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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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inflation
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A decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services
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absolute monarch
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A king or queen who is unrestricted in their power over their territory
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divine right
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The theory that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth
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Huguenots
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The term used to represent French protestants during the Reformation
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Henry IV
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The decisive, fearless descendant of Louis IX who became the king of France. He signed the Edict of Nantes and devoted his time to rebuilding France's prosperity
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Edict of Nantes
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A declaration signed by Henry IV that allowed the Huguenots to live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship
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(Cardinal) Richelieu
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The powerful minister to a weak Louis XIII who moved against the Huguenots and weakened noble power
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(The) Hapsburgs
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The name of the family that ruled the lands surrounding France, including Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire
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Louis XIV
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The powerful French ruler who strongly opposed the nobility, and devoted himself to rebuilding the French economy, culture, and politics
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(Cardinal) Mazarin
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The successor of Richelieu who ruled France in place of Louis XIV, raised taxes, and strengthened the central government, infuriating the nobles
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Versailles
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A French city about 11 miles southwest of Paris, in which Louis XIV built his grandiose, expensive palace
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balance of power
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A circumstance in which a group of nations or regions are equal in their power, with no country being more powerful than the other
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War of Spanish Succession
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A conflict in which a group of European nations and states joined together to prevent Spain and France from merging and creating a union, resulting in a long and costly war
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Thirty Years' War
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A long, drawn-out conflict in Europe stemming from a revolt by the Protestants against their Catholic Hapsburg leaders, which resulted in a Hapsburg loss
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Peace of Westphalia
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The treaty signed at the end of the Thirty Years' War that weakened the Hapsburg states, strengthened France and Germany, and ended religious wars in Europe
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modern state system
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A system formed as a result of the Thirty Years' War that recognized Europe as a group of equal, independent states
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Maria Theresa
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The heir to all Hapsburg territories, including Austria, who faced years of war, mainly against Prussia
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Frederick the Great
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The successor to Frederick William who softened some of his father's harsh laws and believed a ruler should be like a father to his people
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War of the Austrian Succession
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A conflict between Maria Theresa of Austria and Frederick the Great, which resulted in Prussia becoming a major power in Europe
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Seven Years' War
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A conflict where Frederick the Great attacked Saxony, resulting in a war involving every great European power. The war had no effect on the territorial situation in Europe
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James I
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The successor to Elizabeth I's reign, and also her unsettled financial issues. He refused to make Puritan reforms, offending the Puritans
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Puritans
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A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England, and obeyed a strict set of religious rules
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Charles I
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The son and successor of James I, who argued with the Parliament over financial issues, tried to arrest its members, and was publicly executed
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Petition of Right
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A document unwillingly signed by Charles I that stated a slew of rules that the English king would have to follow
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English Civil War
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A conflict fought between the supporters and opponents of Charles I, in which the supporters lost, and Charles was executed
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Royalists
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The term given to the supporters of Charles I in the English Civil War (not cavaliers!)
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Cavaliers
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The alternate title given to the Royalists
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Roundheads
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The term given to the opponents of Charles I: the Puritan supporters of the Parliament
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(Oliver) Cromwell
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A Puritan general who stepped in to earn the Roundheads victory in the English Civil War, and was then crowned monarch of England
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commonwealth
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A republican form of government that was originally established in England by Cromwell
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Charles II
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The English monarch to be crowned after the death of Cromwell, who restored the monarchy
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(The) Restoration
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The name given to Charles II's reign
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habeas corpus
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A document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal
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James II
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The Catholic monarch to be crowned after the death of Charles II who illegally appointed Catholics to high office, and was overthrown by William and Mary
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William and Mary (of Orange)
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The monarchs who overthrew James II, became the leaders of England, and established a constitutional monarchy
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Glorious Revolution
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The bloodless conflict in which William and Mary overthrew James II
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constitutional monarchy
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A type of monarchy where laws limit the ruler's power
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Bill of Rights
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A document drafted by the English Parliament after the crowning of William and Mary that listed many things that a ruler could not do
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cabinet
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A group of government ministers or officials who acted in the ruler's name but really represented the major party of the Parliament
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prime minister
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The leader of the majority party in Parliament and the head of the cabinet
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geocentric theory
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The theory that everything in the universe revolves around Earth
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Scientific Revolution
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An era in which many European scholars challenged the ideas of ancient thinkers and the church, and replaced old assumptions with new theories
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(Nicolaus) Copernicus
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A Polish cleric and astronomer who studied planetary movements and created the heliocentric theory
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heliocentric theory
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The theory that everything in the universe revolves around the sun
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(Johannes) Kepler
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A brilliant mathematician who continued the work of Brahe and concluded that planetary motion is governed by mathematical laws
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Galileo (Galilei)
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An Italian scientist who invented and built a telescope and used it to observe the stars and planets, opposing and angering the Church
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scientific method
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A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas, beginning with a problem or question and ending with a conclusion
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(Francis) Bacon
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An English statesman and writer who urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions instead of reasoning from abstract theories
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(Isaac) Newton
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An English scientist who observed motion and forces, and created three iconic laws based on his observations
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(Zacharias) Janssen
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A Dutch eyeglass maker who invented the first microscope
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(Anton van) Leeuwenhoek
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A Dutch drapery merchant and amateur scientist who used Janssen's microscope to study red blood cells for the first time
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(Evangelista) Torricelli
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One of Galileo's students who developed the first mercury barometer
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Galen
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An ancient Greek physician who studied pig anatomy and claimed his observations applied to humans as well
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(Andreas) Vesalius
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A Flemish physician who challenged Galen's assumptions by dissecting human corpses and examining their anatomy
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(Edward) Jenner
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A British physician who created a vaccine to prevent smallpox
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(Robert) Boyle
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Considered to be the founder of modern chemistry, he pioneered the scientific method in order to observe particles and elements
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Enlightenment
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A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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(Thomas) Hobbes
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An English political thinker who believed that humans are naturally selfish and wicked, and that strong governments to keep them in order, the world would fall apart
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social contract
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An agreement by which people would agree to have their lives controlled by a strong ruler in exchange for law and order
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(John) Locke
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An English political thinker who believed people are all born with three natural rights that should be protected by the government, not squandered
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life, liberty, and property
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The three natural rights that Locke believed every human should have
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philosophes
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The social critics of the Enlightenment who believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life
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reason, nature, happiness, liberty, and progress
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The five core beliefs of the philosophes
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Voltaire
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A French philosophe who wrote satirical articles for the newspaper and fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
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(François) Arouet
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The true name of the French philosophe Voltaire
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(Baron de) Montesquieu
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A French writer who studied political liberty and believed that a separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government
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checks and balances
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The idea that every individual in a government should have separate powers and that no individual or group should ever gain total control of the government
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(Jean Jacques) Rousseau
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A French philosophe who believed strongly in individual freedom and that the only true civilization is a direct democracy
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(Mary) Wollstonecraft
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A female writer who argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful
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Belief in progress, a more secular outlook, and individual importance
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The three major impacts of the Englightenment
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secular
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A term meaning non-religious
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salon
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A social gathering at which philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other intellectuals would gather to discuss ideas
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(Denis) Diderot
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A French philosophe who created an encyclopedia to which many scholars contributed articles and essays
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baroque
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A term used to describe art that is characterized by a grand, ornate design
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neoclassical
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A term used to describe art that is characterized by a simple, elegant style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome
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classical music
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A lighter, more elegant style of music that originated during the Enlightenment that opposed the dramatic music that had previously dominated the industry
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novel
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A lengthy work of prose fiction that used carefully crafted plots, suspense, and thoughtful characters
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enlightened despot
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An absolute ruler who incorporated and reflected the Enlightenment spirit into their reforms
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Frederick the Great
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The enlightened despot of Prussia during the Enlightenment who granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved education, among others
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Catherine the Great
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The enlightened despot of Russia during the Enlightenment who sought to reform Russia, but after a massive uprising of serfs, she returned to a harsh, absolute rule to protect her reign
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estate
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The term used to represent one of the three social classes one could belong to under the Old Regime in France
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First Estate
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One of the two high-powered estates that was made up of the clergy, who owned 10% of the land and provided education for the poor
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Second Estate
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One of the two high-powered estates that was made up of the nobility, who owned 20% of the land while only making up 2% of the population
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Third Estate
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The estate that contained 97% of the French people that contained everyone who couldn't belong to the First or Second Estate, and was broken up into three groups: the bourgeoisie, the urban workers, and the peasants
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bourgeoisie
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The "middle class" of the Old Regime that included factory owners, bankers, etc., and was considered to be the angriest of the three groups of the Third Estate
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tithe
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A tax that is sent to the Church
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Louis XVI
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The king of France during the French Revolution who ruined France's economy through extravagant spending, and was executed by the revolutionaries
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Marie Antoinette
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Louis XVI's queen, who assisted in extravagant spending and the decline of the French economy, and was executed by the revolutionaries
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Estates-General
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An assembly of representatives from all three estates
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National Assembly
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A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
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Tennis Court Oath
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A pledge made by the National Assembly that prevented them from leaving their meeting room until they had drawn up a new constitution
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Bastille
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A Parisian prison that was stormed by a mob searching for weapons that became symbolic of the start of the French Revolution
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Great Fear
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A wave of senseless panic in which members of the third estate became paranoid that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants
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Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen
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A document that stated that men are born and remain free and equal in rights, and guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion
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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
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The expression or "motto" of the French Revolution adopted by the revolutionary leaders
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(Olympe de) Gouges
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A female writer who published a declaration of the rights of women, and was considered an enemy of the revolution and executed
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Legislative Assembly
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A new legislative body that had the power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations of war
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radicals
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The faction that opposed the idea of a monarchy and wanted sweeping changes in the way government was run
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moderates
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The faction that wanted some changes in government, but not as many as the radicals (also called liberals)
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conservatives
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The faction that upheld the idea of a limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government
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emigres
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A faction including nobles who had hoped to undo the Revolution and restore the Old Regime, but have since fled France
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sans-culottes
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A faction of Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who wanted the Revolution to bring even greater changes to France, and are named after the high briches they wore
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September Massacres
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Several days in early September where fearful citizens raided prisons and murder over 1,000 prisoners, as well as many nobles, priests, and royalist sympathizers
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National Convention
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A new governing body that abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic
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Jacobins
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A radical political organization that participated in many of the governmental changes after the establishment of the National Convention
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(Jean-Paul) Marat
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One of the most prominent Jacobins who used his newspaper to call for the death of all who supported the king
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guillotine
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A mechanism used to cleanly execute people during the Reign of Terror
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(Maximilen) Robespierre
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A Jacobin leader who gained power during the Reign of Terror and set out to build a "republic of virtue" by erasing every trace of France's past
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Committee of Public Safety
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A body of enforcers led by Robespierre whose chief task was to protect the Revolution from its enemies
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Reign of Terror
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The period of Robespierre's dictatorial rule over France
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(The) Directory
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An executive body of five men that was formed after Robespierre's death that became the new leading group of France
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nationalism
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A strong sense of pride in one's country or region
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nation-state
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An independent government that defends their nation's territory and culture, and represents them to the rest of the world
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assimilation
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The process of adapting to the cultural aspects of a nation
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ethnic cleansing
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A mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnicity or religion in a society
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Russification
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A forced assimilation of Russian policies and practices that were enforced on all countries under the Romanovs and the Russian Empire
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(Victor) Emmanuel II
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The king of Sardinia who named Cavour as his prime minister
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(Camillo di) Cavour
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Named as prime minister of Sardinia; wanted to expand Sardinia's power and gain control of northern Italy
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(Giuseppe) Garibaldi
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Leader of the Red Shirts who captured Sicily
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Red Shirts
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The name given to the small nationalist army formed by Cavour and led by Garibaldi
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German Confederation
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A loose grouping of 39 German states dominated by the Austrian Empire; Prussia wanted to unify them
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Wilhelm I
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Conservative successor to Prussian king Frederick William who was denied money for reforms by liberal parliament. He elected Bismarck as prime minister to gain power
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Junkers
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A group of wealthy conservative Prussians who supported the ideas of Wilhelm I
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(Otto von) Bismarck
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The prime minister of Prussia under Wilhelm I who was a master of realpolitik and used it to gain political power and become one of the largest commanding figures in German history
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realpolitik
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A form of politics that consists of tough policies that left no room for idealism, and was heavily influenced by conservative ideas
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Schleswig and Holstein
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Two Dutch provinces that were the first territories to be captured by Bismarck
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Franco-Prussian War
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Conflict sparked by Bismarck between Prussia and France in order to win the rest of the southern German states and have complete control over all of Germany
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kaiser
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The German term for "emperor"
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Second Reich
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The period of time in which Germany was an empire led by Bismarck, following its belonging to the Holy Roman Empire and preceding its rule under the Nazis
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romanticism
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19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason
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realism
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A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
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impressionism
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An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
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(Czar) Alexander I
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The czar of Russia, formerly Napoleon's ally, who destroyed Moscow to prevent Napoleon from taking it
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Battle of Trafalgar
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The first loss in a string of victories by Napoleon against the British navy, which led to the unravel of Napoleon's empire
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Battle of Waterloo
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Napoleon's last major defeat, ending the hundred days
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Concert of Europe
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A series of alliances developed by Metternich that ensured that nations would help each other if another revolution broke out
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Congress of Vienna
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A group of high European powers who joined together to reform Europe and France following the French Revolution
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continental system
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Napoleon's policy for interfering with trade in and out of Britain from the rest of Europe. It was designed to tarnish Britain's economy
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coup d'etat
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A sudden seizure of political power by an individual
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guerillas
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A private military core that attacks enemy troops in their homeland
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Holy Alliance
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An agreement signed by the leaders of Prussia, Austria, and Russia, in which they pledged to base their political relations on Christian beliefs in order to combat the Revolution
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(Klemens von) Metternich
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Influential foreign minister of Austria who opposed democratic ideas and proposed a balance of powers and that France returns to being an absolute monarchy
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Napoleon (Bonaparte)
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A military genius who served as leader of the French military, and then the emperor of France. While he was originally a brilliant military genius, his cockiness and arrogance led to his downfall
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Napoleonic Code
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A system of laws created by Napoleon that eliminated injustice but inhibited rights
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Old Regime
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The original French political and social system that was based around the three estates
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peninsulares
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Latin American colonists born in Spain who are considered to be higher than creoles, and thus can run for high office
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Peninsular War
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The conflict in which Spain, aided by Britain, kicked Napoleon's troops out of Spain
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scorched-earth policy
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The act of destroying one's own land to make it inhospitable for the enemy in hopes of driving them away
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(The) Romanovs
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The ruling family of Russia during the nationalist movements
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Prevent future French aggression, restore balance of power, and restore monarchies to throne
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The three goals of Metternich at the Congress of Vienna
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(Toussaint) L'ouverture
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Former slave who led the slave revolt in Haiti that resulted in independence for Haiti from France
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annexation
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The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit
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(Mary) Shelley
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The romantic author of the famous novel "Frankenstein," about a scientist who creates a living, breathing monster
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(Charles) Dickens
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The realist author of the famous novel "A Tale of Two Cities," about life in the French Revolution
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(The) Industrial Revolution
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The period in which there was a great increase in the output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s
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enclosures
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Large fields surrounded by fences and hedges where landowners would experiment with new farming methods to boost crop yields
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(Jethro) Tull
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A scientific farmer who invented the seed drill, a mechanism that automatically sets seeds into the soil, in 1701 after observing the current method of seeding, and realizing the inefficiency of it
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Agricultural Revolution
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Before the Industrial Revolution, farmers and landowners began to experiment with different methods of harvesting and seeding in private enclosures. This period was called the....
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textiles
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A type of cloth or woven fabric
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crop rotation
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The system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land
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three-field system
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A system in which farmable land was divided into three large fields as an attempt to improve crop yields. This system preceded crop rotation
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(Robert) Bakewell
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A livestock farmer who increased his mutton output through breeding only the best sheep on his farm for output
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Industrialization
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The process of developing machine production of goods
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land, labor, and capital
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The three factors of production
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capital
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Political and entrepreneurial wealth
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(John) Kay
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A machinist who invented the flying shuttle, a cotton weaver that moved back and forth on wheels and doubled the work a weaver could do in a day
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(James) Hargreaves
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A textile worker who invented the spinning jenny, a machine that allowed one worker to work eight threads at a time
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(Richard) Arkwright
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The inventor of the water frame, a machine that used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels
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factories
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Large buildings in which there were workers who would work the machines to minimize production time and maximize output
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(Eli) Whitney
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An American inventor who invented the cotton gin, a machine that sped up the process of seed-picking and led to an increase in cotton production
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steam engine
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The first development in industry that stemmed from the search for a cheap, convenient source of power, but turned out to waste a lot of fuel and, therefore, money
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(James) Watt
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A mathematical instrument maker who found a way to make a steam engine run on less fuel and work faster at the same time, and became an entrepreneur under Matthew Boulton to sell his product
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entrepreneur
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A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
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(Robert) Fulton
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An American inventor who used a steam engine to build a steamboat that would eventually ferry passengers up and down the Hudson River
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(John) McAdam
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A Scottish engineer who worked with roads and created the first ideas of asphalt roads that would prevent heavy wagons from sinking in the mud
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(Richard) Trevithick
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An English engineer who created a steam-driven locomotive and hauled ten tons of iron over ten miles of track in it to win a several thousand dollar bet
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Spurred industrial growth, created new jobs, boosted agricultural industries, and encouraged people to take distant jobs
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four major effects of railroads
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urbanization
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City building and the movement of people to cities
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Luddites
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A group of workers who attacked factories and machines in order to save their own jobs
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(Samuel) Slater
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A young British mill worker who illegally emigrated to the U.S. and reveals the secret behind Britain's economic prosperity
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(Moses) Brown
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The owner of a factory housing Slater's machine in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, opened a year after Slater's emigration
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(Francis Cabot) Lowell
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A Boston investor who, along with four other investors, revolutionized American textile industry by mechanizing every stage in the manufacture of cloth
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stock
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The right of partial ownership of a corporation/business
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corporation
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A business owned and run by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
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stockholder
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A person who buy stock in a business/corporation in order to get partial profit
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Ruhr Valley
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A west central German valley that was rich with coal, and was a catalyst for German industrialization
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wealth gap
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The term referring to the economic, political, and social difference between industrialized and non-industrialized countries
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imperialism
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The policy of extending one country's rule over many other lands
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laissez-faire
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Refers to the economic policy of free trade and letting people buy and sell whatever they want with little to no government restriction
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(Adam) Smith
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A professor at the University of Glasgow who wrote the book "The Wealth of Nations,' which defended the idea of a free economy
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(Jeremy) Bentham
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An English philosopher who introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism
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utilitarianism
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The idea that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their usefulness
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(Robert) Owen
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A British factory owner who, shocked by the poverty of the working class, built houses for them, provided free schooling, and improved working conditions
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utopia
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An idealized, "perfect" living place or environment
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socialism
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The idea that the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
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(Karl) Marx
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A German journalist who introduced a radical type of socialism and outlined its ideas in a pamphlet entitled "The Communist Manifesto."
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Marxism
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A radical type of socialism that focused around the idea that societies are divided into warring classes based on wealth and social status
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(Friedrich) Engels
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The German son of a textile mill owner who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto alongside Marx
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The Communist Manifesto
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A 23-page pamphlet that outlined the ideas of Marxism written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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bourgeoisie
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The middle class or "haves" that was made up of the employers
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proletariat
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The lower class or "have-nots" that was made up of the workers
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capitalism vs. socialism
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Capitalism promoted an economy that was governed and run by the people. Socialism promoted an economy own and run by the government
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unions
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Voluntary labor associations where unsatisfied workers would gather to discuss whatever demands they may have
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collective bargaining
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Negotiations between workers and their employers, where the workers would negotiate better conditions and/or higher pay
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strike
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A type of protest where workers will refuse to work, halting production, which will incite employers to meet their demands
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Combination Acts
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A series of acts that outlawed unions and strikes, but were fruitless in preventing them
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(Horace) Mann
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One of the most prominent U.S. reformers who favored free public education for all children
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