9.Scrub between the fingers by interlacing. 10. Clean each finger with cuticle stick, brush, or finger nail other hand 11. Scrub total 2 min 12. Rinse from wrists to +++++13. Dry paper towel. 14. Use another dry paper towel to turn off faucet. 15. Clean sink with dry paper towels. no recontaminate.

Back 86

paper
hands
sink
downward
circular
back
fingertips

Front 87

1.Infectious agent - to stop rapid ID or === signs. 2. resevoir host to stop medical asepsis, enviromental sanitation, employee health, standard _____, disinfectant and sterilization. 3. Portal of exit- medical asepsis, PPE, hand+++, standard precautions, 4. Route of transmission medical asepsis, standard precautions, transmission based precautions, handwashing, 6. Susceptible host- tx of underlying causes and recognition of high risk pts.

Back 87

early
precautions
washing

Front 88

Standard Precautions include hand hygiene and PPE. PPE includes gloves, ++++ mouth eye nose protection, respiratory hygiene,

Back 88

gowns

Front 89

Standard Precautions include hand hygiene and PPE. PPE includes gloves, ++++ mouth eye nose protection, respiratory hygiene,

Back 89

gowns

Front 90

Apply and Remove Gloves
1. Proper handwashing tech 2. Use correct ___ gloves 3. To remove: grasp the outside of the glove at the palm with the other size glove. At no time should the hands touch the outside of the _____ gloves.4. Hold the removed glove in the ++++ of the remaining glove hand.5. Take the ungloved hand and slide it under the cuff of the remaining glove. The first glove is now inside the second glove that was removed. 5. Take the ungloved hand and slide it under the cuff of the remaining glove and push the glove off. The last glove is now inside the second glove that was removed. Discard gloves in right container and wash hands immed.

Back 90

size
comtaminated
remaining

Front 91

Special guidelines for apply and removing PPE in +++++ areas.

Back 91

contaminated

Front 92

Apply and remove PPE. 1. Handwash 2. Put on cap, mask, protective eye wear, and ++++3. Put on the gown by placing hands inside the shoulders. 4. Apply ____ last. 5. Pull the cuffs over the sleeves of the gown to create a _____6. Untie the waist +++ of the gown.7. Remove contaminated gloves. 8. Wash ____9. Remove cap and protective eye wear. 10. Untie the neck tie of the gown and remove the +++++11. To remove the gown, slip tthe fingers of one hand under the cuff of the opposite arm and pull the gown down until it covers the hand. 12. Use the gown covered hand, grasp the outside of the gown on the opposite arm and pull the gown down until it covers the hand. 13. Both hands are now inside the gown. Use covered hands to grasp the gown at the shoulders and turn the gown inside out, with the contaminated side on inside. Roll up and throw away. 14. Remove the mask. Hold the mask by the strings to discard. 15. Wash hands.

Back 92

gown
gloves
seal
ties
hands
gown

Front 93

Standard Precautions include: handwashing and PPE. Can be transmitted by mucous ____ and body fluids.

Back 93

membranes

Front 94

Other standard precautions involve: linen, enviromental control, and needle handling and _____

Back 94

disposal

Front 95

Three types of transmission based precautions: airborne, +++++ and contact. Used in additon to standard precautions.

Back 95

droplet

Front 96

Neutropenic precautions are ordered for those +++++ to infections.

Back 96

susceptible

Front 97

Methods to Inhibit or Destroy Microbes: Antiseptics are bacteriostatic and include alcohol. Disinfectants destroy most bacteria and____. Disinfectants are cidal. Bleach is one. Boiling is a physical disinfectant.

Back 97

viruses

Front 98

Bacteriocidal vs bacteriostatic. Disinfectants are cidal. Cidals kill. and antiseptics are static; Statics diminish. -------- is the best cidal.

Back 98

Sterilization

Front 99

Surgical asepsis creates a ____ field.

Back 99

sterile

Front 100

Blood borne pathogens: TB, hepatitis B, HIV, and drug-resistant _____

Back 100

infections

Front 101

Hepatitus A, B, C, D, and ++++

Back 101

E

Front 102

Standard _____ must follow at all times. blood, body fluids (secretions and _____) except sweat. Nonintact skin

Back 102

precautions
excretions

Front 103

Surgical asepsis known as ___ technique cause it eliminates pathogens.

Back 103

sterile

Front 104

TB airborne -------
caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Skin test for detection
Latent TB and TB disease
Still problem for US
Drug resistant stains developing

Back 104

pathogen

Front 105

Both latent
TB and active TB test ____

Back 105

positive

Front 106

Bird Flu is called ____ influenza.

Back 106

avian

Front 107

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
is called mad ____ disease

Back 107

cow

Front 108

West ____ virus transmitted by mosquitos

Back 108

Nile

Front 109

Swine flu
____ influenza

Back 109

H1N1

Front 110

Drug resistant organisms develop from pts who don't complete antibiotics and overuse of ______

Back 110

antibiotics

Front 111

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) Health care acquired MRSA
Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA)
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus ++++++

Back 111

Aureus

Front 112

Another drug ______microorganism vancomyosin resistant enterococcus.

Back 112

resistant

Front 113

Mad cow disease
Presumably transmitted by eating infected _____
H1N1
Primarily transmitted human-to-human

Back 113

meat

Front 114

Must immediately report any exposure to blood or _____fluids
Write incident or injury report
Refer to Exposure Control Plan

Back 114

body