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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hormone is produced in the glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex? |
mineralcorticoids |
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What are the mineralcortioid hormones? |
aldosterone and DOC |
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What hormones are produced in the fasciculata? |
glucocorticoids |
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What are the glucocorticoids? |
cortisone |
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What hormones are produced in the reticularis? |
androgens |
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What are the androgen hormones? |
DHEA, DHEA-S, androstenedione |
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What is the common initial pathway of the adrenal hormones? |
sidechain cleavage of cholesterol to form pregnenolone |
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What hormone regulates the reticularis and the fasciculata? |
ACTH |
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What hormone regulates the glomerulosa? |
angiotensin II |
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What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone? |
21B-hydroxylase |
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What enzyme is specific to the glomerulosa? |
aldosterone synthase |
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What enzyme is responsible for conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone to 17-OH-***? |
17a-hydroxylase |
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What enzyme is responsible for conversion of cortisol from 11-deoxycortisol? |
11B-hydroxylase |
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What enzyme is responsible for conversion of 17-OH-*** to androgens? |
CYP17 (17,20-lyase) |
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What enzyme is responsible for conversion of 11--deoxycortisol from 17-OH progesterone? |
21-hydroxylase |
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What is the binding protein for cortisol? |
Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) |
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Where is cortisol metabolized? |
liver and kidney |
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What is the overall function of cortisol? |
catabolic, antianabolic, diabetogenic |
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What is the effect of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism? |
(1) induce gluconeogenetic enzymes to convert amino acids to glucose (2) mobilize amino acids from muscle for gluconeogenesis (3) PERIPHERAL INSULIN RESISTANCE (4) stimulates liver to make glycogen so other hormones can break it down |
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What is the effect of cortisol on metabolism? |
(1) CATABOLISM (2) increase protein synthesis in liver (3) increased amino transport to liver (4) decreases collagen synthesis and glycosaminoglycans (thin skin and vascular walls) (5) stimulates appetite |
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What is the effect of cortisol on fat metabolism? |
(1) enhance lipolysis, decrease conversion of glucose to FFA (2) increase oxidation of fatty acids (3) fat to face, abdomen, and trunk |
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What is the effect of cortisol on tissues and organs? |
(1) maintain contractility and work output (2) decrease bone formation (3) maintain blood volume (4) maintain blood pressure (5) increase GFR and excretion (6) surfactant synthesis (7) GI maturation (8) immunosuppresent |
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What is Cushing's syndrome? |
Gland problem (adrenal hyperplasia) excess cortisol, low ACTH |
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What is Cushing's disease? |
pituitary problem (tumor) excess cortisol, excess ACTH |
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What is Wilson's disease? |
autoimmune disease attack adrenal increased ACTH, low cortisol hyperpigmentation (increase ACTH, MSH) |
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What is a 21B-hydroxylase deficiency linked to? |
decreased production of aldosterone and cortisone, increased androgen |
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What is the function of aldosterone? |
(1) renal Na reabsorption (2) renal K excretion |
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Where is the site of action? |
distal tubules and collecting duct |
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What doesn't cortisol have a local effect? |
enzyme (11-B hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase) inactivates cortisol and allows aldosterone action |
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What receptor does aldosterone bind? |
type I |
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What is the action of aldosterone on various loci in tubular cells? |
increase in ion channels increase Na/K/ATPase stimulate ATP production via Krebs |
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Describe the structure of function of the adrenal medulla. |
specialized sympathetic ganglion which synthesizes and releases primarily epinephrine but a small amount of norepinephrine |
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What are the cells of the adrenal medulla called? |
Chromaffin cells |
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What type of hormone is epinephrine? |
amino acid |
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What amino acid is epinephrine derived from? |
tyrosine |
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What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA? |
tyrosine-B-hydroxylase |
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Describe the pathway of epinephrine production. |
tyrosine to DOPA (via tyrosine-B-hydroxylase) to dopamine to NE to E via phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
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What is the half life of epinephrine in plasma? |
2 mins |
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Where is E degraded? |
liver (MAO) and kidney (COMT) |
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Describe escape phenomenon. |
increase in atrial pressure causes secretion of ANH to stimulate diuresis and natriuresis and inhibit renin prevents Na overload and edema |
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What stimulates the release of E? |
emotional activities stress mild hypoglycemia |
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What are the functions of E? |
(1) hyperglycemic (liver and muscle glycogenolysis) (2) induced lactate production in muscles for hepatic conversion to glucose (3) inhibits insulin (4) stimulates glucagon (5) enhances lipolysis, increase fatty acid production (FFA oxidation stimulated by glucagon) |
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What are the major effects of E? |
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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What functions are mediated by B receptor on metabolism? |
lipolysis ketosis GLUCAGON secretion muscle potassium uptake decreased glucose utilization |
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What functions are mediated by a receptor on metabolism? |
INHIBITION OF INSULIN |
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Compare and contrast the function of of E on B and a receptors in terms of cardiovascular effects. |
Both increase cardiac contractility. a is primarily involved in arteriolar vasoconstriction to increase BP B is within the heart to increase rate, conduction velocity, arteriolar dilation, and mild decrease in BP |
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Viseral functions of a receptor and E? |
sphincter contraction |
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Viseral function of B receptor? |
muscle relaxation (GI, urinary, bronchial) |
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Other functions of a receptor? |
platelet aggregation, sweating, dilation of pupils |
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What is a pheochromocytoma? |
tumor increasing E secretion |
