Hort Sci Exam 1

Front 1

reason horticulture is so important in California

Back 1

we have a horticultural lifestyle.

• produce 30% of US ornamental plants

• consume 70% of US ornamental plants

• spend 2x as much as the rest of the country on horticultural products

Front 2

2 major influences on the Southern California climate

Back 2

westerlies: predominant cool, wet winds flowing inland from the Pacific Ocean; low pressure

continental air mass: warm, dry, high-pressure air mass flowing from east to west

Front 3

4 factors affecting climate and weather in Southern California—interaction of these determines weather.

Back 3

1. distance from equator

2. elevation

3. westerlies

4. continental air masses

Front 4

causes of microclimate (climate within a climate)

Back 4

• topography: valleys; hills accumulating heat on S. & W. slopes

• structures & hardscape

• shade or full sun

• soil type

• bodies of water

Front 5

importance of microclimate (climate within a climate)

Back 5

determines which plants you can grow (plant selection)

You can't depend on big-box stores to stock plants appropriate for your zone & microclimate!

Front 6

Binomial nomenclature

Back 6

how we name plants; "two names".

formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms; developed by Linnaeus

The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus.

Front 7

Genus

Back 7

group of plants with similar flowering or reproductive characteristics

• 1st name in binomial nomenclature

• always Capitalized

• usually a noun

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species

Back 8

• 2nd word in binomial nomenclature

• lowercase

• adjective

Front 9

cultivar/horticultural variety

Back 9

• 3rd word in a plant name

• bounded by single quotation marks

• used for marketing

• plant selected for desirable characteristics, usually propagated by cuttings

Front 10

Name the parts of this plant name:

Carissa macrocarpa 'fancy'

natal plum

Back 10

Genus, species, cultivar/horticultural variety, common name

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spermatophyta

Back 11

seed-bearing plants

Front 12

plant kingdom

Back 12

Plantae

Front 13

2 subdivisions of spermatophyta

Back 13

1. Gymnosperms

2. Angiosperms

Front 14

gymnosperms

Back 14

plants having a true seed, but not a true flower

• 3-17 cotyledons (princeton 2-24)

• includes conifers, junipers, redwoods, etc.

Front 15

angiosperms

Back 15

plants having true seed and true flower

• include monocots (palm, grasses, bamboo) and dicots (most plants

• include the large majority of land plants

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photosynthesis

Back 16

manufacture of carbohydrates in green plants.

green plants use solar energy to convert CO2, H2O, and minerals into organic compounds (primarily carbohydrates) and gaseous oxygen

CO2 + H20 —(chlorophyll, light)—► carbs + O2

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respiration

Back 17

opposite of photosynthesis.

plants (and animals) convert carbs back into energy/heat for growth and other life processes

carbs + O2 —► CO2 + H2O

Front 18

location of photosynthesis in a plant

Back 18

in the chlorophyll; mostly in the leaves (97%), sometimes in green trunks

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location of respiration in a plant

Back 19

the entire plant or animal

Front 20

time when photosynthesis occurs

Back 20

primarily daytime, although a nighttime cycle is required as well

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time when respiration occurs

Back 21

24 hours a day

Front 22

ratio of photosynthesis vs. respiration required for optimum yield

Back 22

photosynthesis should be 8-10x respiration for optimum yield

Front 23

effect of photosynthesis on plant weight

Back 23

photosynthesis increases the weight of the plant

Front 24

effect of respiration on plant weight

Back 24

respiration decreases the weight of the plant

Front 25

summary of photosynthesis (6 points)

Back 25

• manufacture of carbs in plants

• CO2 + H20 —(chlorophyll, light)—► carbs + O2

• occurs mostly in the leaves

• utilizes solar energy

• daytime, primarily

• increases plant weight

Front 26

summary of respiration (6 points)

Back 26

• break down of carbs in plants & animals

• carbs + O2 —► CO2 + H2O

• occurs in the entire plant/animal

• 24 hours

• gives off heat

• decreases plant weight

Front 27

function of root hairs

Back 27

absorb H2O in liquid form

Front 28

osmosis

Back 28

movement of H2O, nutrient and carbs from high concentration to low concentration via semi-permeable membranes

Front 29

transpiration

Back 29

daytime process where H2O vapor exits the leaf to cool the plant, and CO2 enters the leaf for photosynthesis

Front 30

effect of transpiration rate on photosynthesis

Back 30

when the transpiration rate increases, photosynthesis increases as well

(this is why plants grow faster in warmer weather)

Front 31

time when no transpiration is happening

Back 31

3-6am. This is the best time to water

Front 32

effect of transpiration exceeding absorption

Back 32

plant wilts

Front 33

deciduous

Back 33

plant that loses its leaves once a year

Front 34

annual

Back 34

plant that completes its vegetative cycle in one season, then dies

Front 35

biennial

Back 35

plant that completes its vegetative cycle one year, and its reproductive (fruiting) cycle the next year

Front 36

perennial

Back 36

plant that lives 3 or more years

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common name

Back 37

non-scientific name by which a species of plant is known. can vary by region

Front 38

monocot

Back 38

• single cotyledon in the seedling

• flower parts in multiples of three

• stem contains vascular bundles

• stem has no cambium: girdling & deep planting will not kill

• fibrous roots, replaced annually

• parallel veination: marginal burn tip back

• transplant in summer

Front 39

dicot

Back 39

• 2 cotyledons in the seedling

• flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

• stem contains continuous vascular layers

• stem has cambium: girdling & deep planting will kill

• permanent root system; generally, taproot

• net veination: marginal burn along edge

• transplant when dormant

Front 40

plants that are monocots

Back 40

• lilies

• orchids

• agaves

• palms

• grasses

Front 41

xylem

Back 41

conducts water & nutrients upward in the plant

Front 42

phloem

Back 42

conducts carbs downward in the plant

Front 43

cambium

Back 43

only place cell division occurs

• sends new phloem cells outward
• sends new xylem cells inward

Front 44

nutrient and growth cycle of a plant

Back 44

• H2O absorbed in root hairs

• H2O moves upward cell to cell through the xylem by osmosis, from high concentration to low concentration, through semi-permeable membranes

• H2O exits the leaf through transpiration; CO2 is diffused in the leaf at the same time

• carbs created from CO2 + solar energy via photosynthesis

• carbs move down the plant via the phloem

Front 45

continuous vascular layers of a dicot stem, listed from outside to in

Back 45

bark, phloem, cambium, xylem, pith

Front 46

vascular bundles of a monocot stem

Back 46

xylem and phloem, no cambium

(cambium is only in the apical meristem)

Front 47

simple leaf

Back 47

single leaf with a lateral bud at the base

Front 48

compound leaf

Back 48

multi-leaf structure where there is a bud at the base of the petiole, but not at the base of the leaflets

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pinnately compound

Back 49

compound leaf where leaflets arise at several points along the petiole

Front 50

lateral bud

Back 50

undeveloped or embryonic shoot found in the axil of a leaf, on the side of a plant stem

Front 51

palmately compound

Back 51

compound leaf where leaflets arise from a single point along the petiole

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leaflet

Back 52

each of the leaflike structures that together make up a compound leaf

Front 53

bract

Back 53

small, highly colored leaves that occur in the flowering parts (inflorescence) of a plant

• attract pollinators to plants with inconspicuous flowers

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stamen

Back 54

The male, pollen-producing part of a flower, usually a slender filament supporting the anther

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pistil

Back 55

The female, ovule-producing part of a flower. Includes the stigma, style and ovary.

Front 56

anther

Back 56

part of the flower that releases pollen

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stigma

Back 57

part of the flower that accepts pollen

Front 58

staminate

Back 58

flower w/stamen, but no functional pistil

• male

Front 59

pistillate

Back 59

flower w/pistil, but no functional stamen

• female

Front 60

hermaphrodite

Back 60

both functional male and female parts in the same flower

• most flowers are hermaphroditic

Front 61

monecious

Back 61

staminate flower and pistilate flower on the same plant, but not on the same portion of the plant

Front 62

dioecious

Back 62

functional male flower & plant is separate from a functional female flower & plant

Front 63

pollination

Back 63

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

• no exchange of male and female genetic information

Front 64

2-step process of fertilization

Back 64

1. pollen (releases sperm) + ovary (releases egg) = zygote (seed)

• seed can either be homozygous or heterozygous

2. pollen (releases sperm) + endosperm nuclei = endocarp (fruit)

Front 65

homozygous

Back 65

similar zygotes. plants from seed will be similar

Front 66

heterozygous

Back 66

variable zygotes. plants from seed will be highly variable

Front 67

parthenocarpic

Back 67

seedless fruit

Front 68

measurement of the intensity of light

Back 68

footcandles or lumens

Front 69

photoperiodism

Back 69

a plant's flowering or vegetative response to the duration of light

• can be thrown off by 25 foot candles of light

Front 70

short day plant

Back 70

plants that flower when they receive 6-8 hours of light

• can be manipuated

Front 71

long day plants

Back 71

plants that flower when they receive 10-12 hours of light

• can be manipulated

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day neutral

Back 72

duration of light has no effect on flowering

Front 73

nastic response

Back 73

plant opens or closes flowers or foliage at onset of darkness

Front 74

acclimation

Back 74

slowing down the photosynthesis of a plant by slowly reducing light, water & nutrients

• used to adjust a plant from greenhouse to indoor conditions

Front 75

hardening off

Back 75

increasing photosynthesis of a young plant by slowly increasing light, water and nutrients

• opposite of acclimation

• used to adjust young plants from greenhouse to outdoor conditions

Front 76

diurnal temperature fluctuation

Back 76

daytime temperature should be 5-20° higher than night

Front 77

growing season

Back 77

continuous days between the last frost in spring and the first frost in fall where the temperature is 32° or greater

Front 78

chilling requirement

Back 78

cumulative hours below 45°

• plants start storing carbohydrates 45°

Front 79

what happens when a plant's temperature reaches 45° or below

Back 79

the plant stops using carbs for growth and starts storing them

Front 80

relative size difference between sand and clay

Back 80

basketball vs. BB

Front 81

ideal soil composition

Back 81

45% mineral

5% OM

25% air

25% H2O

Front 82

clay soils

Back 82

soils with more than 20% clay

Front 83

loam

Back 83

has sand, silt and clay particles

• usually less than 10% clay

Front 84

soil pH

Back 84

measure of soil acidity or alkalinity, on a scale of 1-14

• above 7: increasingly alkaline

• below 7: increasingly acidic

• most plants grow at pH 6-8

• scale is to a power of 10 (i.e. 8 is 10x more than 7)

Front 85

soil salinity

Back 85

salt content of the soil

Front 86

major source of salinity in Southern California

Back 86

water from the Colorado River

Front 87

how to treat high salinity in soil

Back 87

leaching, which is difficult in clay soil. wetting agent can be added to enhance leaching in clay soil

Front 88

efficacy of gypsum to treat high soil salinity

Back 88

works, but takes 5-7 years to work

Front 89

list 6 soil amendments, and the advantage or disadvantage of each

Back 89

sawdust: too fine; compacts the clay particle

pine shavings: only last 6 months

redwood: lasts 5 years

biosolids: contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria

perlite: doesn't compress

vermiculite: compresses

Front 90

2 effects of nitrogen (N) on plants

Back 90

• makes them green

• helps vegetative growth

Front 91

nitrogen cycle

Back 91

process where organic nitrogen is broken down by soil bacteria into forms available for plant uptake (nitrate)

organic N → ammonia (NH3)→ nitrite (NO2) → nitrate (NO3)

Front 92

response rate of the plant when nitrogen is added

Back 92

fast

Front 93

4 effects of phosphorus (P) on a plant

Back 93

• enhances flower & fruit set

• root development

• cold-hardiness

• hastens maturity

Front 94

bone meal as phosphorus source

Back 94

• must be in contact with the roots

• 5-7 years to absorb

Front 95

preferred source of phosphorus

Back 95

superphosphate (mined rock)

Front 96

3 effects of potassium (K) on a plant

Back 96

• balances uptake of other nutrients

• reduces summer stress

• increases disease resistance

Front 97

muriate as potassium source

Back 97

contains chloride, which is toxic to plants

Front 98

pallor vs. chlorosis

Back 98

pallor:

whole plant yellows

N deficiency

chlorosis:

veins stay green, areas between yellow

can be caused by iron deficiency

Front 99

reason iron and magnesium may not be available to the plant, even when they're present in the soil

Back 99

elemental iron becomes unavailable to the plant as soil pH rises above 7 (soil too alkaline)

Front 100

form of iron whose absorption isn't affected by soil pH

Back 100

chelated iron

Front 101

3 numbers that always appear on a fertilizer bag, and what they represent

Back 101

minimum percentage of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively, present in the fertilizer

(N-P-K)

Front 102

guaranteed analysis

Back 102

manufacturer must disclose the minimum percentage of N, P & K in the fertilizer, as well as the specifics of which fertilizer carriers (materials carrying the plant nutrients) are being used

Front 103

list 3 slow-release fertilizers and briefly describe how each works

Back 103

1. Osmocote: resin-coated osmotic slow-release fertilizer. releases via osmosis (semi-permeable membrane, high concentration → low concentration) when nutrients are absent

2. Agriform: needs soil bacteria (and ∴ 45°+) to break down. fertilizer particle size and bacterial activity determine release speed.

3. IBDU: release rate determined by size of particle and level of soil moisture