How Does Pollination Benefit Animals And Plants

Front 1

benefits to plant

Back 1

increase likelihood that pollen grain collected on flower will reach stigma on conspecific flower; they can persist at lower pop densities; there is a higher probability of outcrossing; can take place in habitats with little wind- closed forests; allocate lesser proportion of resources to pollen production

Front 2

cost to plants

Back 2

need to produce rewards, cues. non pollinators exploit

Front 3

benefits to animals

Back 3

rewards such as nectar, pollen, oils and water. rewards readily accessible, easy to locate

Front 4

costs to animals

Back 4

pollen load, not very heavy, but sometimes heavier batches called pollinia can attach to extremities or partially blind animals. risk of predation, some flower based predators such as phymatid ambush bugs. deception by plants.