Hsa - Bone Biology And Anatomy

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Composite parts of bone

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Organic material (30%, primarily protein called collagen [90%]) and inorganic material (70%, calcium phosphate called hydroxyapatite)

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Cortical Bone

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Also called compact bone, is less porous than trabecular bone. Contains yellow marrow (a fat reserve)

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Trabecular Bone

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Also called cancellous or spongy bone, is more porous than cortical bone. Contains red marrow, which produces red blood cells through hematopoiesis

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Diaphysis

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The cylindrical shaft of a limb bone

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Medullary Cavity

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A hollow in the diaphysis that is lined with endosteum

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Epiphysis

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The end of the limb bone, in which the outside is composed of compact bone, surrounded an internal section of trabecular bone

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Metaphysis

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The flared portion of the limb bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis, where growth occurs before ossifying

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Osteons/Haversian Systems

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The system that makes up compact bone, consisting of canals, lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, perforating canals, interstital lamellae, and circumferential lamellae

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Central Canal

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Part of an osteon: opening that runs parallel to the diaphysis, which contains blood vessels and nerves

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Lamellae

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Part of an osteon: concentric rings of bone matrix that surround a canal

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Osteocytes

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Part of an osteon: mature bone cells

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Lacunae

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Part of an osteon: spaces where the osteocytes reside

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Canaliculi

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Part of an osteon: channels that radiate from the lacunae

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Perforating Canals

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Part of an osteon: canals that run perpendicular in order to connect canals

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Interstitial Lamellae

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Part of an osteon: incomplete remnants of osteons

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Circumferential Lamellae

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Part of an osteon: run around entire bone shaft, making up the circumference of the shaft

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Osteoprogenitor cells

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Stem cells that produce others as well as osteoblasts

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Osteoblasts

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Cells that produce new bone. Once trapped, they differentiate into osteocytes

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Osteoclasts

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Cells involved in bone resorption (the removal of bone from the endosteum surface of the diaphysis)

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Ossification

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The process of bone tissue formation

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Intramembranous ossification

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Mostly applies to the skull; Some mesenchyme cells group together (usually near blood vessels) and differentiate into osteoblasts, which deposit osteoid; once an osteoblast is surrounded by osteoid, it becomes an osteocyte. As growth continues, trabeculae become interconnected and woven bone is formed (appositional bone growth)

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Mesenchyme

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Embryonic connective tissue

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Endochrondral ossification

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Centers from hyaline cartilage

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Hyaline Cartilage

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Dense connective tissue, mostly collagen and other elastic fibers

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Primary Endochrondral Ossification

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Occurs by replacement of hyaline cartilage; fetal HC model develops, produced by chondrocyte cells of developing fetus, surrounded by dense layer of connective tissue called perichondrium. Chondrocytes then calcify the matrix and undergo programmed cell death; at the same time blood vessels invade perichondrium and cells inside convert to osteoblasts; the perichondrium becomes the periosteum. The periosteal bone collar forms; the primary oss. center forms in the diaphysis and bone grows appositionally from this center

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Periosteum

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Dense, osteogenic connective tissue that covers the outside of bone (not on articular surfaces)

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Secondary Endochrondral Ossification

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Forms in the epiphysis; when bone replaces cartilage here, the bone grows in length. Cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis is the epiphyseal plate, active between 15-25yrs; this eventually ossifies and forms the epiphyseal line

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Bone Resorption

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Osteoblasts produce as osteoclasts remove; occurs on the endosteal surface of bone and exceeds bone formation only in adulthood

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Sexually Dimorphic

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A size/shape variation between genders

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Geographic/population Based Variation

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Differentiation in human groups caused by geographic region of origin

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Individual/idiosyncratic Variation

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Normal variation between different individuals of the same age, sex, and population

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Typology

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The practice of choosing one individual to characterize a species; particularly unsuitable to the study of human osteology but necessary as a teaching tool

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Synovial Joints

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Freely moving joints such as the hip, elbow, knee, and thumb

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Joint Cavity

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The area between the adjacent bones, which is lined with a membrane that secrets synovial fluid

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Joint Capsule

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A sac made of connective tissue and reinforced by ligaments connecting to the periosteum of the articulating bones

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Osteogenic Tissues

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Tissues that contain bone-forming cells that are numerous and active during youth (the periosteum and endosteum)

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Hydroxyapatite

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A dense inorganic filling of bones that imparts stiffness an rigidity