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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
homeostasis
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maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range (e.g. temperature, blood pressure)
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blood-brain barrier
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structure that prevents many drugs from entering the brain
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semipermeable
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allowing some, but not all, chemicals to pass
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lipophilic
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the extent to which chemicals can be dissolved in oils and fats
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receptors
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recognition mechanisms that respond to specific chemical signals
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action potential
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the electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires
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neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers released from neurons and having brief, local effects
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hyperpolarized
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when the membrane potential is more negative
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depolarized
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when the membrane is less negative
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter found in the parasympathetic branch in the cerebral cortex
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autonomic
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the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions, such as heart rate
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sympathetic
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the branch of the autonomic system involved in flight or fight reactions
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parasympathetic
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the branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state
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norepinephrine
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neurotransmitter that may be important for regulating waking and appetite
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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basal ganglia
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subcortical brain structures controlling muscle ton
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Parkinson's disease
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degenerative neurological disease involving damage to dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia
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serotonin
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neurotransmitter found in the raphe nuclei, may be important for impulsivity, depression
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nucleus accumbens
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a collection of neurons in the forebrain thought to play an important role in emotional reactions to events
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dopamine
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neurotransmitter found in the basal ganglia and other regions
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mesolimbic dopamine pathway
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one of two major dopamine pathways; may be involved in psychotic reactions and in drug dependence
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schizophrenia
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a mental disorder characterized by chronic psychosis
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nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
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one of two major dopamine pathways; damaged in Parkinson's disease
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precursors
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chemicals that are acted on by enzymes to form neurotransmitters
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GABA
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inhibitory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain
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glutamate
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excitatory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain
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endorphin
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opiate-like chemical that occurs naturally in the brain of humans and other animals
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uptake
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energy-requiring mechanism by which selected molecules are taken into cells
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synthesis
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the forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precursors
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enzyme
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large molecule that assists in either the synthesis or metabolism of another molecule
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synapse
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the space between neurons
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transporter
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mechanism in the nerve terminal membrane responsible for removing neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron
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metabolize
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to break down or inactivate a neurotransmitter (or a drug) through enzymatic action
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agonist
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a substance that facilitates or mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
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antagonist
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a substance that prevents the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
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monoamine
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a class of chemicals characterized by a single amine group; monoamine neurotransmitters include dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
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generic
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a name that specifies a particular chemical, but not a particular brand
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placebo
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an inactive drug
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double-blind procedure
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experiment in which neither the doctor nor the patient know which drug is being used
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dose-response curve
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a graph comparing the size of response to the amount of drug
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ataxia
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uncoordinated walking
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comatose
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unconscious and unable to be aroused
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ED50
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effective dose for half of the animals tested
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LD50
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lethal dose for half of the animals tested
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therapeutic index
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ration of LD50 to ED50
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safety margin
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dosage difference between an acceptable level of effectiveness and the lowest toxic dose
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side effects
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unintended effects that accompany therapeutic effects
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potency
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measured by the amount of drug required to produce an effect
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time course
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timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect
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cumulative effect
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effects of giving multiple doses of the same drug
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lipid solubility
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tendency of a chemical to dissolve in fat, as opposed to water
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intravenous
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injection directly into a vein
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subcutaneous
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injection under the skin
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intramuscular
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injection into a muscle
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metabolite
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product of enzyme action on a drug
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active metabolites
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metabolites that have drug actions of their own
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prodrugs
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drugs that are inactive until acted on by enzymes in the body
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drug disposition tolerance
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tolerance caused by more rapid elimination of the drug
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behavioral tolerance
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tolerance caused by learned adaptation to the drug
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pharmacodynamic tolerance
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tolerance caused by altered nervous system sensitivity
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