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183 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the healthy people 2020 objectives (by category)?
Increase PCP #s
Increase youth HIV testing/adult wellness check ups
Chronic Back, osteoporosis, arthritis
Blood disorders and safety
Cancer
Chronic Kidney Disease
What are the 3 focuses of the HP 2020 for chronic back,osteoporosis and arthritis?
Reduce mean level of joint pain
Increase counseling for Dx pt's
Reduce adult osteoporosis #'s
What are the 2 focuses of the HP 2020 for blood disorders?
Reduce portion of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized pt's
Increase vaccinations in persons with blood disorders
What are the 2 focuses of the HP 2020 for Cancer?
Decrease incidence of colorectal, uterine-cervical, and late stage breast cancer
increase # of men who discuss PSA's.
What are the 2 focuses of the HP 2020 for Chronic Kidney disease?
increase # who receive ACE inhibitors or ARB's
increase # with CKD who know they have impaired renal function
What is our WHO ranking for overall health system?
37th of 191
What is our WHO ranking for level of health experience?
72nd of 191
What is the WHO ranking for infant mortality rate?
39th
What is the WHO ranking for adult female/male mortality respectively?
43rd, 42nd
What is the WHO ranking for life expectancy?
36th
What is the WHO criteria for ranking?
Based on equity of distribution, preventable deaths and utilization of existing health resources
What HPDP factors can a PA influence? What can't they?
Individual lifestyle factors (counsel them to control), appropriate screenings

Can't control age,sex, heredity etc.
Define the Primary type of disease prevention and give examples
Attempts to remove or modify the risk factors or causes, preventing disease from occurring
Use of helmets, immunizations, diet, smoking cessation
Define the Secondary type of disease prevention and give examples
Detects condition in early stage (while asymptomatic) and allows for intervention or cure
Pap smears, mammograms, Beta blockers for an MI
Defie the Tertiary disease prevention and give examples
Treatment of existing symptomatic disease or to prevent complications. Goal is to limit morbidity or rehabilitate
Control of DM, PT after stroke, post MI cardiac rehab
What is the function of the USPSTF?
reviews evidence and develops recommendations for clinical preventative services.
How should a PA use the USPSTF recommendations?
A,B: discuss services with eligible patients (ex aspirin for heart disease risk)
C: low priority (no risk women don't need mammogram 40-49)
D: discouraged w/o unusual considerations (low risk for CHD don't need resting ECG's)
What are the top 10 causes of death in the US?
1. Heart Disease
2. Cancer
3. Cerebrovascular disease
4 Chronic lower respiratory disease
5. accidents
6. diabetes
7. Alzheimer's
8. Influenza/Pneumonia
9. Nephritis/Nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis
10. Septicemia
What are the two fundamental elements of quality health care?
1. Appropriate treatment for current illness
2. appropriate preventative care to lessen future health decline.
What are the 4 features of preventative health?
1. Immunizations
2. Behavioral counseling
3. Chemoprevention
4. Screening
Describe the costs of preventative care
1. Underutilization: people not taking advantage (childhood immunizations, smoking cessations, colorectal CA screen)
2. Overutilization: asymptomatic individuals having tests done just to appease them (CA disease testing in aysmptomatic pt)
3. Financial Incentives: to do more testing w/o consideration of patient harm
What are the 5 preventative services that could save 100k lives with 90% participation?
1. Daily aspirin therapy (45k)
2. Smokers encouraged to quit/counseled (42k)
3. Colorectal screens for those 50+ (14k)
4. Adult flu vaccinations (12k)
5. Mammograms for women 40+ (4k)
What is the shift in the major cause of death? (From what to what?)
Shifting from infectious to non-infectious.
(by 2030, non-infectous diseases CVD, diabetes, cancer will cause 75% of world deaths regardless of income)
What are some things you should ask about when getting a history to help prevent disease?
1. establish risk for genetic disorders
2. establish risky behaviors (drinking, smoking, diet etc)
3. Immunization Hx
4. Job environment (exposures)
5. Hobbies (fisherman wearing sunscreen, bikers/helmets etc)
What is the incidence rate of lung cancer?
Over 65 years of age (<45 less than 3%)
Men 1:12, women 1:16. 12,000
What is the mortality rate of lung cancer?
60% within one year of Dx
75% within 2 years of Dx
10% survival at 5 years
What percentage of lung cancers are NSCLC?
85-90%
What are the sub-types of NSCLC?
1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Adenocarcinoma
3. Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma
Where does squamous cell carcinoma lung cancer typically start? Where is it usually found?
Starts in squamous cells lining lung airways
Usually found near bronchus in middle of lung
Is squamous cell carcinoma linked to smoking?
Yes, it is linked to a Hx of smoking
Where does an adenocarcinoma typically start? Where is it usually found?
Starts in cells that would normally secrete mucous

Typically found in outer region of the lung
What is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers?
Adenocarcinomas 60% of lung cancers in non smokers (adenocarinomas account for 1/3 of smoker cancer too)
Is squamous cell carcinoma slow or fast growing?
Slow
Is Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma slow or fast growing?
Fast
What is the least common type of NSCLC?
Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma (10-15% of all lung cancers)
Where does Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma originate? How does it present?
Originates in large-sized cells in periphery of the lung

May present as solitary nodule or mass.
What are the racial and gender disparities of NSCLC?
Males of any race more likely

African American males have highest incidence
What is SCLC? What percent of lung cancers are SCLC?
Small cell lung cancer (oat cell carcinomas) 10-15%
What are the racial/gender disparities for SCLC?
Males of any race more likely

Equally between Caucasian/African American

VERY rare in non-smokers
Where does SCLC present?
Usually centrally located near a bronchi. Often very widespread at Dx.
What are some risk factors for lung cancer?
Smokers with COPD
Hx of GI cancer
Hx of asbestos exposure
Genetic predisposition
2nd hand smoke
occupational exposures
environmental exposures
marijuana
chest radiation
diseases
diet
race/gender
What percentage of lung cancer is tobacoo smoke responsible for? What is the percentage affected by 2nd hand smoke?
80-90% from tobacco
30% from 2nd hand exposure
What type of cancer is caused by asbestos exposure?
Mesothelioma
What are some workplace exposures to look out for in regard to lung cancer risks?
Radon, uranium, silica dust, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline and diesel exhaust
What are the non-modifiable risks for lung cancer?
Genetics (those with 1st degree relatives w/lung cancer)
faulty DNA mechanisms
race/gender
What other cancers are linked to tobacco use?
Nasal/sinus, cervical, breast, and bladder cancers
What are the treatment options for smoking cessation?
Medications, Nicotine replacement therapy (gum/patch), counseling
Varenicline- use/effects
Aka Chantix

Nictone receptor agonist, so it mimics nicotine effects
Venlafaxine- use/effects
Aka Effexor

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Combined with patch and therapy shows very good results for light smokers (<pack/day)
Nortriptyline- use/effects
aka Aventyl, Pamelor

Tricyclic antidepressant targeting noradrenergic system: really helps with withdrawl/cessation
Buproprion- use/effects
aka Wellbutrin/Zyban

Dopaminergic agent increases amount of dopamine uptake by blocking reuptake, basically blocks “pleasure” of nicotine effects

*may also affect noradrenergic system (norepinephrine regulator) which blunts negative side effects
What are the benefits/limitations for using CXR and sputum cytology to screen for lung cancer?
Shown to detect more disease, but not reduce mortality rates

Can't detect early disease, sputum cytology bad at finding peripheral tumors
What are the benefits/limiations for using traditional CT to screen for lung cancer?
1. used as a follow up method to assess size and extent of the lesion and the lymph nodes to assess metastasis

2. more effective than CXR at detecting lesions, can detect as small as .5 cm in

3. good for detecting peripheral tumors but not as good for centrally located tumors

4. Time/expense and high radiation exposure
What are the benefits/limitations for using LDCT to screen for lung cancer?
1. can detect lesions as small as a few mm in diameter

2. Less time/radiation exposure

3. images not as good as traditional CT but better than CXR

4. finds many benign lesions too, so cost/usefullness must be determined
What are the benefits of using autoflourescent bronchoscopy to screen for lung cancer?
1. detects tumors within bronchi

2. visual distinction of surface characteristics

3. biopsies and mucous sample

4. have shown a significant increase in diagnostic sensitivity for dysplasia and carcinoma in situ
What are the benefits/limitations of using enhanced sputum cytology to detect lung cancer?
1. locates malignant masses in central airway

2. Fails to detect all peripheral airway tumors
What are some common signs/symptoms of lung cancer?
Unremitting, chronic cough
hemoptysis
unexplained weight loss
progressive anorexia
dyspnea
new onset wheezing
recurrent pulmonary infections
hoarse vocal quality
pleurisy
unilateral shoulder pain
Horner's syndrome
Virchow's node
bone pain
neurologic changes
jaundice
What are some paraneoplastic syndromes associated with NSCLC?
Hypercalcemia (urinary freq, constipation, weakness, excessive bone growth)

Hypercoagulability (DVT, PE, MI, CVA)

Hyperprolactinemia (gynecomastia, breast discharge, menstrual irregulation)
What are the 3 types of bias?
Lead time, Length time and overdiagnosis bias.
Compare mortality rate to survival rate
Mortality rate measure the deaths from a disease within a given disease population. There is a defined end point

Survival rate refers to percent of pt's living after arbitrary end point. Can have bias because Dx and onset are different.
Define prevalance rate
number of cases of target condition (whether new or previous diagnosis) divided by population at risk for developing target condition at the given time

It's a snapshot of overall rate of disease
Define Epidemiology
The investigation of factors that determine the frequency and distribution of a disease or other health related condition within a defined human population during a specific period.
Compare healthcare-associated infections to community-acquired infections
HAI is neither present or incubating at time of admission

CAI- are all infections that do not meet the HAI definition
Define Reservoir
site where microogranisms reproduce and maintain themselves over a prolonged period of time
Define Source
site where the microorganisms are temporarily deposited and little or no multiplication takes place
What are the modes of transmission for infections?
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact: hands of workers, surfaces, large droplets
Airborne: droplet nucei, dust particles/spores
Common vehicle: food, medications, blood
What patients are considered high risk for HAI's?
ICU, Oncology, transplant, burn patients
What is the most common mode of pathogen transmission?
HANDS
List the consequences of tobacco use
Death, increased health risks, CVD, Resp disease, CA, increased rates of osteoporosis, COPD, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction, infertility, preterm deliver, stillbirth, SIDS, low birth weight
What are the components of an effective smoking cessation program?
1. Brief Intervention
2. Motivational Intervention
3. Intensive Intervention
4. Pharmocology
What are the 5 A's for treating tobacco dependence?
Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange
define incidence rate
the number of new cases of target condition divided by the population at risk for developing target condition during a given time period
define absolute risk
incidence of target condition in the population with the risk factor
define relative risk
absolute risk of disease in persons with risk factor divided by absolute risk of disease among persons without
Define attributable risk
Amount of risk that can be attributed to a risk factor
(SUBTRACT the absolute risk from one another)
Define sensitivity
proportion of persons with condition who correctly test positive (find people who have condition)
Define specificity
proportion of persons without the condition who correctly test negative
positive predictive value
proportion of persons with positive test who have condition (low if prevalence is low)
negative predictive value
portion of persons with negative test who do not have the condition
false positive
• The rate of occurrence of positive test results in subjects known to be free of a disease or disorder for which an individual is being tested
false negative
The rate of occurrence of a negative result when patient actually has the disease
(increase with decreased sensitivity)
What is the rule of thumb for reporting a disease?
If there is a vaccine for it, it's contagious, or you just haven't seen it in a while- REPORT IT
What are the 10 essential public health services
1. Monitor
2. Diagnose and investigate
3. Inform and Educate
4. Mobilize
5. Develop Policies and Plans
6. Enforce
7. Link
8. Assure
9. Evaluate
10. Research
What does Monitor mean in regards to public health services?
Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems

Example: Immtrax for immunization registries
What does Diagnose and Investigate mean in regards to public health services?
Huge list of reportable diseases, your responsibility to report
What does Inform and Educate mean in regards to public health services?
Being involved in making sure you as a practitioner help the community become aware of issues.

Example: giving a speech about breast cancer during awareness month
Why do policies and plans have to be developed in regards to public health services?
Have to prove the need for a change to happen
Who is mainly responsible for Enforcement in regards to public health services?
Police

We may have to quarantine a patient, but the police will effectively take control if the patient is non-compliant
What does Link mean in regards to public health services and who is mainly responsible for this?
Making sure everyone has access to healthcare (including rides to appts)

Social Workers and Case managers are key
What are the reasons why people do not change health risk behaviors?
Change is hard
Humans are not always logical
Information alone is not always effective in motivating
Health risk behaviors are intrinsically rewarding
If you "pile on" information, admonishments, and dire predictions during the change process what may increase for the patient?
Discomfort, humiliation, shame and guilt, anxiety, loss, rejection, threat, resistance
What are some positive results to engaging in "patient centered" strategies during the change process?
comfort, acceptance, collaboration, empowerment
Why do people decide to change?
Natural
Brief Intervention (scare tactics)
Faith
Practitioner Effects
Waiting List Effects
Change-Talk Effects
What is DARN CT? Give examples of each
Desire to change: want, like, wish
Ability to change: can, could
Reason to change: if.....then
Need to change: need to, have to, got to
Commit to change: decision, promise
Taking steps to change
What are some examples of resistance talk?
behavioral, interpersonal, a signal of dissonance, predictive of a non-change

arguing: challenging, hostility, discounting

interrupting: talking over the counselor

ignoring: inattention, changing the subject
What are things that you do as a practitioner that increase resistance talk?
Arguing for a change, assuming the expert role, criticizing/blaming/shaming, labeling the clients behavior, being in a hurry, claiming to know whats best
What are the 6 stages of change?
Precontemplation, Contemplation, Decision, Action, Maintenance, Relapse,
Give an example of someone in the precontemplation stage of change
Someone eating a high fat diet and not even realizing it's bad
Give an example of someone in the contemplation stage of change
Someone mentioning that they really don't like smelling like cigarette smoke all of the time.
Give an example of someone in the decision stage of change
Sitting down to make a plan to cut back on eating fatty foods, possibly trying to incorporate other foods into their diet as a replacement
Give an example of someone in the action stage of change
measurable goals: like Dr. Neibuhr checking off what he had accomplished at the gym
What is important to stress to the patient about the relapse stage of change?
That is MAY happen, but it's completely okay if it does. Help them know it doesn't completely derail their progress.
What are the 3 beliefs of the harm reduction approach?
1. excessive behaviors are on a continuum of risk from minimal to extreme

2. changing an addictive behavior is a stepwise process, complete sobriety is the final.

3. Sobriety is not for everyone
What are the objectives of the harm reduction approach?
1. mitigate potential dangers and health risks

2. reduce harm associated with the behavior (smoking, sedentary lifestyles)
What does the harm reduction approach require of practitioners?
1. accept limitations of our influence

2. respect patient’s control and autonomy

3. accept and respect behavior and health outcomes that may conflict with our values

4. accept harm reduction rather than cure
What does the Decisional Balance Matrix assess?
the willingness of the patient to change or not change based on the cost and benefits
What is a simple reflection?
restates the patient comment, doesn't add information or intensity
What is a complex reflection?
Selects a point for emphasis, restates contradictory point, adds intensity
What are the 5 R's for motivation of smoking cessation?
Relevance, Risk, Reward, Roadblocks, Repetition
What does Relevance mean in the 5 R's of smoking cessation?
the patient’s disease status or risk which includes: family/social situation, health concerns, age, gender, and other important patient characteristics
What does Risk mean in the 5 R's of smoking cessation?
shortness of breath, exacerbation of asthma or bronchitis, respiratory infections, harm to pregnancy, heart attacks and strokes, lung and other cancers, COPD
What does Reward mean in the 5 R's of smoking cessation?
improved health, food will taste better, saving money, feel better about self, setting good example for children, have healthier babies, feel better physically
What are some Roadblocks in the 5 R's of smoking cessation?
- withdrawal symptoms, fear of failure, weight gain, lack of support, depression, enjoyment of tobacco, being around other tobacco users, limited knowledge of effective treatment options
What screening question best identifies drug use in a primary care setting?
How many times in the past year have you used an illegal drug, or used a prescription medication for non-medical reasons?
What grade recommendation did the USPSTF give in regards to alcohol counseling intervention for adolescents and adults?
B
How many drinks (men/women) does it take to be considered a risky/hazardous drinker?
7+ drinks/week or 3+ drinks/occasion for women and 14+ drinks/week or 4+ drinks/occasion for men
What is harmful drinking?
persons who are currently experiencing physical, social, or psychological harm from alcohol use but do not meet criteria for dependence
Define Primary prevention as it pertains to diagnosing drug use/abuse
The attempt to keep someone from the use/misuse of a drug.

(In adolescents with abusing parents, make sure they are aware of their likelihood for use and what they can do to avoid it)
Define relapse prevention as it pertains to diagnosing/treating drug abuse
the attempt to keep someone from going back to substance use/misuse after a period of sobriety
What are the most commonly abused prescriptions in the US?
Opioids account for 50%
Pyschotherapeutics 33%
#1. oxycodone (175,949)
#2. hydrocodone (104,490)
#3. methadone (70,637)
What are screening tests for alcohol abuse
CAGE, AUDIT
What are the criteria for substance dependence?
3 or more in 12 months

Increasing amount taken
desire or unsuccessful cut down
excessive time spend obtaining, using, recovering
social, occupational, recreational activities reduced
continued use despite legal/social/medical problems
What three demographics of patients should you attempt Primary Prevention of substance abuse?
Teens/Preteens, Geriatrics, chronic pain pts.
Define drug misuse
not taking as directed; not seeking a high
Define drug abuse
willfull self administration seeking a high
Define Responsible Sexual Behavior
sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well being. Requires positive and respectful approach to sexuality and relationships w/pleasurable and safe experiences free of coercion, discrimination or violence. Sex rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.
What percentage of pregnancies are unintended?
49%
Define method failure rate
inherent failure rate when used 100% correctly
Define typical failure rate
factors in mistakes in usage (misuse)
List the contraception methods
Abstinence, barrier, chemical, hormonal, family planning, sterlization, post coital contraception
What is the failure rate of chemical contraceptives?
20-50% if used alone (much better if used along with other methods)
What are the barrier forms of contraception and what are their failure rates?
male condom-11%
female condom- 21%
sponge - 29%
diaphragms- 17%
cervical cap- 17-23%
What is the main purpose of chemical contraception?
Innactivate sperm
What are the advantages/disadvantages of male condoms?
:) STD protection, use in combination, no Rx, backup

:( distracting, awkward, uncomfortable
What are the advantages/disadvantages of female condoms?
:) some STD protection, 6 hours before, no Rx

:( distracting, uncomfortable, high failure rate
What are the advantages/disadvantages of the sponge?
:) OTC, 20 minutes before, lubrication

:( high failure rate, messy
What are the advantages/disadvantages of diaphragms?
:) privacy, 6 hours after removal, use w/spermicides

:( Rx and fitting, UTI
What are the advantages/disadvantages of the cervical cap?
:) privacy (48 hours)

:( Rx and fitting, needs spermicide, disloging, less effective after PG
What are the advantages/disadvantages of chemical methods of contraception?
:) privacy, variety, use in conjunction w/other forms

:( irritation, high failure rate, messy
What is the most used reversible form of contraception
the pill
What are the contraindications for OCP's/the Ring/the Patch?
>35 smoker, Hx of CVA, TED, CAD, breast cancer or liver disease
What are the failure rates of OCP, the Ring, the Patch, Depo, Implants, IUD
OCP: <1%
Ring 1-2%
Patch <1%
Dep <1%
Implants 0%
IUD <1%
What are the advantages/disadvantages to OCP?
:) reversible, other benefits, continual use, decreases endometrial/cervical CA risk

:( daily scheduled use, Rx, cost
What are the advantages/disadvantages to the Ring?
:) reversible, other benefits, local administration, less side effects

:( Rx, irritative, high cost, UTI risk
What are the advantages/disadvantages to the patch?
:) reversible, additional benefits

:( Rx, high VTE risk, cost, displacement
What are the advantages/disadvantages to a progestin only contraceptive?
:) safe in lactating females, those with estrogen contraindicators

:( weight gain, bone loss, depression
What are the advantages/disadvantages of the Depo shot?
:) no daily pill

:( weight gain, breakthrough bleeding, headache, depression, bone loss, mood changes, Rx
What are the contraindicators for the Depo shot?
Hx of breast CA or osteoporosis
What are the advantages/disadvantages of Implant contraception?
:) works for 3 years, privacy, reversible

:( Rx, irregular bleeding, weight gain
What are the advantages/disadvantages of an IUD?
:) lasts 5 years, helps w/dysmenorrhea, privacy, no estrogen

:( placed in office, have to sign consent form
What are the contraindicators for an IUD?
non monogamous, high STD risk, acute pelvic infections
How long does a copper IUD last?
12 years
What are the advantages/disadvantages to family planning?
:) self knowledge of cycles

:( 20% failure rate, doesn't work w/women with irregular cycles, frequent body function monitoring, time
What are the advantages/disadvantages to post coital contraception?
:) use in unprotected sex, no Rx, pill, 80% effective

:( nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache
What are the most unreliable forms of contraception?
Coitus interruptus, douching, lactation prolongation
What are the top 4 most common HAI's?
UTI, surgical site wound infection, pneumonia, bacteremia
Define perceived susceptibility and give an exmaple of it. What model (and level) is it under
Health Belief Model (Intrapersonal Level)

Opinion of ones chance of contraction. Ex: teenager's sense of immortality
Define perceived severity and give an example. What model/level is it under?
Health Belief model, intrapersonal level

Opinion of how serious a condition is. Ex: teenager gets shot and didn't realize how badly it would hurt because of media exposure to it
Define perceived benefit. To what model/level does it apply?
Health Belief Model, Intrapersonal level

opinion of efficacy of advised action to reduce risk
Define perceived barriers and give an example. What model/level is it under?
Health belief model, intrapersonal level.

One's opinion of tangible and psychiatric cost. Ex: family smokes and makes it hard for one of them to quit.
Define cues to action, what model/level is it under?
Health Belief model, intrapersonal level

Strategies to activate readiness
Define self-efficacy and give an example. What model/level is it in?
Health Belief model,(intrapersonal level) AND Cognitive Theory (Interpersonal Level)

Patient's level of confidence in ability to make a change. Ex: smoking cessation programs
What are the 6 stages of the Health Belief model?
Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy
What are the 6 stages of the Social-Cognitive theory?
Reciprocal determinism, Behavioral compatability, expectations, self efficacy, observational learning, reinforcement.
Define reciprocal determinism and explain it.

What Theory is it a part of and what level?
Social-Cognitive Theory, Interpersonal Level

Behavior change between a person and environment (bi-directional). A person can modify their environment just as much as the environment can change the person
Define behavioral capability and give an example. What theory is it a part of?
Social Cognitive Theory.

Knowledge/skill to make a change. Ex: weight loss, can't just use the hardest workout the first time you try it.
Define expectations. What theory is it a part of?
Social-Cognitive Theory.

Beliefs about likely results of action, need to think they can work.
Define observational learning. What theory is it a part of?
Social Cognitive Theory.

Beliefs based on observing others
Define reinforcement, what theory is it a part of ?
Social Cognitive Theory

Reinforce/reward positive behavior.
Define pre-contemplation and give an example. What theory is it a part of?
Trans-theoretical Model

unaware of the problem. Ex: heavy card/fat diet and don't think it's a problem.
Define contemplation and give an example. What theory is it a part of?
Trans-theoretical Model

thinking about a change in the near future. Ex: "Ive been thinking about...."
Define devision/determination and state what model it falls under.
Trans-theoretical model

Making a plan to change.
Define action and state what model it falls under.
Trans-theoretical model

implement plans: measurable goals
Define maintenance and state what model it falls under.
Trans-theoretical model

Continuation of desireable action, relapses can happen.
What are the 5 stages of change in the Trans-Theoretical Model?
Pre-contemplation, Contemplation, Decision/Determination, action, maintenance (relapse)
What is the failure rate of family planning?
20%
What is the goal of Tertiary disease prevention?
Limit morbidity or rehabilitate
What percent of women practice some form of birth control?
64%
After 35 years of age, what percent of pregnancies are unintended?
30%
What are the FAM Symptothermal methods?
Temperature, cervical mucous, calendar
What are the goals of the HP 2020 when it comes to arthritis, osteoporosis and chronic back pain?
Reduce the mean level of joint pain among adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis.

Increase the proportion of adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis who receive provider counseling.

Reduce the proportion of adults with osteoporosis.
What are the risk factors for drug abuse in children?
physical/sexual abuse

substance abusing parents

ADD or school problems
How many people remain smoke free after a year with therapy (counseling)?
30%