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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What effect does Histamine have?
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Stimulates gastric acid secretion in the stomach
It also triggers the immune response |
Made in the Stomach
as well as other places |
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What effect does Melatonin have?
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Antioxidant and causes drowsiness
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Made in the Pineal gland
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What effect does Serotonin have?
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Controls mood, appetite and sleep
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Made in the CNS and GI tract
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What effect does Thyroxine (T4) have?
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It is the less active form of thyroid hormone...it increases the basal metabolic rate and sensitivity to catecholamines...also affects protein synthesis
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Made in the Thyroid gland
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What effect does Triiodthyronine (T3) have?
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This is the potent form of thyroid hormone...it increases the basal metabolic rate and sensitivity to catecholamines...also affects protein synthesis
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Made in the Thyroid gland
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What effect does Epinephrine (aka Adrenaline) have?
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Fight or flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in the liver, breakdown of fat cells. It also dilates the pupils and suppresses non-emergency processes...like digestion and suppress the immune system.
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Made in the Adrenal medulla
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What effect does Norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline) have?
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Fight or flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in the liver, breakdown of fat cells. Increases skeletal muscle readiness.
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Made in the Adrenal medulla
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What effect does Dopamine have?
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Increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Inhibits release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary |
Made in the kidney and hypothalamus
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What effect does Prostaglandin have?
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lCause constriction or dilation in smooth muscles
Cause aggregation or disaggregation of platelets Sensitize spianl neurons to pain Induce labor Regulate calcium movement and more... |
It is made in the seminal vesicle
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What effect does Leukotrienes have?
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They are involved in asthmatic and allergic reactions.
Act to sustain inflammatory reactions. |
It is made in the ?
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What effect does Prostacyclin have?
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Prevents the formation of a platet plug during primary hemostasis...it does this by inhibiting platelet activation
Also an effective vasodilator. Acts in contrast to thromboxane. |
It is made in the endothelium
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What effect does Thromboxane have?
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Vasoconstrictor
Potent hypertensive agent Facilitates platelet aggregation |
It is made in the ?
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What effect does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) have?
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Synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells
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It is made in the Anterior pituitary
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What does Angiotensinogen or Angiotensin (AGT) do?
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It is a vasoconstrictor
It releases aldosterone from the adrenal cortex |
It is made in the Liver
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What does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?
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It helps the kidneys retain water
Moderate vasoconstrictor Releases ACTH in the anterior pituitary |
It is made in the posterior pituitary
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What does Calcitonin do?
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It constructs bone and reduces blood Ca2+
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It is made in the thyroid gland
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What does Cholecystokinin (CCK) do?
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Release digestive enzymes from the pancreas
Releases bile from the gall bladder Suppresses hungers |
It is made in the duodenum
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What does Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) do?
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Releases ACTH from the anterior pituitary
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It is made in the hypothalamus
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What does Erythropoietin do?
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Stimulates red blood cell production
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It is made in the kidney
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What does Follicle-stimulating hormone do?
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In females: stimulates the maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary
In males: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes |
It is made in the anterior pituitary
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What does Gastrin do?
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Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
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It is made in the stomach, duodenum
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What does Glucagon do?
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Promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver
Increases blood glucose levels |
It is made in the pancreas
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What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone do?
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Release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
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It is made in the hypothalamus
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What does Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) do?
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Releases GH from the anterior pituitary
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It is made in the hypothalamus
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What does Human chorionic gonadotropinin (hCG) do?
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Promotes maintenance of corpus lute during beginning of pregnancy
Inhibits immune response toward the human embryo |
It is made in the placenta
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What does Human placental lactogen (HPL) do?
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Increase production of insulin and IGF-1
Increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance |
It is made in the placenta
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What does Growth hormone (GH) do?
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Stimulates growth and cell reproduction
Release insulin-like growth factor 1 from the liver |
It is made in the anterior pituitary
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What does Inhibin do?
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Inhibits FSH
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It is made in the testes, ovaries and fetus
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What does Insulin do?
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It increases the uptake of glucose (in the blood) to be stored in the liver, muscles, and fat tissue...and they store it as glycogen.
It also stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting glucagon. |
It is made in the pancreas
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What does Insulin-growth factor (IGF) do?
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Insulin-like effects
Regulates cell growth and development |
It is made in the liver
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What does Leptin do?
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Decreases appetite and increases metabolism
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It is made in the adipose tissue
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What does Luteinizing hormone (LH) do?
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In Females: Ovulation
In Males: stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone |
It is made in the anterior pituitary
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What does Orexin do?
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Helps wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite
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It is made in the hypothalamus
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What does Oxytocin do?
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Helps the release breast milk
Contracts of cervix and vagina involved in organism, trust between people and circadian homeostasis (body temp, activity level, wakefulness) |
It is made in the posterior pituitary
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What does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
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Increases blood CA2+ (by indirectly stimulates osteoclests, helping reabsorption of CA2+ in the kidney, and activates vitamin D)
Slightly decreases blood phosphate (decreases reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from the bones) |
It is made in the parathyroid gland
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What does Prolactin do?
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Helps milk production in mammary glands
Sexual gratification after sexual acts |
It is made in the anterior pituitary, uterus
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What does Relaxin do?
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In Males: enhances sperm motility
In Females: it may soften the pubic symphysis |
It is made in the corpus luteum
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What does Secretin do?
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Helps the secretion of bicarbonate from the liver, pancreas and duodenum
Enhances the effects of CCK Stops the production of gastric juice |
It is made in the duodenum
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What does Somatostatin do?
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Inhibit the release of GH and Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) from the anterior pituitary
Supresses the release of gastrin, CCK, secretin, and other stuff which lowers the rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contraction and blood flow within the intestines Inhibits the release of insulin from beta cells Inhibits the release of Glucagon from alpha cells Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of the pancreas |
It is made in the hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, GI system
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What does Thrombopoietin do?
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Produces platelets
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It is made in the liver, kidney, striated muscles
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What does Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
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secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
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It is made in the anterior pituitary
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What does Thyrotropin-releasing hormone do?
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It releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily)
Stimulates prolactin release |
It is made in the hypothalamus
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What does Lipotropin do?
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Lipolysis and steroidogenesis
Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin |
It is made in the anterior pituitary
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What does Brain natriuetic peptide do?
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Reduces blood pressure (although to a lesser degree than ANP) by:
Reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats |
It is made in the heart
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What does Neuropeptide Y do?
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Increases food intake and decreases physical activity
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It is made in the stomach
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What does Endothelin do?
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Stimulates smooth muscles to contract the stomach
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It is made in the stomach
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What does Pancreatic polypeptide do?
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Self-regulation pf pancreatic secretions (endocrine and exocrine)
Also affects the hepatic glycogen levels and IS secretions |
It is made in the pancreas
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What does Renin do?
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It activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotesnsin I of angiotensinogen
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It is made in the kidney
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What does Enkephalin do?
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Regulates pain
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It is made in the kidney
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What does testosterone do?
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Libido, Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density (growth and strength)
Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair |
It is made in the testes
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What does Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) do?
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It helps with virilization (the biological process of male and female bodies differentiating) as well as Anabolic processes (the processes which build things up, as opposed to catabolic, which tear things apart)
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It is made in the testes, ovary and kidney
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What does Androstenedione do?
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Can be a substitute for estrogen
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It is made in the adrenal glands and gonads
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What does Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) do?
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5-DHT or DHT is a male reproductive hormone that targets the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum and promotes growth/mitosis/cell maturation and differentiation.
Testosterone is converted to 5-DHT by 5alpha reductase, usually in the target tissues of 5-DHT because of the need for high concentrations of 5-DHT to produce the physiological effects |
It is made in the multiple organs (that's all it says)
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What does Aldosterone do?
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Increases blood volume (by reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys)
Potassium and H+ secretion in the kidney |
It is made in the adrenal cortex (zone glomerulosa)
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What does Estradiol (E2) do?
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In Females:
Promotes the formation of secondary sex characteristics Accelerates height growth Accelerates metabolism (burn fat) Reudce muscle mass Stimulate endometrial growth Increase uterine growth Maintanace of blood vessels and skin Reduce bone resorption/increase bone formation Increases hepatic production of binding proteins Increases circulation levels of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III and plasminogen Increases platelet adhesiveness Increas HDL, triglyceride, height growth, decrease LDL, fat deposition Fluid Balance: Salt and water retention Increase growth hormone Increase coritsol, SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) Reduces bowl motility, increase cholesterol in bile Supports hormone sensitive great cancer Promotes lung function by supporting the alveoli Male: Prevents apoptosis or germ cells |
It is made in the
Females: ovaries Males: testes |
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What does Cortisol do?
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Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extra hepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive |
It is made in the adrenal cortex (zone fasciculata and reticularis
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What does Progesterone do?
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Supports pregnancy
Converts endometrium to secretory stage Makes cervical mucus permeable to sperm Inhibits an immune response (towards the embryo) Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility Inhibit lactation Inhibit the onset of labor Support fetal production of adrenal mineral- and glucosteroids As well as others...listed under Other: (which I'm assuming to be less important and are leaving them out) |
It is made in the ovary, adrenal, placenta (when pregnant)
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What does Calcitriol (1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3) do?
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This is the ative form of vitamin D3
Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from GI tract and kidneys Inhibit the release of PTH |
It is made in the skin/proximal tubule of kidneys
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What does Calcidiol (25-dihydroxyvitman D3) do?
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It is the inactive form of D3
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It is made in the skin/proximal tubule of kidneys
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