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144 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Salad vegetables versus greens
Salad vegetables are consumed raw while greens are typically cooked
Biennial or perennial
Biennials live for 2 years, and perennial is 1 year
Cool season
Collard greens, endives, cabbage, cauliflower, and radishes
Warm season
Okra, honeydew melon, pumpkins, and watermelon
Lettuce
Native to Europe and Asia
What causes bitterness
Milky latex that occurs when lettuce bolts
Bolting
produce a flowering stem before the crop is harvested, in a natural attempt to produce seeds
Bibb/butterhead
-Small head
-Inner leaves are cream colored and tender
-Sweet flavor
Iceberg/crisphead
-Most common type of lettuce
-Sensitive to heat
-Leaves are thin and crispy
Cos/romaine
-Head up to 10" tall
-Elongated head
-Used in caesar salads
-Crispier
Leaf lettuce
-No head
-Widely adapted
-Harvested young
-Major components of green salad
Problems caused by high temps to lettuce
-Seedstalk to form
-Internal tip burn of crisphead types
-Stunted growth
-Bitter leaves
Ways to prevent bitterness or pungency
-Blanching
-Using less pungent cultivars
-Harvest during cold temps
Arugula:
-Use and characteristics
Use: mixing salads or cooked green
Characteristics: cool season, closely related to mustards, pungent flavor, too strong to eat alone
Endive:
-Background
-Methods to reduce pungency
-Harvesting
-Native to east India and reached Mediterranean by time of Egyptians
-Less pungent if grown in fall
-Entire head cut at base when leaves are blanched, outer leaves are discarded
Blanching
-Growing a plant in the absence of light
-Makes the plant less bitter
Chicory
-Background
-Characteristics
-Closely related to endive
-Native to Europe and western Asia
-Perennial but grown as long season annual
-Used as a coffee supplement; roasted roots reduce bitterness of coffee
Witloof chicory
-Forced indoors during winter to produce chicons
-Roots are planted in moist sand or peat moss and kept in the dark
-Any light getting to leaves causes them to turn bitter
Radicchio
-Most common are red, loosely wrapped, and semiheading types
-Grown outdoors similar to lettuce
-Heads used in salads or can be grilled
Spinach:
-Background
-Characteristics
-New Zealand spinach
-Native to west Asia, first cultivated by the Persians
-Spread to China in the 7th century and Europe by the 11th century
-Edible part of spinach is rosette of leaves
-Seedstalk is produced in response to long days and hot temperatures
-New Zealand spinach: can grown in dry weather and hot temperatures
Chard:
-Background
-Why use?
-Type of vegetable that was used for its large crisp leaves
-Common seaside plant in Europe, North Africa, and Asia
-Does not form seedstalk in warm weather
-Can use both leaf blades and leafstalks
-Colorful petioles ranging from white to yellow
What is a cole crop?
-Varieties of Brassica oleracea
-Members of the mustard family
Environmental factors of cole crops
-Cool season and biennials
-We consume the head in the first year and second year it flowers
Keys to producing cole crops
-Transplanted, rapid growth/no stress
-Transplant stems smaller than the pencil size in diameter
Cabbageworms
-Group of three caterpillars that feed on the crops
-Adults lay eggs on underside of leaves
Collard and kale
-Hardy cool season vegetables, originated in western Europe
-Collard: non-heading form of cabbage
-Kale: curly leafy forms of collards
-Cultivation: may be seeded or transplanted, seed in midsummer for fall harvest= best results
-Harvest: entire young plant cut off at the ground and used, individual can be harvested throughout the season
Cabbage:
-Background
-Characteristics
-Cultivation
-Harvest and storing
-Developed from wild, leafy, non-heading plants that occur throughout Europe
-Color from green to purple, leaf character from smooth to crinkled leaves, head shape from flat to pointed
-Cultivation: can withstand temps below 0, can plant at two times: early spring or late summer, adequate nitrogen fertilizer important
-Harvest and storing: harvest when head has become fairly firm, heads from late maturing can be stored for several months at 40 F and high humidity
Broccoli:
-Characteristics
-Harvesting
-Forms a loose flower head on a tall green, branching stalk
-Adapted to all parts of the US
-Can harvest over an extended period by harvesting side heads
-Harvest central head together with 6 inches of stem
-Harvest before the flower buds open and develop yellow color
Cauliflower:
-Difficulty in growing
-Why blanch?
-Most difficult to grow among the cole crops
-Must be blanched and does not tolerate heat
-Keeps a whiter head, protects against sunscaid, protects against frost, and prevents off-flavor
What is a cucurbit?
Includes pumpkins, squash, gourds, cucumbers, and melons
Implementations of separate male and female flowers
-Cucurbita pepo
-Cucurbita moschata
-Cucurbita maxima
-Cucurbita mixta
-Diversity
-Processing pumpkin and winter
-Giant pumpkin
-Green-stroped Cushaw
Monoecious
-Separate male flowers with stames and female flowers with ovaries at the same point
-Requires bee pollination =cross pollination
Summer squash:
-Characteristics
-Zucchini
-Fruits are harvested immature before the rind hardens and seeds mature
-The smaller the harvested fruit = bitter tenderness and flavor
-Zucchini: most popular summer squash, originated around 1900 and introduced into US by Italian immigrants in 1920s
Winter squash:
-Harvest and preparation
-Blue Hubbard
-Fruit when are uniform in color and rind is hard
-Harvest after the vine dies back usually happens after first frost
-Blue Hubbard: good for processing, used in baby food, and stores well
Pumpkins:
-Characteristics
-Uses
-Difference between Jack o'Lanterns and processing pumpkins
-Edible fruit of Cucurbita species that is harvested mature and not used as a main course of a meal
-Carving for Halloween, roasting the seed, pie filling
-Processing pumpkins: related to the winter squash
-Have thick flesh, stringy fiber and small seed cavity
Melons
-Hot valleys of southwest Asia
-Watermelons originated in Africa
-Separate male and female flowers: need bees for pollination
Muskmelons
Generally has netted rind and deep sutures
Salmon to orange colored flesh
Cantaloupe
-Non sutured
-Heavily netted
-Yellow color when mature
Growing melons and selecting quality melons
-Usually started as transplants
-Plant after danger of frost has passed and soil is around 60
-Mature when rind changes from green to tan-yellow
-Stem should easily separate where vine attaches to the fruit
-Blossom end of fruit fairly easy to depress
Problems with melons
Poor fruit flavor due to cloudy weather during ripening, too much or too little water, temperature too high, over or under ripe
-Cucumber beetles are most serious insect pest
-Bacterial wilt is worst on younger plants
Winter melons:
-Characteristics
-Smooth rind surface
-When ripe they are cut from vine
-Lack a distinctive odor
-Require long growing season: 3-5 months
Honeydew
-Origin not certain but grown in France for long time
-Inner flesh: sweet, mild, and firm fresh, has a light green color
-Outer appearance: smooth light yellow rind
Casaba
Outer appearance: deep yellow at maturity
Inner flesh: creamy white and pear like texture
Stores longer than most melons
Watermelons:
-Fruit appearance
-Seedless watermelon
-Adaptation
-How to tell ripe
-Red color flesh
-To set fruit, must also plant a normal diploid cultivar
-Produces self-sterile triploid hybrids which develop no seeds
-More adapted to south than to central or northern IL
-Ripe: curly tendrils on stem near point of attachment, surface color turns dull, skin becomes resistant to penetration by thumbnail and it tough to touch, bottom of melon turns from light green to yellowish color
Cucumber:
-Origin
-Slicing
Originated in Africa or Asia
-Ancient trade routes connected to Africa and India
-Used fresh without additional preparation
Gynoecious
All female flowers
Energy not used to produce male flowers and produce more fruit
Parthenocarpic
Fruit without pollination
Burpless cucumbers
-Mild in flavor and thin-skinned
-Name comes from Burplee Seed Company
Kool Aid pickles
-Double strenth Kool Aid, add 1 lb sugar and gallon of pickles cut in half, store in refrigerator
Fermenting
Soaking in a solution for a long period of time, microorganism make changes in the food like the build up of lactic acid
West Indies gerkin
-Derived from an African species
-Brought to America directly from Angola
-Extensively grown in the west Indies
Growing cucumbers
-Can directly seed or transplant
-Do not like roots disturbed
-Grow in pots made from peat moss
-Require warm season for growth
-Requires substantial growth space to grow vertically
Harvesting cucumbers
-Pick before seeds start to mature
-Do not allow cucumbers to turn yellow
-Yellow means overly mature and bitter
-Poor fruit quality is caused by incomplete pollination and drought during pollination and fruit development
What are legumes?
-Refers to plants that produce edible seeds in pods
-Members of Family Fabaceae
Root nodules
Form root nodules on their roots that can covert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use
Examples of legumes consumed by humans
Lentils, beans, broad beans, soybeans, peanuts
Peas:
-Origin
-History
-Characteristics
-Native to eastern Mediterranean from Turkey eastwards to Syria, Iraq, Iran
-Were grown as early as 5700 BC (one of the most ancient crops)
-Fresh peas first consumed in China
-Annual plants, seeds contained in pods, fix nitrogen
-Cool season
-Soil: well drained, moderately fertile because excess nitrogen causes large vines and few pods, also poor nodulation
Hypogeal emergence
When the shoot breaks through the soil and cotyledons stay below the ground
-English peas grown for fresh seed, pods harvested when seeds fully form but before they harden
Snap pea
-Edible (snow peas, sugar peas, Chinese peas)
-Pods are brittle, succulent, tender, fiber-free
-Picked when pods are full length and peas just developing
-Snap pea: seed and pod are eaten, picken when both are fully developed
Haricot beans
-Native to Central and South America
-Cultivated over 7,000 years ago
Epigeal emergence
-Emerges in the form of a hook with cotyledons pulled above the soil surface
-Most versatile of all legumes in respect to shape of plant, color and shape of pod, color and shape of bean
Buying fresh pods
-Firm and crisp
-Healthy green or yellow color
-Free of blemishes
-Moisture forms around the break when pod is snapped in two
-Love, warmth, and need to keep weeds down because snap beans have shallow root system
Soil and harvesting of pods
-Respond to well-drained, friable loam soils
-Loam is a very balanced soil texture class
-Respond to fertile soils
-Pick when pods and their seeds are immature
Dry beans:
-Characteristics
-Gas
-Types
-Harvestin
-Harvested after the pods are matured and dried
-They are shelled and the dry seed are rehydrated, cooked, and consumed
-Beans and gas: caused by oligosaccharides in seed, bacteria in large intestine breaks down
-Types: white beans, pinto beans, kidney beans, black beans, navy beans
-Harvest seed when fully mature and hard, should barely be able to dent the seed when bit
Fava beans:
-History
-Characteristics
-Only bean in diet of old world until 16th century
-Named because of its broad, plump shape
-Pods are about 7 inches long and contain 5-6 large beans
-Cool weather favors growth
-Pinch back growing tips when first pods are higher yield
-Harvested as green shell or dry beans
Lima beans
-History
-Environmental conditions
-Harvesting and use
-Native to Americas
-Name came from the seed of the large type found by a sea captain in Lima Peru
-Warm season crop
-Requires 3 to 4 months of warm days and night
-Baby limas mature more rapidly and are better grown in IL
-Avoid soils too rich in Nitrogen
-Can cause lima beans to shed their blooms without setting pods
Pericarp
The hard outer seed shell of a kernel
Testa
Inner seed coat of kernel
Endosperm
The starch of a kernel
Germ
The embryo of a kernel
Tip cap
Attachment point of a kernel to cob
Origin and types of corn
-Mesoamerica: derived from grass similar to tesosinate
-Domestication: 5000-8000 BC
-Maize: Dent, Flint, Flour Waxy
-Dent Corn: Bloody Butcher, Oaxacan
-Flint Corn: Hard pericarp, hard starch exterior
-Indian corn, sweet corn: soft pericarp and little starch
Planting conditions for corn
-Warm season crop
-Sweet corn and popcorn = slow germination times, avoid cold waterlogged soils, prefer loose friable soil
-Nutrition: incorporate organic matter, use a complete fertilizer at planting, side-dress nitrogen before silks appear
Planting layout of corn
-Use hills or rows: hills reduce lodging, rows easier to weed
-Spacing variety-dependent: closer spacing reduces tillering, heirloom varieties may need more space than modern
-Plant in dense blocks
Planting issues of corn
-Widely separate varieties: pollen affects endosperm, travels 500 feet
-Do not mix sweet corn and popcorn
Growing conditions of corn
Irrigation: water critical during tasseling, silk formation, kernel formation, heirloom varieties less drought tolerant
Fertilizers: Supplemental nitrogen at 8-10 leaf stage and silk stage
-Mulch: helps reduce weeds and retain moisture
-Weeding: remove grassy weeds immediately, avoid root damage
Saving seed of corn
-Allow cob to thoroughly ripen
-Remove kernels from cob
-Store cool, dry location
-Save only clean seed
-Avoid any fungus
Corn earworms
-Green brown grubs
-Control before silks emerge and dry down
-Use Bt or synthetic insecticides
-Plant GMO varieties
European corn borer
-Tunnels into stalks
-Results in lodging
-Use Bt, synthetic, or GMOS
Flea beetles
-1-2 mm shiny black beetle
-Carries Stewart's bacterial wilt
Japanese beetle
-Eat tender silks
-Hard to control: long-distance fliers, control with Bt
Smut
-Soil borne fungal spores
-Invade kernel, tassel, nodes
-Severest in hot, dry conditions
-Affects white and sweet corn
-Considered a delicacy
-Can induce labor
Stalk rot
-Bacterial and fungal
-Influenced by weather and borer activity
-Use resistant cultivars
-Maintain good cultural practices
Canning
Remove kernels from cob
Popcorn Kernels
Pericap: hard and tough
Endosperm: hard and starchy
Must retain 145 moisture to pop
Harvesting popcorn
-Ears must reach full maturity
-Allow ears to remain on plants until they reach about 20% moisture
-Harvest ears and remove husks
-Store ears for about 3 weeks in sheltered, dry place, outdoors
Eating popcorn
-Popcorn contains more fiber and protein than a similar weight of whole wheat bread, 67% as much protein and 110% as much iron
Tomato
-Origin and domestication
-Native to Andean region
-Likely that Peruvian Incas traded to Aztecs, then passed to conquistadors
-Domestication: Mexico by the Aztecs
Folklore of tomatoes
-Love Apple: french misunderstood name to be pomo d'amore
-Tomatoes do not cause arthritic pain to get worse
Varieties and use of tomatoes
-Grape, salad, cherry, current
-Tomato paste is processed and used for ketchup and sauces
-Tomatoes can be red, yellow, pink, green, orange, black, or bi-color
Determinant tomatoes
Produces flower cluster at terminal growth point, stops growth at certain point
Fruit matures over shorter time
Some cultivars can be grown in containers
Indeterminant tomatoes
Never set a terminal glower cluster
Continue to grow taller, older, and fruit may be late maturing
Harvesting of tomatoes
-Fruit should be firm and fully colored
-Allow to fully ripen on the plant for best flavor
-High temperatures: accelerated softening process, harvest when fruit color has started to develop
-At frost: harvest all green mature fruit
Tomato hornworm
Feed on foliage of tomatoes and related plants
Blossom end rot
A dry, leathery brown rot of the blossom end of the fruit
Caused by poor calcium distribution in the fruit
Fruit cracking
Can be caused by sudden abundant moisture especially if it follows drought
Pepper
-Origin and spread
-Native to Mexico and Central America
-Columbus found peppers during his first visit to the New World and introduced them to Europe
Capsicum annuum
-Contain many mild and hot peppers
-Bell, Jalapeno
Capsicum frutescens
-Contains some hot peppers
-Cayenne, Tabasco
Capsicum chinense
-Contains hottest peppers
-Habanero
Bell peppers
-Most popular in temperate climates
-fruit
-large and hollow
-red when ripe
-Cultivars exist that are yellow, orange, etc
Hot peppers
-Widely used in Mexico, Asia, and West Indies
-Cultivar, environment conditions, maturity of fruit, fruit part influence hotness
-Seed and associated membranes are the hottest
-Jalapeno, Habenero, Scott Bonnet, Bhut Jakola
Scoville units
Based on diluting the hot material in a sugar water solution until no longer can taste
-Purified capsaicin oil is around 16 million
Quality hot sauce
-Good does not equal hottest
-Ingredients: pepper, vinegar, salt, may use: Habaneros, Tabasco, Jalapenos
-Aged in wooden casks
Fruit worm
-Bore into pepper fruit
-Use Bt products to get rid of them
Eggplant
-Origin and history
-Wild species native to India
-First records of culture are from China in 5th century BC
-First introduced to England and were grown as an ornamental with white colored fruits
Insects affecting eggplants
Flea beetles and Colorado potato beetles
Tubers
-Swollen underground stem modified to store nutrients
-Have buds called eyes than can sprout new plants
-Tuber formation is accelerated by short days
Roots
-Taproot that enlarges and grows straight down into the soil (beets, carrots, radish)
-Enlarged fibrous roots that are branches and spread sideways underground (sweet potatoes)
Bulbs
-Consist of fleshy basal leaves called scales attaches to a very short stem plate
-Stem does not increase in size but the base of the leaves swell
-Require high temps and long days for formation
High starch potatoes
Good for baking, deep-frying and masking
-White russets
Low starch waxy potatoes
Hold shape after cooking for boiling, potato salads, or scalloped potatoes
-Redskinned or fingerling
Soil requirements for potatoes
Sandy, fertile, well-drained, high in organic matter
Seed pieces
-May be small whole potatoes cut into 1.5 to 2 oz pieces
-Make sure they have at least one eye
Hilling
-Gradually build up a loose ridge of soil around the plants
-Helps to cover the potato tubers and prevents tubers from turning green with a buildup of chlorophyll and solanine, also kills weeds
Mulching
Can apply organic mulch over potatoes rather than soil
-Improves drainage and helps maintain even moisture, keeps weeds down, keeps soil temps lower, and easy to harvest
Harvesting new potato
Dig early in summer when the tubers are 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter and plants are still green
Harvesting main crop potato
Crop harvested after plants mature and die and tubers are stored
Why form bulbs?
Swollen leaves modified for storage attached to a short stem
Onions
-History and origin
-Believed to have originated in central Asia
-Consumed wild onions long before farming
-Staple in prehistoric diet
-Less perishable & easily transported
-Considered sacred by ancient Egyptians
Onion pungency
-Cell disruption releases volatile compounds rich in sulfides
-Makes your eyes water
-Less pungent when grown in soils low in sulfur
Common onion
Includes majority of bulb onions grown throughout the world
-Majority grown from seed and produce large bulb
Bermuda
Large single bulb, mild sweet flavor, bulb shaped like a flattened sphere, usually has a glossy brown skin
Vidalia
Type of bermuda onion
Shallot (Aggregatum group)
Smaller bulb, typically propagated from bulb division, have a more delicate garlicky flavor than other onions
Starting onions from seeds
-Takes a longer time period than the other methods
-Seeds will only store for about a year
-Onion seedlings not competitive against weeds
Starting onions from transplant
-Growing method that most often produces large onions for slicing
-Slower to develop
-Not commonly carried by many garden centers
Starting onions from sets
-Tiny bulbs grown from seed planted thickly within rows, simplest method for the home gardener
-Sets should be about the diameter of a dime
-Set-grown onions may not keep as long
Harvesting onions
-Onions increase most rapidly in size toward the end of the growing season
-In August the leaves began to die back from the tips and fall down
-After tops have died: lift bulbs, spread bulbs on a dry surface and allow them to dry, once dry remove all but an inch of the tops, if not done can result in neck rot
Folklore of garlic
Associated with protecting against evil- witchcraft and vampires
Why grow hardneck?
-Reputed to have a deeper, more full-bodied flavor than softneck garlic
-Produces less per acre than softneck
-Requires more land and labor and does not store as well
Drying down pattern of garlic
-Plants begin to dry down (yellow) from the lower leaf up and from the lead tips downward, one leaf at a time
-Harvest when about 60% of the leaves are green
Difference between taproots and lateral roots
-Taproots: biennials, cool season, examples: radish, carrot, turnip
-Lateral roots: annual, killed by frost, warm season, ex: sweet potato
Importance of root vegetables
-Survive severe conditions like cold or even freezing temperatures
-Can store well for long periods of time (need cool temps, high humidity, and circulation, temperate zones where food can't be grown all year)
Carrot
-Origin
-Characteristics
-Native to NW India, cultivated in Europe by 13th century
-Cool season biennial: grown for thickened root
Xylem
Inner core that moves water and minerals from roots to rest of plant - woody
Phloem
Outer area that moves nutrients (sugars) from leaves to rest of plant (includes root)
Keys to growing carrots
-Germination: requires as long as two weeks and seedlings may not emerge uniformly
-Sow together with radish seeds which helps to break soil crust for tender carrot seedlings
Carrot problems
-Carrots require loose, deep, uniform soil so clumps and compaction impede growth
-Excess organic matter: can cause forked or twisted roots
Turnips
-Originated in western Asia, roots first cultivated in 5th century China
-Have little or no neck, have rough hairy leaves, root flesh is white
Rutabaga
-Developed in Middle Ages, resulted from a cross between turnip and cabbage
-Yellow flesh, flesh is more solid, smooth waxy leaves, has a thick leafy neck, slower growing then turnips
When and where best to grow turnips and rutabagas
-Are cool season vegetable with wide adaptation
-Rutabagas grow best in Northern areas and planted in late June for fall crop
-Turnips grow best south of Champaign and best planted in the spring as early as possible
Sweet potatoes
-Origin and spread to Polynesia
-Andes Mountain of Peru and Columbia
-New evidence that Polynesians actually reached South America and they probably traveled along South American coast using favorable currents
Yam vs. sweet potato
-Yam: Native to West Africa, West Indies, tropical Asia, Pacific Island, blocky, cylindrical, white flesh
-Sweet potato: native to Americas, lateral storage root, tapered ends, orange flesh