Host Defenses To Microbes

Front 1

______ is a biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion.

Back 1

Immunity

Front 2

Immunity involves both ____ and _______ components.

Back 2

Specific and non-specific

Front 3

The non-specific components act either as _______ or as _______ of a wide range of pathogens irrespective of antigenic specificity.

Back 3

barriers , eliminators

Front 4

Other components of the immune system ______ themselves to each new disease encountered and are able to generate ______ _______ _____.

Back 4

adapt, pathogen-specific immunity

Front 5

Our innate, nonspecific defenses are broken into the ____ _____ and the _____ _____ of defense.

Back 5

first line , second line

Front 6

The ___________________ is a surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments.

Back 6

first line of defense

Front 7

The ____________is a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defenses.

Back 7

second line of defense

Front 8

Physical, skin, mucus membranes, mucus, cilia, reflexes, normal flora,and Genetic resistance are all examples of what?

Back 8

Physical barriers

Front 9

PH(fatty acids on skin), lysozymes, proteases and stomach acid are all examples of What?

Back 9

Chemical barriers

Front 10

The lymphatic sys., other lymphoid tissue, thymus, and spleen are all part of what system?

Back 10

Immune system

Front 11

Lymph nodes house _________ cells.

Back 11

immune

Front 12

The spleen _______ ________ in the blood.

Back 12

filters pathogens

Front 13

The ___________ is the site of T cell maturation.

Back 13

Thymus

Front 14

GALT stands for

Back 14

gut associated lymphoid tissue

Front 15

Peyer's patches are fund in the

Back 15

intestines

Front 16

Whole blood contains _________ , ___________ and ________.

Back 16

RBC's, WBC's, plasma

Front 17

___________ carry O2 and CO2.

Back 17

RBC's

Front 18

WBC's are also called what?

Back 18

Leukocytes

Front 19

___________ is made of water, proteins and chemicals.

Back 19

plasma

Front 20

Blood _________ contains clotting factors, complement, antibodies and molecules not related to defense.

Back 20

plasma

Front 21

Serum is missing ______ ______ because it has been removed.

Back 21

clotting proteins

Front 22

Name the 4 kinds of Leukocytes.

Back 22

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast cells.

Front 23

_________ are essential blood chagocytes, actively ingulfing and killing bacteria.

Back 23

Neutrophils (the nutralizer)

Front 24

_________ are active in worm and fungal infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions.

Back 24

Eosinophils (ew!)

Front 25

_______ fuction in inflammatory events and allergies.

Back 25

Basophils (think Basal blowing his nose and gasping for breath)

Front 26

_____ _____ are specialized tissue cells similar to basophils that trigger local inflammatory reactions and are responsible for many allergic symptoms.

Back 26

Mast Cells

Front 27

There are 2 catagories in resistance to infectious disease. They are:_______ immunity and ________ immunity.

Back 27

Innate , adaptive

Front 28

__________ immunity is a nonspecific resistance, protecting us against all patogens.

Back 28

Innate immunity (think over the counter defenses- easy to get)

Front 29

____________ immunity is a specific resistance, defending us against specific pathogens.

Back 29

Adaptive immunity (think perscription defenses)

Front 30

What is always present, immediately effective,with no immune memory(works at the same speed every time)?

Back 30

Innate immunity

Front 31

________ is triggered by tissue damage.

Back 31

Inflammation

Front 32

The 4 parts of inflammation are:

Back 32

redness, warmth swelling and pain (think about what you feel/see whin you hit your thumb with a hammer)

Front 33

The latin for these 4 parts of inflammation are:

Back 33

rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor (RuCaTuDo)

Front 34

You are injured by a nail and bacteria comes in; what are the first 2 things that happen?

Back 34

Mast cells release chemical mediators and vasoconstriction happens in order to prevent the spread of bacteria.

Front 35

After the vasoconstriction response to injury; the blood vessels _________ to allow ___________________.

Back 35

dilate, plasma and neutrophils to seep out to injury site.

Front 36

Plasma has____________ _______ to seal the wound.

Back 36

clotting factors

Front 37

After the site of infection is sealed; _______ and _______ _______occurs.

Back 37

edema, pus formation

Front 38

What causes edema durring injury repair?

Back 38

the Neutrophils are eating the bacteria (phagocytosis by neutrophils)

Front 39

What causes pus formation durring injury repair?

Back 39

byproduct of bacteria

Front 40

What else has happened while the neutrophils are eating and the bacteria are forming pus?

Back 40

A fibrous exudate (layer made up of serum)

Front 41

What 3 things happen after inflammation repair?

Back 41

a scar is formed, macrophages come in and Lymphocytes come in(the BIG GUYS)

Front 42

______________ and __________ engulf and dispose of pus, cellular debri, dead neutrophils and damaged tissue.

Back 42

Macrophages and Lymphocytes

Front 43

________ is the eating of cells.

Back 43

phagocytosis

Front 44

________ and ________ are phagocytic.

Back 44

Neutrophils and macrophages

Front 45

_________ are present in the highest number in the blood.

Back 45

Neutrophils (PMNs)

Front 46

________ in the tissues encounter the pathogen first.

Back 46

Macrophages

Front 47

_______________ secrete cytokines (triggering inflammation and systemic responses).

Back 47

Macrophages

Front 48

Pathogen recognition molecules on phagocytes are ________ _________ that bind commonly shared bacterial molecules.

Back 48

Membrane receptors.

Front 49

Name 4 commonly shared bacterial molecules.

Back 49

LPS, Lipoteichoic acid, Patterns of sugars and nucleic acids

Front 50

How does a phagocyte begin phagocytosis?

Back 50

By binding the pathogen.

Front 51

Microbes with capsules are difficult to phagocytose. It is easier if the pathogen is coated with ________ or _____(____).

Back 51

antibodies, complement, opsonins

Front 52

Macrophages produce _____ to increase inflammation. This leads to; capillary _______, Attracts more _______ and increases adhesion molecules for PMNs on capillary ______.

Back 52

chemokines, leakiness, neutrophils (PMNs), endothelium

Front 53

_______ is the migration of intact blood cells between endothelial cells of a blood vessel such as a venuel.

Back 53

Diapedesis

Front 54

The adaptive immune system can signal by _______ produced by _______.

Back 54

Lymphokines, Macrophages
(when you see the word "Lymph" think "immune")

Front 55

Fluid containing the pathogen drains out from the infection site and into nearby____ ______.

Back 55

lymph nodes

Front 56

Lymph nodes contain specific _ and __ cells.

Back 56

B and T

Front 57

_____ and _____ make the adaptive immune response and produce the immune memory cells.

Back 57

B and T

Front 58

Macrophage lymphokines signal 3 different body parts to do 3 different things: what are they?

Back 58

hypothalamus to ^ body temp, liver to produce acute phase proteins, and bone marrow to release more PMNs(neutrophils)

Front 59

In the adaptive immune system; pathogens are killed by ____ ____, ____ __ _____, and ______.

Back 59

enzyme digestion, toxic oxygen molecules, and defensins

Front 60

In the adaptive immune system; some pathogens resist killing and live in _______ or escape to ________.

Back 60

phagosomes, cytosol (examples are Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes)

Front 61

________ is a body formed in a phagocyte, consisting of a union between a vessicle containing the ingested particle and a vacuole of hydrolytic enzymes.

Back 61

phagolysosome

Front 62

A phagolysosome has MHC class __ loaded and displayed

Back 62

MHC class II

Front 63

In the last step of the destruction of antigens by phagolysosomes, the ______ is broken down by _________ _______ that the phagolysosome produces itself.

Back 63

phagosome, antimicrobial chemicals(im gonna wash that man right out of my hair)

Front 64

There are 2 plasma protein defense systems. Name them.

Back 64

Complement and Interferon

Front 65

______ lyses bacteria.

Back 65

Complement

Front 66

_________ stops virus infection.

Back 66

Interferon

Front 67

List, in order, the 4 parts of the Complement Classical Pathway.

Back 67

Initiation, Amplification and cascade,Polymerization, and finally Membrane attack.(start, turn it up and fall down, stick together,and attack)

Front 68

In the complement pathway( _______) C1 binds to antibodies attached to a bacterium.

Back 68

Initiation

Front 69

In the complement pathway (________________) C1 activates other components. Some stimulate inflammation. Some come together and begin to bind on the surface of the bacterium

Back 69

Amplification and cascade

Front 70

In the complement pathway (durring _________), more subunits come together and bind on the surface.

Back 70

Polymerization

Front 71

In the complement pathway(_________ ______) the final product is an enzyme that blasts a hole in the bacterium's membrane.

Back 71

Membrane attack

Front 72

2 other complement pathways are ______ and ________.

Back 72

MB-Lectin and Alternate

Front 73

The MB-lectin pathway results in the __________ of pathogens.

Back 73

Opsonization

Front 74

The Alternative pathway results in the ________ of pathogens.

Back 74

killing

Front 75

IFN stand for _________.

Back 75

Interferon

Front 76

IFN(alpha) and IFN(beta) are made by____ _____ _____.

Back 76

virus infected cells

Front 77

IFN(alpha) and IFN(beta) are also called __________ ______.

Back 77

anti-viral interferons

Front 78

Anti-viral interferons are/aren't virus-specific.

Back 78

aren't

Front 79

What 2 things do anti-viral interferons do?

Back 79

1) bind neighboring host cells
2) induce synthesis of antiviral proteins to block virus replication in other cells that have not yet been infected.

Front 80

Gamma interferon is made by ____ cells.

Back 80

T

Front 81

Gamma interferon activates _____ and ________ to kill bacteria

Back 81

Macrophages, neutrophils

Front 82

IFN(y) is/isn't antiviral.

Back 82

isn't

Front 83

_____ ______ recognize virus-altered receptors and kill virus-infected cells (also tumor cells)

Back 83

Natural Killer cells or NK cells

Front 84

Cells that do not display "self" are stimulated by NK cells to _____.

Back 84

apoptose