Hort Sci Exam 2

Front 1

gravitational water

Back 1

water that drains through the soil profile (macropores) and beyond the root zone. not available to plants.

60-70% of soil water

Front 2

hydroscopic water

Back 2

water that coats each particle with a thin film and is held in tight surface tension by the particle. not readily available to the plant (only when it's reached the permanent wilting point).

10% of soil water

Front 3

capillary water

Back 3

water in the micropore spaces of the root zone. can move upward. usually available to plants.

20-30% of soil water

Front 4

purpose of deep & infrequent watering

Back 4

get roots to grow deeper and convert gravitational water to capillary water

Front 5

5 factors to consider when deciding how often to water

Back 5

1. root depth

2. soil type (sandy uses more than clay)

3. season, climate & wind (dramatically increases transpiration)

4. type of irrigation system

5. type of plant (turf uses the most)

Front 6

type of plant that requires the most water

Back 6

grass

Front 7

4 principles of irrigation

Back 7

1. time of day: 3-6am allows full plant hydration

2. hydrozones

3. water deeply but infrequently

4. repeat cycles/pulse cycles (2-3 cycles/day w/2-hr breaks)

Front 8

reasons to water in early morning

Back 8

from 3-6am transpiration is low, so plant can fill up with water; less diseases; less wind

Front 9

2 types of hydrozones

Back 9

1. plants with the same water requirements in the same area

2. water plants separately with the that have different sun exposure

Front 10

how much lateral movement there is in soil

Back 10

not much

Front 11

amount of water that should come out of the bottom of a container for proper leaching

Back 11

10%

Front 12

crude water audit rule

Back 12

turf-type tall fescue needs:

1" H2O in fall & spring at 2 intervals/wk

1.5" H2O in summer at 3 intervals/wk

Front 13

water cycle important for clay soil to avoid salt buildup

Back 13

clay soil should have a leaching cycle

Front 14

crude water audit test

Back 14

12+ collection devices of uniform size & shape, placed throughout the area. H2O for a set period of time. max diff. bet. cups = 2:1.

total depth (inches) ÷ #containers = average precipitation rate (APR)

use APR to calc. total run time, & ÷ by 2 or 3 to determine interval length

Front 15

desired angle of scaffold branches on a young tree

Back 15

32-45°

Front 16

what to do with a diseased limb if the disease is bacterial

Back 16

cut back to healthy wood, disinfect with 10% bleach solution

Front 17

what to do to increase caliper (diameter of trunk) of a young tree

Back 17

prune back to small lateral branches; cut them back regularly, and cut them off when they reach the desired caliper

Front 18

espalier

Back 18

plant that doesn't usually grow as a vine treated as one and grown against a flat surface

Front 19

bonsai

Back 19

plant pruned to be miniaturized, imitating a form found in nature

Front 20

topiary

Back 20

plant pruned to an animal or geometric shape

Front 21

pollarding is also known as this

Back 21

"hatracking": pruning a large tree back to stubs

Front 22

apical dominance

Back 22

terminal bud is dominant over lateral buds; dominant bud has strong vertical growth

some plants have strong apical dominance, some have weak apical dominance

Front 23

age of wood that flowers develop on

Back 23

flowers develop either on current season's wood, last year's wood (shoots), or 2-10 year old wood (spurs), depending on the plant

Front 24

how to prune plants that bloom on current season's wood

Back 24

prune severely if you want flowers

Front 25

bloom time of plants that flower on current season's wood

Back 25

current season's wood blooms spring-summer

Front 26

bloom time of plants that flower on shoots (last year's wood)

Back 26

shoots bloom late winter-early spring

Front 27

when to prune plants that bloom on shoots (last year's wood)

Back 27

prune right after it blooms; new wood will have fruit the following year (exception: peaches)

Front 28

how to prune plants that bloom on spurs (lateral, 2-10 year old wood)

Back 28

remove apical dominance to get spurs to grow, but pruning severely will mean no flowers for at least 2 years

Front 29

when NOT to prune plants susceptible to frost

Back 29

fall

Front 30

peak of dormancy in Southern California

Back 30

January 15. this is when deciduous plant should be pruned

Front 31

how to prune a rose

Back 31

flower on current season's wood, in a vase shape. prune severely at the height of dormancy. remove old canes.

cut flowers during the growing season: prune to 2nd outside 5-leaflet leaf. will create long stems that will bloom again in 42-45 days

Front 32

height to prune roses

Back 32

by size:

4-10' tall: prune to 12" above ground

2-4' tall: prune to 18" above ground

Front 33

how to prune a fruiting peach

Back 33

bears on shoots. @ height of dormancy, remove 1/3 of shoots completely, and head back remaining shoots by 1/3

Front 34

how to prune a flowering peach

Back 34

bears on shoots. prune severely @ height of bloom, removing 80% (4/5) of the shoot

Front 35

how to prune a plum

Back 35

fruits on spurs. prune @ dormancy, removing the last 6-12" of terminal wood to remove apical dominance and encourage spurs.

Front 36

clone (Dave Lannom definition)

Back 36

plant selected for desirable characteristics and maintained via asexual propagation

Front 37

two types of propagation

Back 37

sexual propagation and asexual propagation

Front 38

percent of propagation that is asexual

Back 38

85%

Front 39

85% of asexual propagation is done this way

Back 39

cuttings

Front 40

85% of cuttings are done this way

Back 40

stem cuttings

Front 41

85% of stem cuttings are this kind

Back 41

semi-hardwood cuttings

Front 42

composition of rooting media typically used for cuttings

Back 42

80% perlite, 20% peat

Front 43

reason water isn't a good rooting media

Back 43

creates physiologically different roots that have difficulty adjusting to soil

Front 44

IBA

Back 44

auxin synthetic rooting hormone

(Indolebutyric Acid)

Front 45

how many nodes you need on a cutting

Back 45

at least 2

Front 46

in cuttings, this is more important than the number of nodes

Back 46

uniform length

Front 47

when making cuttings, where to cut in relation to the nodes

Back 47

cut just above and just below the nodes

Front 48

why to cut just above and below the node when making cuttings

Back 48

in the nodes there are more auxins (hormones that trigger root development)

Front 49

hormones that trigger root development

Back 49

auxins

Greek αυξειν (auxein - "to grow/increase")

Front 50

how many leaves to leave on when taking a cutting

Back 50

as many as possible

Front 51

spacing of cuttings in the flat

Back 51

fairly close together

Front 52

advantages and disadvantages of growing cuttings in individual pots

Back 52

saves on time/labor; uses more space

Front 53

polarity

Back 53

when making cuttings, place basal end in media, and distal end in the air (right-side up)—plants know which way is up

Front 54

wounding

Back 54

exposing the cambium on hard-to-root plants to increase rooting

(time-consuming)

Front 55

3 ways of reducing transpiration of cuttings

Back 55

1. mist

2. cut large leaves in half or bundle them

3. place a plastic bag over the top

Front 56

chimera

Back 56

2 or more genetic tissues adjacent to each other

Front 57

juvenility

Back 57

young plant less than 1 year old. in some plants, cuttings off a young plant take better

Front 58

scion

Back 58

top part of a graft; maintains its genetic integrity

Front 59

3 advantages of root stock

Back 59

1. vigorous roots

2. disease resistance

3. dwarfing qualities

(root stock will retain its genetic integrity)

Front 60

benefits of grafts

Back 60

scion and stock each (usually) retains its genetic integrity

get the best of two (or more) clones

Front 61

reason to remove the leaf from the scion but leave the petiole intact

Back 61

petiole serves as an indicator that the graft has taken; it will fall off when the graft takes

Front 62

3 types of stem cuttings

Back 62

1. semi-hardwood (1st year/current season's growth)

2. hardwood (1-year-old shoots)

3. softwood (brand new growth)

Front 63

5 types of grafting

Back 63

1. chip bud

2. side graft

3. cleft graft

4. inarching

5. inverted T-bud

Front 64

chip bud advantage(s)

Back 64

can salvage root stock from grafts that didn't take

Front 65

side graft technique and advantage

Back 65

can leave top branches and insert graft on the side

Front 66

cleft graft technique, advantages & disadvantage

Back 66

cut straight across the root stock & v-cut to graft scion

advantages: can graft 2 scions to 1 root stock; easy; strongest union

disadvantages: some plants die when grafted this way

Front 67

inarching technique, advantage & limitation

Back 67

plant young plants around base of old plant to give it a new root system

limitation: old tree disease will spread to young trees

Front 68

inverted T-bud method & advantages

Back 68

upside-down T cut

use for plants with high sap flow

Front 69

chip bud

Back 69

Front 70

side graft

Back 70

Front 71

cleft graft

Back 71

Front 72

inarching

Back 72

Front 73

inverted T-bud

Back 73