Hormone Review

Front 1

Thyroid Gland

Back 1

Largest endocrine Gland with 2 lobes connected by an isthmus located just below the larynx.
Fxn:
Metabolism/BMR, growth and development
&makes Calcitonin

Front 2

Thyroid Gland Secretions:

Back 2

1. Secretes T4 and & T3 (active form):
20x more T4

2. Secretes Calcitonin: lowers blood levels of calcium

Front 3

C-Cell of Thyroid

Back 3

-secrete calcitonin.
Calcitonin lowers blood levels of calcium by putting it into the bones.

Front 4

Follicular Cells of Thyroid secretion:

Back 4

-secrete thyroxin:
Thyroxin increases the metabolic rate in most cells by
the stimulation of oxygen consumption.

Front 5

Calcitonin

Back 5

-lowers blood levels of calcium by putting it into the bones.
Ways to decrease blood calcium.
1. Bones
2. digestion
3. excretion

Front 6

Parathyroid glands

Back 6

secretes Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) which
increases blood calcium

Front 7

Thyroid Follicular Cell Hormone Secretions

Back 7

-Thyroxin
-C-Cells (secret calcitonin)

Front 8

Goiter

Back 8

No Negative Feedback loop for T4/T3 production not there so TSH keeps stimulating, getting made without conversion.
- No iodine for conversion TSH keeps stimulating,

Front 9

Classical Endocrine Glands
(but can be found throughout the body).

Back 9

1. Pineal
2. Pituitary
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal
6. Thymus
7. Pancreas

Front 10

Dual-Function Endocrine Glands:

Back 10

Pancreas: digestion & insulin/glucagon
Gonads: ovaries, testes

Have both an endocrine and exocrine function:

Front 11

Chemical Classification of Hormones:

Back 11

1. Amine hormones: ~from tyrosine or tryptophan
2. Polypeptide/protein hormones: ~chains of amino acids
2. Glycoproteins: ~Glucose plus proteins
Steroids: lipids

Front 12

Steroid
Hormones

Back 12

- Are lipids made from cholesterol:
include:
estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, & Cortisol.

Front 13

Polypeptide
Hormones

Back 13

ADH, GH, Insulin, Oxytocin, Glucagon, ACTH, PTH

Front 14

Hormone
Interactions

Back 14

Synergistic: two or more hormones work together
Permissive: permits presence of another hormone
to act
Antagonistic: counter-acts the effects of another
hormone to act.
Physiological range: normal range for normal fxn.
Half-Life: time needed for blood level to be reduced
by half.

Front 15

Hormone Up-regulation
(Priming Effect)

Back 15

When a hormone produces more of its own receptors in target cells for a greater response

Front 16

Desensitization
(Down-regulation)

Back 16

Occurs after long exposure to high hormone levels,
decreasing the number of receptors in the target cells.

Front 17

Pulsatile Secretion

Back 17

Most hormones have this to
prevent down-regulates hormones.

Front 18

Lipid Proteins travel in the blood by:

Back 18

Carrier Proteins

Front 19

Direct Gene Activation

Back 19

~~The method by which steroid hormones affect the activity of their target cells.
~~The hormones attach onto specific receptors on the cell surface membrane to form a hormone-receptor complex, which enters into the nucleus and activates certain genes.

Front 20

T4 conversion to T3 happens by Direct Gene Activation where?

Back 20

Only Ff\ree T4 can enter the cell. (Bound T4 is resevoir).
T4 is converted to T3 inside the cell.
T3 binds to receptor cell in the nucleus. The receptor will turn on the gene.

Front 21

Anterior Pituitary Hormones
FLATPiG

Back 21

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) ovaries/egg
2. Lutinizing Hormone (LH) - makes progesterone
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (regulates cortisol)
4. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) T4, T3
5. Prolaction - Lactation
6. Growth Hormone - overall growth

Front 22

Transcription

Back 22

DNA => mRNA => Protein
-Gene becomes activated and makes mRNA to make a protein.
-All genes encode for a specific protein (their blueprint)

Front 23

Growth Hormone
and Excess of Growth Hormone

Back 23

Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin or somatropin, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration.
Too much in kids: Gigantism
Too much in adults: Acromegaly - Epithelial plate where bone growth happens is closed after 18 years old.

Front 24

Ocytocin does:

Back 24

Bonding and Uterine Contraction

Front 25

Hormones made by the Hypothalamus & stored in the Pars Intermedia
- a thin layer of cells between the
anterior and posterior pituitary.
(between Anterior & Posterior Pituitary)

Back 25

Pars Intermedia- a thin layer of cells between the
anterior and posterior pituitary.
-produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - for melanin

Front 26

Hormones made by the Hypothalamus & stored in the
Posterior Pituitary Pars Nervosa :

Back 26

-Antidiuretic Hormone - ADH
Oxytocin:

Front 27

ADH
Antidiurectic hormone
AKA Vassopressin

Back 27

-produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It is then stored and released from the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain.
Anti-diuretic hormone helps to control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels.
The function of the antidiuretic hormone is to conserve the amount of water in the body by decreasing the amount of water in urine that is excreted from the body.

Front 28

Hormones of Adrenal Cortex:
A.C.T.

Back 28

Aldosterone:
Cortisl
Testosterone & Sex Hormones

Front 29

Aldosterone

Back 29

Stimulates Kidney to reabsorb Na+ and secret K+ which leads to a decrease in urine.

Front 30

Cortisol

Back 30

Inhibits glucose utilization and stimulates gluconeogenesis by increasing blood concentraiton of glucose.
Helps the body deal with stress.
(Stress also makes glucose stored as fat)

Front 31

Adrenal Cortex
produces

Back 31

DHEA
a precursor to testosterone

Front 32

Adrenal Medula
produces

Back 32

secrete epinephrine 80% and norepinephrine 20%
AKA
Adrenaline and noradrenalin

Front 33

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Back 33

increased respiratory rate
increased heart rate and cardiac output
general vasoconstriction which increases venous return
Glycolysis and Lipolysis (sugar & fat for energy)

Front 34

Functional Disorders of Thyroid Gland

Back 34

Hypothyroidism:
- Myxedema- (adults, non-pitting edema-institual
tissues)
- Cretinism- (children, low T4/T3-development issues)
Hyperthyroidism:
Increase in metabolic rate.

Front 35

Pancreas Functions parts:

(endocrine function)
(secretes digestives enzymes into the duodenum)

Back 35

Islets of Langerhans: endrocrine fxn
Alpha Cells: Glucagon
Beta Cells: Insulin
Delta Cells: somatostatin (inhibits Insulin & Glucagon)

Front 36

Autocrine Regulators

Back 36

~~produces and acts with the same tissue of an organ. All control Gene expression in target cells.

Front 37

Paracrine Regulators

Back 37

~~ are autocrines that are produced within one tissue and act on a different tissue in the same organ (spread via diffusion)

Front 38

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine definitions

Back 38

~~ for itself = local
~~paracrine = in the vicinity
~~ endocrine = all over the body