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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What was the first ancestor of the common horse, and what does this name mean?
-Where and when were its fossils discovered? |
Eohippus: "dawn horse"
-1834 in England |
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How long ago was the first ancestor alive? Where did it live? What did it look like (4 features).
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-60 million years ago
-lived in swamps -Had soft teeth, stood 1' tall, sheep-like head with jackrabbit-like hind end, and it had 4 toes on forefeet and 3 toes on hind feet. |
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What is the possible progenitor of ALL hooved animals? When did it live and how many toes?
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"Condylarth" was from 75 million years ago and had 5 toes.
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List the order or horses from first anscestor to modern horse, and what their names mean.
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1) Eohippus; dawn horse
2) Mesohippus; middle horse 3) Merychippus; ruminant horse 4) Equus caballus; modern horse |
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When did Mesohippus live?
Where did it live? Describe this horse (3 features) |
-30 million years ago
-Lived in swamps -2' tall with longer legs (more horse-like) and soft teeth. It also had only 3 toes on all feet. |
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When did Merychippus live?
Where did it live? Describe it. |
-10 Million years ago
-Lives more in grasslands than swamps -3 or 4' tall, hard teeth, and side toes becoming vestigial. |
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What does the modern horse look like compared to its ancestors?
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It is a true horse with hard teeth and single toes.
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When was there a gap in the fossil records?
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5 million years ago during the Great ice age
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Where were fossils found that indicate a change 1 million years ago from Merchippus to Equus caballus?
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Eurasia
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Fossils were also found in the Western US showing horses lived here between what years? When did they disappear?
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600,000-7000 BC. No more horses in North America by 7000 BC.
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Who re-introduced the horse into the New World? When?
How about the Northern Hemisphere of the New World? |
Columbus in 1494, then DeSoto in 1593.
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When were horses most popular? Why and how many where around?
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In 1915, horse used for draft purposes and numbered 21,431,000.
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When were mules most numerous and how many? What made their numbers decline?
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1925 used about 5,618,000 mules. The Industrial Revolution caused a great decline in their numbers.
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How many horses are in the US today? How about VT?
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8-10 million! ~35,000 in VT!
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How many horses are involved in:
Racing? Showing? Recreation? Misc. activities? |
-750,000 racing
-2 mil showing -3 mil recreation -1.2 mil other |
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In Vermont, what is the most popular light horse breed? Draft breed? Pony breed?
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1) Morgan= light
2) Belgians= draft 3) Haflinger= pony |
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How much money will be generated through showing of horses?
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~$350 mil
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What is the number one spectator sport? How much revenue is generated through this?
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Horse racing generates about 1 billion dollars (a year?)!
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How many full-time jobs revolve around horses?
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1.4 million
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Where did the name "horse" come from? What does it mean?
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The Anglo-Saxon word "hors" means swiftness.
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Describe the characterisics of the light horses.
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-taller than 14.2 hands
-weigh about 9-14,000 Lbs. -used primarily for riding, driving, racing, and utility. |
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Describe the characterisics of the Draft horses.
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-over 14.2 hands
-weigh about 1400 Lbs -Used mosly for work and show |
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Describe the characterisics of the Pony.
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-less than 14.2 hands
-weigh less than 900 Lbs |
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What is a hand? What do we measure to find a horses height?
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1 hand= 4". Measure from the ground to the point of withers.
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How tall are miniature horses? What was the largest horse in hands?
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Less than 8.2 hands. Largest horse was about 21 hands!!
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Define "Breed".
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A group of horses having a common origin and possessing certain well fixed, distinctive uniformly transmitted characteristics that are not common to other horses. ~300 worldwide.
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How are draft breeds named?
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Named after place of origin.
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List 5 draft breeds.
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1) Percheron
2) Belgian 3) Clydesdale 4) Shire 5) Suffolk (Suffolk-Punch) |
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List 5 pony breeds.
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1) Shetland
2) P.O.A. (Pony of the Americas) 3) Welsh 4) Hackney 5) Connemara |
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List 7 light horse breeds.
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1) Quarterhorse
2) Appaloosa 3) Thoroughbred 4) Standardbred 5) Arabian 6) American Saddlebred 7) Morgan |
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Describe the Percheron
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-once the most popular draft breed
-blacks and greys -originated in France -no feathers |
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What are feathers?
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Hair over the pasterns.
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Describe the Belgian.
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-most popular draft breed
-brought from Belgium in 1866 -sorrell in color -no feathers |
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Describe the Clydesdale.
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-originated in Scotland
-extensive white leg and face markings -has feathers -characteristic gait with extreme flexion of hocks and knees |
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Describe the Shire.
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-from England
-largest of draft breeds -many colors -has feathers |
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Describe the Suffolk
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-From England
-all chestnuts -no feathers |
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Describe the Shetland
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From Scotland and less than 10 hands.
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Describe the P.O.A.
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It has appaloosa characteristics because it's a cross between a Shetland pony stallion and and Appaloosa mare.
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Describe the Welsh pony
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Developed in Wales
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Describe the Hackney pony
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Developed in England and shown in harness.
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Fill in proper terminology.
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Refer to notes for horse-specific locations
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Describe the Connemara
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A large pony developed in Ireland and very versatile.
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Describe the Quarterhorse
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-First breed developed in the US (Virginia/Carolinas
-The most popular breed -Versatile (race, work, pleasure, show) |
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Describe the Appaloosa
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-developed in Asia about 2400 years ago
-white sclera -specific coat patterns -striped hooves -mottled skin around lips, muzzle, genitalia, nostrils and eyes. |
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How did the Appaloosa come to N.America and develop?
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-brought to N.America by Spanish invaders of Mexica in 1600's
-by 1700's, the horses had migrated to Idaho/Oregon where the Nez Perce and Palouse Indians practived selective breeding. |
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Describe the Thoroughbred
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-originated in England
-brought to US in 1730 -foundation stock for many U.S. breeds such as the Standardbred, Morgan, Q.H., and Saddlebred. |
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Describe the Standardbred
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-originally called American Trotting Horse
-Known for trot vs pace -In order to be registered, it had to pace or trot a mile in "standard" time. |
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Describe the Arabian
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-Bred 2,000 years ago
-brought to US during Revolutionary war -known for versatility and endurance |
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Describe the American Saddlebred
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-mixture of T.B., Canadian paver, American trotter, Morgan, and Arabian
-3 vs 5 gaited (walk, trot, canter, rack slow gait) |
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Describe the Morgan
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-A Thoroughbred stallion and Arabian more mix
-known for versatility |
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What is the difference between roan and grey horses?
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-Roan horses have a mixture of white and colored hairs. Grey horses start as a solid color and lighten with age.
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What are 3 roan colors and the hair that makes it?
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1) red roan: bay
2) blue roan: dark brown, black 3) strawberry roan: chestnut |
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What is the scientific name for an ass?
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Equus assinus
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What is a male ass called? Female ass?
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-Jack
-Jennet |
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What is a jack/mare called?
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mule
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What is a stallion/jennet called?
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Hinny
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Which animals or combinations are sterile?
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Mules and hinny's.
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What are the small asses?
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Donkey's and burro's.
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What is different about an ass compared to a horse?
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-longer ears
-sparser mane and tail -more brush-like tail -smaller hooves -lighter muzzle and belly -characteristic bray -langer gestation period (30 days more) |
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dorsal
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Towards the back (head, neck, trunk, tail, legs)
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ventral
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Opposite of dorsal, towards belly. NOT used on limbs (head, neck, trunk, tail)
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anterior vs posterior
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towards the front vs towards the back
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cranial vs?
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caudal
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proximal vs distal
(nerves and vessels?) |
closer to trunk vs away from trunk.
nerves= CNS, blood vessels= heart. |
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palmar
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opposite of dorsal in forelegs
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plantar
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opposite of dorsal in hindlegs
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median plane
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divides head, body or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves
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medial
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toward or relatively near the median plane
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lateral
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away from or relatively further from median plane
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What is the correct term for what humans call the horses knee?
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The carpus. Actually analogous to the human wrists.
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What is the correct term for what humans call the horses ankle?
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The fetlock. Analogous to the human knuckle.
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What is the body part that is analogous to the human knee?
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The stifle.
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What is the tibial joint in horses?
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The fermoro.
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What is the patellar joint in horses?
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The femoro.
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What body part is analogous to the human ankle? What it is composed of?
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The hock. Composed of 4 joints.
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Fill in proper terms
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Horse Anatomy
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