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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 3 main forms of fuel storage?
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carbs, lipids, protein
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what to carbs store fuel in the form of?
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glcyogen (liver and muscle)
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what to lipids store fuel in the form of?
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triglycerides (adipose)
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what do proteins store fuel in the form of?
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no other storage form; steal from tissue and blood proteins
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up until what timepoint do we use glycogen as fuel from liver and msucle?
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8 hours
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at what timepoint do we use triglycerides for all tissues except the brain? protein degradation provides glucose for the brain
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8-24 hours
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when do you use ketone bodies as alternate fuel?
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after several days (starvation)
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what happens to OAA after a several day fast?
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depleted as shunted for gluconeogenesis. acetylc CoA builids up as fatty acids oxidize
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what is short-trem regulation of metabolism regulated by?
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insulin, glucagon, epinephrine
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what are fuel mobilizers?
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glucagon and epinephrine
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what is the metablic goal of glucagon?
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increase blood glucose levels
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what is the primary target of glucagon?
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liver and adipose (NOT muscle)
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when you increase liver glycogenolysis, how long does it take to increase blood glucose?
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10-15 mins
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when you increase liver gluconeogensis how long does it take to increase blood glucose?
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30-60 mins
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how does glucagon affect fatty acids?
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promotes fatty acid breakdown in adipose
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what are hte effects of epinephrine meant to provide energy for?
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muscle for running, etc
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what does a synthase do?
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store
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what does phosphorylase do for glycogen?
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breaks it down
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how does epinephrine affect blood glucose in the liver?
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in the liver it increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and decreases glycolysis
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how does epinephrine affect blood glucose in the muscle?
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increases glycogenolysis and uncreasis glycolysis
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what is the starting point for gluconeogensis?
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OAA or pyruvate
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what changes does glucagon affect in the liver?
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increase in PKA, activity results in changes in activity of key enzymes of glucose metabolism
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what do target tissues of epinehprine and glucagn ahve in common?
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serpentine receptors coupled to G proteins
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what subtypes of B adrenergic receptors are there?
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a1, a2, b
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what does the alpha1 beta adrenergic receptor do?
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associates with Gq protein, activate PLC, increase IP3 and DAg, increase calcium, activate PKC
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what does alpha2 beta adrenergic receptor do?
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associates with Gi, inhibits adenylate cyclase, decrease cAMP, inactivate PKA
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what does beta beta adrenergic receptor do?
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associates with Gs, actiavtes aenylate cyclase, increases cAMP, activates PKA
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what class of receptors to epi and glucagon have?
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serpentine
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what 5 proteins are involved in beta adrenergic receptors?
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1. b adrenergic receptor
2. Gs protein 3. adenylate cyclase 4. PKA 5. cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
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what is the function of AKAP?
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kinase anchoring protein. keeps kinase close to second messenger, cAMP
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what pathway does phosphorylase b kinase regulate?
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glycogen breakdown
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what pathway does pyruvate kinase in the liver regulate?
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PEP convertion to pyruvate
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what pathway does pyruvate dehydrogenase regulate?
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pyruvate to acetyl CoA
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what pathway does PFK-2 regulate?
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glycolysis/gluconeogenesis
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what pathway does hormone sensitive lipase regulate?
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TG mobilization/FA oxidation
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what kinase is responsible for desensitization?
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beta adrenergic receptor kinase
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what targets the complex for endocytosis in desensitization?
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b arrestin
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where is insulin produced?
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islets of langerhans, beta cells
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how is insulin processed?
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from prepro to pro active form
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how do prepro, pro, and mature insuline differ?
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prepro has a signal sequence
pro loses the signal siequene and has disulfide bonds connecting B and A mature loses the C part |
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what receptor is insulin secretion regulated by?
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voltage gated ion channels
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high glucose means what for ATP?
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high ATP
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high ATP means what for K channel?
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shuts down K channel
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how does K channel affect calcium?
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depolarization opens calcium channel, calcium influx triggers secretion of insulin
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what is the metabolic goal of insulin?
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to move glucose from blood to tissues
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what are the major organ targets of insulin?
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muscle, liver, adipose
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increase in glucose affects glycogen and fatty acoids how?
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activates glycogen synthase (storage)
and increases fatty acid synthesis activates glycolysis |
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how is acetyl CoA send to adipose tissue?
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VLDL
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where are fatty acids converted to triglycerides?
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adipose
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what is required for GLUT4 glucose transporters to move in muscle and adipose?
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insulin
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what glucose transporter is found in the liver?
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GLUT2 (very efficient)
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what glucose transpoter is found in rbc?
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GLUT 1 (concentration dependent)
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how do you enhance storage of fat in adipose?
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increase LPL
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how do you enhance fatty acid synthesis?
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enhance acteyl CoA carboxylase
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what is the insulin receptor like?
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two alpha chains protrude from cell membrane, bind insulin
2 beta chains span membrane catalytic site is on cytosolic face |
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what hormones have a slower, longer acting mechanism of action?
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cortisol, thyroid hormone, letpin, adiponectin
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what is the cascade causing cortisol release?
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stress triggers hypothalamus to secrete CRH into portal system
2. anterior pituitary secretes ACTH into systemic circulation 3. adrenal cortex response with secretion of cortisol |
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why is cortisol used as a therapy drug?
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anti-inflammatory effects
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what to T3 and T4 regulate?
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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what is the precursor of T3 and T4?
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thyroglobulin
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what is the purpose of T3 and T4?
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increase synthesis of catabolic enzymes for energy (and heat) production
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what are the primary targets of T3 and T4?
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liver and muscle
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what is leptin known as?
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set point hormone, promotes beta oxidatin of fat to make energy, heat
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what part of the hypothalamus do leptin and insulin target?
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arcuate nucleus
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what peptide do leptin and insulin inhibit the production of?
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neuropeptide Y, increases appetite
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what peptide do leptin and insulin promote the production of?
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anorexigenic peptides derived from POMC. shifts balance in favor of decreased appetite and increased metabolic rate
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what does hypothalamus release in response to leptin?
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norepineprhine into blood stream
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NE-β3AR signaling in
adipose triggers production of |
UCP, which uncouples etransport…..
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