Hormones

Front 1

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 1

-Hypothalamus
-Stimulates the release of FSH and LH

Front 2

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 2

-Anterior pituitary
-Males= Stimulates Sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis
-Females= Stimulates the development of ovarian follicles

Front 3

Luteinizing hormone

Back 3

-Anterior pituitary
-Males= Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
-Females= Causes ovulation

Front 4

ACTH

Back 4

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Front 5

ACTH is produced by

Back 5

The anterior pituitary

Front 6

ACTH acts on

Back 6

The adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Front 7

Hypothalamus acting on anterior pituitary

Back 7

Acts on it by releasing tropic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system

Front 8

Hypothalamus acting on posterior pituitary

Back 8

Sends the axons of hypothalamus neurons down to it to signal releasing of hormones

Front 9

Hypothalamus hormones

Back 9

-GnRH
-GHRH
-TRH
-CRF

Front 10

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 10

-Tropic
-Acts on anterior pituitary
-Signals release of FSH and LH

Front 11

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Back 11

-Tropic
-Acts on anterior pituitary
-Signals release of GH

Front 12

Thryoid-releasing hormone (TRH)

Back 12

-Tropic
-Acts on anterior pituitary
-Signals release of TSH

Front 13

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

Back 13

-Tropic
-Acts on anterior pituitary
-Signals release of ACTH

Front 14

FLAT PEG

Back 14

-Products on the anterior pituitary
-Fsh, Lh, Acth, Tsh, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth hormone

Front 15

Oxytocin originates from

Back 15

Posterior pituitary

Front 16

Oxytocin actions

Back 16

-Uterine contractions
-Milk letdown during lactation
-Involved in bonding behavior

Front 17

Oxytocin as _____________ feedback

Back 17

Positive

Front 18

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also called

Back 18

Vasopressin

Front 19

ADH originates from

Back 19

Posterior pituitary

Front 20

ADH actions

Back 20

-Increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of kidneys
-Secreted in response to increases plasma osmolarity

Front 21

TSH

Back 21

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Front 22

TSH originates from

Back 22

Anterior pituitary

Front 23

TSH is

Back 23

A tropic hormone that acts on the thyroid to release T3 and T4

Front 24

Prolactin originates from

Back 24

Anterior pituitary and is a direct hormone

Front 25

Prolactin actions

Back 25

-Stimulates milk production
-During pregnancy the high levels of estrogen and progesterone allow for development of milk ducts

Front 26

Growth hormone originates from

Back 26

Anterior pituitary and is a direct hormone

Front 27

GH actions

Back 27

-Promotes growth of bone and muscle
-Prevents glucose uptake
-Stimulates breakdown of fatty acids
-This is to allow glucose for growing

Front 28

How are T3 and T4 made

Back 28

Iodination of tyrosine in the follicular cells of the thyroid. The numbers refer to the number of iodine atoms attached to the tyrosine

Front 29

T3 and T4 actions

Back 29

Stimulate metabolic activity leading to increased cellular respiration.

Front 30

T3 and T4 have negative feedback on

Back 30

The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary resulting in less TSH and TRH

Front 31

Hypothyroidism

Back 31

-Caused by iodine deficiency or inflammation of thyroid
-Low or absent T3 and T4
-Lethargy
-Decreased body temp and cold intolerance
-Slowed respiratory and heart rate
-Weight gain

Front 32

Hyperthyroidism

Back 32

-Caused by tumor or over-stimulation of thyroid
-Too much T3 or T4
-Heightened activity level
-Increased body temp and heat intolerance
-Increased respiratory and heart rate
-Weight loss

Front 33

Calcitonin originates from

Back 33

The thyroid C-cells

Front 34

Calcitonin actions

Back 34

Decrease plasma calcium by
1) Increase calcium excretion in kidneys
2) Decrease calcium absorption in gut
3) Increase calcium storage in the bones

Front 35

PTH and calcitonin are

Back 35

Antagonistic

Front 36

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) actions on calcium

Back 36

Raises plasma calcium by
1) Decreases calcium excretion in kidneys
2) Increases calcium absorption in gut
3) Increases bone resorption, which frees up calcium

Front 37

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) actions on phosphorus

Back 37

Phosphorus homeostasis
1) Resorbing phosphate from bone
2) Reducing reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney, which promotes its excretion in urine

Front 38

PTH activates vitamin ______

Back 38

D, which is required for absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut

Front 39

Steroid hormones

Back 39

-Testosterone
-Estrogen
-Progesterone
-Cortisol and Cortisone (Glucocorticoids)
-Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)

Front 40

Amino acid-derivative hormones

Back 40

-T3 (tyrosine)
-T4 (tyrosine)
-Epinephrine (catecholamine)
-Norepinephrine (catecholamine)

Front 41

The adrenal cortex secrets

Back 41

Corticosteroids
1) Glucocorticoids
2) Mineralocorticoids
3) Cortical sex hormones

Front 42

Glucocorticoids regulate

Back 42

Glucose levels and affect protein metabolism

Front 43

The 2 glucocorticoids are

Back 43

Cortisol and cortisone

Front 44

Cortisol and Cortisone actions

Back 44

-Raise blood glucose
1) Increasing gluconeogenesis
2) Decreasing protein synthesis

-Decrease inflammation and immunological responses

Front 45

Glucocorticoid synthesis pathway

Back 45

1) CRF release from hypothalamus
2) ACTH release from anterior pituitary
3) Release from adrenal cortex

Front 46

Mineralocorticoids regulate

Back 46

Salt and water homeostasis, mostly on the kidneys

Front 47

Mineralocorticoid hormone is

Back 47

Aldosterone

Front 48

Aldosterone actions

Back 48

1) Increases sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
2) Water follows the solute back in increasing BP but not osmolarity
3) Decreases reabsorption of potassium and hydrogen, promoting excretion in urine

Front 49

Aldosterone is under control of

Back 49

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Front 50

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway

Back 50

1) Decreases blood pressure recognized by the juxtaglomerular cell baroreceptors
2) They secrete Renin (enzyme)
3) Renin acts on Angiotensinogen converting it to Angiotensin I
4) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts it to Angiotensin II
5) Angiotensin II has vasoconstrictive action and increases heart rate
6) Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex
7) Aldosterone releases as a result of adrenal cortex activation by angiotensin II
8) BP raises

Front 51

Cortical sex hormones are

Back 51

Androgens and Estrogens

Front 52

Androgen influence on male physiology

Back 52

Plays a small role since androgens are already releases in the testis

Front 53

The adrenal medulla secretes

Back 53

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 54

The adrenal medulla is a derivative of

Back 54

The nervous system

Front 55

Epinephrine and norepinephrine release is regulated by

Back 55

The sympathetic nervous system

Front 56

Alpha pancreatic cells produce

Back 56

Glucagon

Front 57

Glucagon actions

Back 57

Raises blood sugar when levels are low, especially during fasting
1) Stimulates degradation of protein and fat
2) Conversion of glycogen to glucose
3) Production of new glucose through gluconeogenesis

Front 58

Beta pancreatic cells produce

Back 58

Insulin

Front 59

Insulin actions

Back 59

Lowers blood sugar when levels are high
1) Promotes uptake of glucose and conversion to glycogen by muscle and liver
2) Stimulates anabolic processes such as fat and protein synthesis

Front 60

Delta pancreatic cells produce

Back 60

Somatostatin

Front 61

Somatostatin actions

Back 61

-An inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion
-Also released by the hypothalamus where it functions to decrease growth hormone secretion

Front 62

Somatostatin release stimulated by

Back 62

High blood glucose and amino acid concentrations

Front 63

Melatonin is secreted by

Back 63

The pineal gland, which is located deep within the brain

Front 64

Melatonin involved in

Back 64

Regulation of the circadian rhythm. Said to cause drowsiness and induce sleep

Front 65

Erythropoietin is released by _____ because of

Back 65

The kidneys secreted, low oxygen levels int he blood

Front 66

Erythropoietin actions

Back 66

Stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes.

Front 67

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) released by ______ because of

Back 67

The heart, high BP--> when cells in atria are stretched because of excess blood volume

Front 68

ANP actions

Back 68

-Regulate salt and water balance
-Antagonistic of Aldosterone
-Promotes excretion of sodium into urine

Front 69

Chief cells secrete

Back 69

Pepsinogen

Front 70

Pepsinogen is

Back 70

The zymogen form of Pepsin, which is activated in the acidic environment of the stomach

Front 71

Pepsin actions

Back 71

Digests proteins by cleaving peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids

Front 72

Parietal cells secrete

Back 72

HCl, not a hormone but good to know

Front 73

G cells secrete

Back 73

Gastrin

Front 74

Gastrin actions

Back 74

1) Induces parietal cells in the stomach to secrete more HCl
2) Signals the stomach to contract, mixing the chyme

Front 75

G cells are located in the

Back 75

Pylorus of the stomach

Front 76

Cholecystokinin is released

Back 76

In response to the entry of chyme into the duodenum

Front 77

Cholecystokinin actions

Back 77

1) Stimulates release of bile and pancreatic juices
2) Acts on the brain where it promotes satiety

Front 78

Secretin actions

Back 78

1) Causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into duodenum
2) Regulates pH of digestive tract
- Reduces HCl secretion by parietal cells
- Increases bicarbonate secretion from pancreas
3) Enterogastrone

Front 79

Enterogastrone

Back 79

A hormone that slows motility through the digestive tract, which allows more time for digestive enzymes to act on the chyme

Front 80

Steroid producing glands

Back 80

Adrenal cortex, gonads (ovary or testes), placenta

Front 81

Hormone categories

Back 81

Peptide, steroid and tyrosine derivatives

Front 82

tyrosine derivatives

Back 82

thyroid hormones - thyroxine (T4) and tri iodo thyronine (T3); behave like steroids

catecholamines - norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine; behave like peptides

Front 83

Hypothalamus

-location

-relationship to pituitary

Back 83

rests just below the thalamus; centre of brain, controls secretions of the pituitary gland; releases hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones into portal vessels carrying these hormones to the anterior pituitary; sends axons to the posterior pituitary, releasing oxytocin and ADH from the posterior pituitary

Front 84

posterity pituitary

-location

-relationship to hypothalamus

Back 84

comprises neurons who’s cell bodies are in the hypothalamus; hormones of the posterior pituitary are produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

Front 85

Hormones released by Hypothalamus

Back 85

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) -> TSH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) -> LH and HSF

Prolactin-Inhibitory hormone (PIH) -| Prolactin (PRL)

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) -> GH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) ->ACTH

Somatostatin (aka GH inhibiting hormone;also secreted by delta cells in pancreas), inhibits GH, inhibits release of insulin and glucagon, decreases intestinal tract motility and nutrient absorption (prolongs digestion for more efficient nutrient digestion)

Dopamine

Front 86

Anterior Pituitary releases

Back 86

-> FH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GHPP

(FLAT PG)

Front 87

Posterior pituitary releases

Back 87

-> Vasopressin/Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Front 88

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Back 88

stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids - eg cortisol (NOT mineralocorticoids - eg aldosterone)

Front 89

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Back 89

stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 (NOT CALCITONIN)

Front 90

Prolactin (PRL)

Back 90

promotes mammary gland development and milk production

Front 91

Growth Hormone (GH)

Back 91

promotes growth of entire body, no specific target tissue. increases gene expression, increases fatty acid use, rather than glucose and proteins) also called somatotropin). GH -> somatomedans, which stimulate bone growth

Front 92

Vasopressin/Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 92

increases water reabsorption by increasing the water permeability of the collecting ducts of the nephrons of the kidney in response to high blood osmolarity

Front 93

Oxytocin

Back 93

milk let down (movement of milk from the mammary gland to the nipples) and uterine contractions

Front 94

Prolactin vs Oxytocin

Back 94

PROlactin stimulates milk PROduction and Oxytocin and Orgasm both start with ‘O’ and both cause uterine contractions

Front 95

Thyroid Gland

Back 95

Located just below the larynx, behind and flanking the trachea

Releases T3 and T4 (lipid soluble), Calcitonin (peptide hormone)

Front 96

T3 and T4

Back 96

Made by follicular cells

act on nearly all cells to increase transcription -> increasing basal metabolic rate (DIFFERENT FROM GH because T3 and T4 increase the BASAL METABOLIC RATE—GH increases growth)

Front 97

Calcitonin

Back 97

Made by C cells (parafollicular cells).

'tones the bone!'

Lowers plasma [Ca2+] and increases Ca2+ storage in the bone. Acts by inhibiting osteoclast activity and production. NB - net effect of Calcitonin is small in healthy adults; the major controller on plasma [Ca2+] is____, opposes calcitonin.

Front 98

Parathyroid

Back 98

set of four glands attached to the thyroid; secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) (peptide hormone)

Front 99

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 99

-increases blood [Ca2+]

-indirectly increases production and activity of osteoclasts

-increases reabsorption I of Ca2+ in the kidney

-increases Ca2+ absorption in the intestine

-decreases blood [phosphate] (net)...

-increases absorption of phosphate in the intestine

-increases excretion of phosphate in the kidney

Front 100

Pancreas

Back 100

-located behind and below the stomach

-exocrine and endocrine, which comprises islets of Langerhan, containing:

alpha cells -> Glucagon

beta cells -> Insulin

delta cells -> somatostatin

Front 101

Glucagon

Back 101

secreted by alpha cells in response to low blood GLC levels, stimulates gulconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis in the liver to increase blood GLC levels; MUCH amplification in signal cascade responding to glucagon (WDTMS?)

Front 102

Insulin

Back 102

-secreted by beta cells in response to high blood [GLC]

-causes many target cells to up-regulating GLTs (except neurons in the brain - insulin-ind. diffusion; transporters always present on PM - with low Kd?)

-decreases blood [GLC]

-stimulates glycogen and FA synth

-inhibits protein degradation

-increases translation

Front 103

Somatostatin

Back 103

-(aka GH inhibiting hormone; also secreted by hypothalamus)

-inhibits GH

-inhibits release of insulin and glucagon

-decreases both intestinal tract motility and nutrient absorption (prolongs digestion for more efficient nutrient digestion)

Front 104

Adrenal glands

Back 104

on top of the kidneys; comprises adrenal cortex (bark) and adrenal medulla (middle)

Front 105

Adrenal cortex

Back 105

synthesizes only steroids mineralocorticoids (e.g. Aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol)

Front 106

Aldosterone

Back 106

regulates Na+ levels, acts mainly on the last portion of the distal tubule of the nephrons of the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+. Water reabsorption occurs with the Na+ reabsorption (water follows Na+…) -> Increases blood pressure and blood volume. NOT INCREASING [Na+] -> NO CHANGE to osmolarity. (Antidiuretic hormone affects [Na+] by controlling thirst (water intake) and increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of nephron of the kidney; released by posterior pituitary in response to high osmolarity)

Front 107

Cortisol

Back 107

increases blood GLC levels. Stress hormones. Releases is stimulated by physical and emotional stresses (if under stress, need GLC to burn). Increases blood GLC by stimulating gluconeogenesis. Mechanism - mobilizes fat and proteins in extra-hepatic tissues -> break down fat and proteins, releasing FA and aa into the blood; liver absorbs for gluconeogenesis -> increase blood GLC. Suppresses the immune system (reduces inflammation and the immune reaction to enhance the rate of healing)

Front 108

Adrenal medulla

Back 108

-comprises Chromafin cells, which are modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

-releases catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine), (just like the SNS versions do!)

Front 109

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (endocrine)

Back 109

similar effects as when they act in the sympathetic nervous system - both stimulate fight or flight responses - but they last longer because it take longer to remove them from the blood.