Honors Us History 1890-1968

Front 1

Alfred Mahan

Back 1

Wrote "Influence of Sea Power Upon History", saying the control of seas was the key to wold domination-different world powers read and used. Stimulate naval race.

Front 2

Valeriano Weyler

Back 2

Spanish General (Butcher). Crushed the Cuban rebels by herding civilians into reconcentration camps and kept Rebels out.

Front 3

Dupuy de Lôme

Back 3

Spanish minister who's letter was published in Hearst's headlines (Washington). President McKinley was "ear to the ground" leader and lacked good faith. Forced to resign.

Front 4

Theodore Roosevelt

Back 4

Aggressive American who believed earth belonged to strong and fit. Said McKinley had backbone of an eclair. Assistant secretary of navy. Rough riders organizer, lieutenant colonel.

Front 5

George Dewey

Back 5

Command American Asiatic squad in Hong Kong. Only 6 warships, destroyed 10-no lives lost. Won Manila.

Front 6

Emilio Aguinaldo

Back 6

Well-educated commander, part Chinese, that collaborated with US (Filipino)

Front 7

Reconcentration

Back 7

Act of concentrating rural population in town or village for military or political convenience. The Spanish placed Cubans to separate from rebels into these camps

Front 8

Jingoism

Back 8

Extreme patriotism-warlike/ aggressive country for war against Spanish.

Front 9

Imperialism

Back 9

Policy of extending a country's power and influence throughout diplomacy and military. America spreads over to influence Central America and Asia

Front 10

Maine

Back 10

The main was sent to protect Americans. mysteriously blows up-America blame Spanish, Spanish blames internal force (the real case).

Front 11

Teller amendment

Back 11

When the United States overthrows Spain, they would give Cubans freedom

Front 12

Rough riders

Back 12

Regiment of volunteers, commander Leonard Wood, organized by Roosevelt. They charged into the fight, with heavy casualties, but won in Santiago

Front 13

Anti-– imperialist league

Back 13

Fight expansionist moves. President of Harvard and Stanford, Mark Twain, etc. Didn't want to annex Philippines.

Front 14

Foraker act

Back 14

Gave Puerto Ricans limited popular government and granted citizenship

Front 15

Insular cases

Back 15

Badly divided Supreme Court decreed, flag did out run constitution and the document didn't extend with full force to new windfalls

Front 16

Platt amendment

Back 16

Hated restriction-Cubans had to impair independence, US troops may intervene, sell or lease coal stations

Front 17

John Hay

Back 17

Secretary of state, decided on a dramatic move for China – open door policy

Front 18

Theodore Roosevelt

Back 18

People wanted him for vice President. He had to take over presidency onceMcKinley was murdered. Youngest president, master politician, starts work on canal for US. Then, revised Monroe doctrine to make US more powerful – given Nobel peace prize for settling Japan and Russia dispute

Front 19

Phillippe – Bunau vanilla

Back 19

Worked with Panama revolutionists – tiny patriot army with members of fire department, 500 bought Colombian troops, signed hay-bunau vanilla treaty – price of Canal same, but extended with to 10 miles

Front 20

Guerilla warfare

Back 20

Small group uses tactics like ambushes, raids, mobility. Filipinos used to fight America (unfair-they had no freedom compared to Cuba).

Front 21

Sphere of influence

Back 21

Spatial region which country has influence over exclusively, accommodate interest – big powers took China's for themselves after it was defeated

Front 22

Yellow peril

Back 22

Color metaphor for East Asians in danger to rest of the world – yellow press field racism in schools, giving this name.

Front 23

Philippine insurrwction

Back 23

Philippines decided to go to war with America – they were upset that they games no freedom, compared to Cuba.

Front 24

Open door notes

Back 24

John Hay communicated that they should announce their leaseholds/spheres of influence. They respect China's rights and fair competition.

Front 25

"Full dinner pail"

Back 25

Refers to prosperity under first term of McKinley, expected another and we're not worried.

Front 26

Boxer rebellion

Back 26

Anti-– imperialist uprising which was in China. Wanted to kill foreign devils coming into country.

Front 27

Big stick diplomacy

Back 27

Theodore Roosevelt – leaders strive for peace, but make known military power

Front 28

Hay-Pauncefote treaty

Back 28

US and Britain signed, before Panama. Gave United States rights to create and control canal across Central America to connect Pacific and Atlantic.

Front 29

Hay-Bunau treaty

Back 29

US and Panama, Panama zone and subsequent construction established after revolution

Front 30

Roosevelt corollary

Back 30

Added to Monroe doctrine – in the event of future financial problems in Latin America, US would intervene – police man.

Front 31

Russo-Japanese war

Back 31

Russia wanted Chinas ports, and Japan thought this was threatening. Russia invaded and didn't back down – Japan launch surprise attack, Roosevelt try to interfere

Front 32

Gentlemens agreement

Back 32

Californians repeal offensive school order and accepted this, Japanese stop flow of laborers to US mainland

Front 33

Great White Fleet

Back 33

Battleships start from Virginia waters – Japanese school children waved the American flag and sand in English – Japan and US respect each other's territory possessions.

Front 34

Root Takahira Agreement

Back 34

Recognize territory possessions (Japan and US)

Front 35

Jacob Riis

Back 35

Keen eyes and nose- Danish immigrant who wrote "how the other half lives" in New York City slums

Front 36

Lincoln steffens

Back 36

Brilliant New York reporter, launched a series of articles called "shame of the cities". Unmasked alliance between corrupt government and business

Front 37

Ida Tarbell

Back 37

Pioneering journalist, published devastating/factual work about Standard oil company

Front 38

Robert La Follette

Back 38

Governor of Wisconsin, was crusader who was most militant. A progressive movement Republican leader. Fight monopoly, wrestled considerable control from corporations and returned to people

Front 39

Frances Willard

Back 39

Founder of WTCU-women's Christian temperance union. Pray on saloon floors, mobilized nearly 1,000,000 women to make the world homelike. She found a vigorous ally in the Anti-– Saloon League, which was aggressive, well organized, and well-financed.

Front 40

Florence Kelly

Back 40

Resident of Hull House, Illinois first chief factory inspector and leading advocate for improving conditions. Control National Consumers League – safeguard women/children in workplace

Front 41

J.P. Morgan

Back 41

Organized railroad holding company – wanted virtual monopoly of railroads in NW – Roosevelt fought

Front 42

Upton Sinclair

Back 42

Wrote "The Jungle". Intended to focus on plight of workers in canning factories, but appalled public with description of disgusting food, filth, disease, etc.

Front 43

William Howard Taft

Back 43

Secretary of war and mild progressive – Roosevelt chose him to run for president. Later on, used lever of American investments to boost political interests abroad – "Dollar diplomacy". Smashed monopolies, split Republican Party – he and Roosevelt ended up rupturing their friendship

Front 44

Initiative

Back 44

Voters could directly propose legislation themselves, bypass boss – bought state legislative.

Front 45

Referendum

Back 45

Place laws on ballot for final approval by people, especially laws that had been railroaded through complaint legislature by free-spending agents of big business

Front 46

Recall

Back 46

Enable voters to remove faithless elected officials, those bribed by bosses.

Front 47

Rule of reason

Back 47

Legal doctrine to interpret Sherman Antitrust Act. Actions like possession of monopoly are analyzed under "rule of reason" and illegal when they effect unreasonably restraints trade.

Front 48

Muckrackers

Back 48

Enterprising editors financed extensive research and encouraged pugnacious writing by bright young reporters – exposed evils of society

Front 49

17th amendment

Back 49

Establish direct election of US senators

Front 50

18th amendment

Back 50

Prohibit alcohol drinks

Front 51

Northern securities case

Back 51

A railroad holding company organized by JP Morgan and James Hill – monopoly of NW railroads

Front 52

Muller v Oregon

Back 52

Brandeis persuade Supreme Court to accept constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by present evidence or harmful effects of factory labor. Although discriminatory, celebrate triumph

Front 53

Lochner v new yoek

Back 53

Invalidate NY law, establish 10 hour workdays for bakers.

Front 54

Meat inspection act

Back 54

Prep of meat shipped over state lines subject to federal inspection from corral to can

Front 55

Dollar diplomacy

Back 55

Taft used American investments to boost American political interests abroad.

Front 56

Old guard

Back 56

Older segment of population

Front 57

Woodrow Wilson

Back 57

Mild conservationist turned militant progressive – president of Princeton. Entered politics in New Jersey, finally ran as president

Front 58

Eugene V Debs

Back 58

Socialist candidate for presidency

Front 59

Louis Brandeis

Back 59

Massachusetts attorney who fan the flames of reform with his book "other peoples money and how the bankers use it." Jew in Supreme Court

Front 60

New nationalism

Back 60

Urged national government to increase power to remedy economic and social abuses

Front 61

New freedom

Back 61

Called for stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reductions

Front 62

16th amendment

Back 62

Allowed Congress to levy income taxed without apportioning among states.

Front 63

Federal reserve act

Back 63

Create and establish federal reserve system, central banking of United States. granted legal authority to issue Federal Reserve notes as legal tender.

Front 64

Clayton act

Back 64

Lengthened Shopworn Sherman act's list of business practices deemed objectable etc. also conferred benefits of labor

Front 65

George Creel

Back 65

Head of Committee on Public Information. Young journalist who was gifted with zeal and imagination. Sell America on the war and sell world on wilsonian war aims. Posters, pamphlets, movies, songs.

Front 66

Eugene V Debs

Back 66

Socialist who was convicted under espionage act in 10 years of federal penitentiary. Member of IWW

Front 67

Bernard Baruch

Back 67

Lone-eagle stock speculator who headed war industries Board. No more than small powers, disbanded in days of armistice

Front 68

Herbert Hoover

Back 68

Head of food administration. Successfully lead massive charitable drive to feed starved of war – voluntary compliance wheat less Wednesday's, etc

Front 69

Alice Paul

Back 69

Leader of National women's party – hunger strikes and marches.

Front 70

Henry Cabot Lodge

Back 70

Chair man of Senate committee on foreign relations. Harvard PhD – hated Wilson, vice versa

Front 71

Warren Harding

Back 71

Senator of Ohio, small town newspaper editor. Republican president nominee

Front 72

Self determination

Back 72

Group of people form own state and choose own government – inspired by nationalism.

Front 73

Collective security

Back 73

Group of nations agree not to attack each other and defend from attack.

Front 74

Conscription

Back 74

Sending out draft for people to join the army

Front 75

Normalcy

Back 75

Isolationist sentiment with a vengeance

Front 76

Zimmerman note

Back 76

Intercepted Ally proposal from Germany to Mexico – recover its land.

Front 77

14 points

Back 77

Make mighty efforts and demoralize enemy governments by holding out promises to dissatisfied minorities.

Front 78

Espionage and sedition acts

Back 78

Espionage – postal officials authority to ban newspapers and magazines. $10,000 fine and 20 years in jail. Sedition – federal offense to use disloyal profane, abusive language.

Front 79

Schenck v US

Back 79

Supreme Court affirmed legality – argue freedom of speech revoked when speech pose clear and present danger

Front 80

War industries Board

Back 80

Impose order on economic confusion – stock speculator.

Front 81

19th amendment

Back 81

Give all women Americans right to vote

Front 82

18th amendment

Back 82

Prohibit alcoholic beverages

Front 83

Bolsheviks

Back 83

Wing of Russian social – democratic workers party – lenin leader.

Front 84

Doughboys

Back 84

Members of US Army in World War I

Front 85

Big four

Back 85

Rulers of countries who met at Treaty of verse sigh – Wilson America, Clemenceau France, Orlando Italy, and George Britain.

Front 86

Irreconcilables

Back 86

Better opponents of treaty of versailles-Republicans V Democrats – rejected treaty with Lodge reservations appended

Front 87

A. Mitchell Palmer

Back 87

General, "saw red too easily", "fighting quaker" – excess of zeal and rounding up suspects. Shattered Washington home -"quaking fighter"

Front 88

John Scopes

Back 88

Likable bio teacher in monkey trial. Infected likable bio teacher in monkey trial. Indicted for teaching evolution. Defended by national attorneys

Front 89

Clarence Darrow

Back 89

Criminal lawyer for Scopes – made Bryan look foolish

Front 90

Andrew Mellon

Back 90

Treasury secretary with tax policies favoring expansion of capital investment

Front 91

Bruce Barton

Back 91

Founder of advertising for people to want more. Prominent and NY partner in Madison Avenue firm. "The man nobody knows"– Thesis was Jesus was greatest adman

Front 92

Henry Ford

Back 92

Perfected the assembly line cars coming out every 10 seconds. Inventor developed automotive industry-Model T. Fordism, President nomination in People's choice.

Front 93

Charles Lindenberg

Back 93

"Flyin fool", first solo west to east conquest of Atlantic. $25,000 in spirit of St. Louis – New York to Paris and 33 hours and 39 minutes

Front 94

Margaret Sanger

Back 94

Fiery feminist who organized birth control movement

Front 95

Sigmund Freud

Back 95

Viennese physician who argued sexual repression was responsible for variety of nervous and emotional ills. Health demand sex.

Front 96

F Scott Fitzgerald

Back 96

Handsome Minnesota born Princetonian, only 24 – overnight celebrity when "This Side of Paradise" was published – Bible for young. Then published "Great Gatsby".

Front 97

Ernest Hemingway

Back 97

Writer affected by war. "The sun also rises" – spirituality numb American expatriates in Europe. In "a farewell to arms", he crafted one of the finest novels in any language about the war experienced.

Front 98

Nativist

Back 98

A person favoring native inhabitants as apposed to immigrants – people wanted to stop flow of immigrants into the country, and wanted to keep some to retain diversity. Nativists didn't encourage immigrants.

Front 99

Progressive education

Back 99

John Dewey – learning by doing. Permissive. "Education for life," primary teacher goal. Education tilted forward, more graduates.

Front 100

Buying on margin

Back 100

Small down payment – people were buying endless stocks with loans, loans the bank didn't have – stock market crash.

Front 101

Sacco and Vanzetti case

Back 101

Anti-red and foreign. Convicted of murder of Massachusetts paymaster and guard – jury and judge prejudiced – people rallied at their death – martyrs.

Front 102

Immigration Quota Act

Back 102

Slammed door to Japanese. 2% rate of immigration after

Emergency act

Front 103

Volstead act

Back 103

"Safe for hypocrisy". Implemented prohibition-started movement with alcohol – illegally buying, rebels, bootleggers, speakeasies, etc.

Front 104

Fundamentalism

Back 104

Old time religion – teaching of evolution destroy faith in the Bible/God – emphasis on literal Bible reading – vibrant force in US for spiritual life.

Front 105

Modernists

Back 105

God was a good guy and the earth a Chummy place – new movies for churches.

Front 106

Flappers

Back 106

Girls felt free – hemlines elevated, stockings roads, breasts taped, cheeks reddened, lips with cigarettes, and independence. Sexual frankness.

Front 107

Florida land boom

Back 107

Numerous underwater lots sold to purchasers for huge sums. Scheme collapsed when devastated by west Indian hurricane – belied advertisements of a "soothing tropical wind".

Front 108

Warren Harding

Back 108

Republican president, looked presidential – tall, broad, high forehead, bushy brows. Best liked man-easy-going, gracious, and loving. Weak interior. Unable to detect moral halitosis, hated hurting others saying no

Front 109

Herbert Hoover

Back 109

Food administrator during war. Secretary of commerce. Business man and engineer.

Front 110

Albert Fall

Back 110

Senator of New Mexico, scheming anti-conservational list – secretary of interior, guard natural resources

Front 111

Harry Daughtrey

Back 111

Small town lawyer, big-time crook in Ohio game – supposed to persecute wrongdoers as attorney general. Big business by us – clamped on strikers

Front 112

Calvin Coolidge

Back 112

Vetoed adjusted compensation act, but it passed, president, friendly to tarrif increases – vice president who took Hardings place – Stern, honest, industrial, etc. – not great leader – continued isolation – bowed out of reelection.

Front 113

Alfred Smith

Back 113

Four time governor of New York and colorful personality in American Politics. Wisecracking liberal, political handicaps – alcoholic, too urban, Roman Catholic in Protestant. the "Happy Warrior" Smith won East coast south

Front 114

Ohio gang

Back 114

Polar-playing, shirt-sleeved Harding cronies.

Front 115

Washington conference

Back 115

Disarmament was an issue – invited naval powers except Russia. Naval disarmament and situation in far east – British and American refrain from Far East possessions. Japan keeps them.

Front 116

Kellogg-Briand pact

Back 116

Coolidges secretary of state and French Foreign Minister signed – outlawry of war – Kellogg hesitant, but petition came to him and he signed with Briand. Pact of Paris – ratified in 62 nations

Front 117

Teapot dome scandal

Back 117

Priceless naval oil reserves at TD Wyoming and Elk Hills, California. Albert Fall, secretary of navy, transferred valuable properties to interior department. Harding signed. Fall leased land to Sinclair and Doherny but not until received bride. Pollute prestige of Washington government

Front 118

Davis

Back 118

Charles Davis – reschedule German reparation payments and open American private loans to Germany. US system more complex now. Hoover declared 1 years debt moratorium-all debters defaulted except Finland.

Front 119

Hawley-Smoot tariff

Back 119

Started in the house as protective measure to assist farmers. Lobbyists made it through senate– thousands of amendments. Highest protective tariff in nations peacetime history. 38.5 to 60% non-free goods duty.

Front 120

Black Tuesday

Back 120

Millions of shares of stock sold in single night – Wall Street in shambles – suicide rate high – huge money lost, stockmarket collapse.

Front 121

Reconstruction finance Corporation

Back 121

Initial working capital of half billion dollars, become government lending bank. Provided indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, organizations, railroads, governments.

Front 122

Stimson doctrine

Back 122

US wouldn't recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force. Preach and run policy.

Front 123

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Back 123

Governor of NY, 5 cousin to TD, wealthy-Harvard, nominated for Vice President, assistant secretary navy, suave and conciliatory, in a wheelchair

Front 124

Eleanor roosevelt

Back 124

Wife, "conscience of the new deal", she and Franklin shared political career, most active First Lady.

Front 125

Harry Hopkins

Back 125

Federal Emergency Relief Act handed to him. Thin, shabby dressed, social work in NY, Roosevelts friend and influential advisor, $3 billion granted to states for direct dole payments and wages and CWA.

Front 126

France's Perkins

Back 126

First woman cabinet member – secretary of labor. Undeserved criticism from men.

Front 127

Harold Ickes

Back 127

PW a head, former bull mooser, long range recovery

Front 128

George W nortis

Back 128

Steadfast vision and unflagging zeal for TVA – Nebraska-revolutionary

Front 129

Alfred Landon

Back 129

Republican nominee for 1936 – colorless, but homespun – governor of Kansas. Moderate who accepted same reforms, but not Social Security act. Hoover backs him – "holy crusade for liberty" – carried only two states.

Front 130

Boondoggling

Back 130

Tens of thousands of jobless employed at leaf raking and other make work tasks

Front 131

New deal

Back 131

Roosevelts plan to drag the US out of depression. Created acts, alphabets soup programs, etc. To boost economy, reform, relieved, and recover.

Front 132

Brains trust

Back 132

Meny Roosevelt speeches were written by others – college professors. Reform – minded intellectuals.

Front 133

Hundred days

Back 133

March 9 to June 16, 1933 – Congress special session to cope with national emergency. Cranked out measures to new deal.

Front 134

The three R's

Back 134

Relief recovery and reform – long and short range goals. Overlapped or got in others way – part of new deal.

Front 135

Glass-Steagall act

Back 135

Banking reform – buttressed public reliance on system. Provided for FDIC – individual deposits up to $5000 insured. End bank failures.

Front 136

Schechter case

Back 136

Justices unanimously held that Congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive. Declared that congressional control of interstate commerce could not properly apply to a local fowl business, like Schechter bros in New York.

Front 137

Social security act

Back 137

Complicated and far reaching law – provide for federal state unemployment insurance. Provide security to old age – regular payments from Washington. Provisions made for blind, physical handicapped, etc.

Front 138

Wagner act

Back 138

National Labor Relations Act – new board for administrative purposes and reasserted right of labor to engage in self organization and bargain collectively through representatives.

Front 139

Liberty league

Back 139

Hoover called for "crusade for liberty" – wealthy conservatives organized to fight "socialistic" new deal schemes

Front 140

Roosevelt coalition

Back 140

Political coalition with Democratic Party organizations, machines, labor unions, my Nordie's, etc. – Those who support him. Add supporters to party.

Front 141

20th amendment

Back 141

Shortened six weeks before inauguration.

Front 142

21st amendment

Back 142

Repealed 18th alcohol amendment

Front 143

AAA

Back 143

Agricultural adjustment administration

Front 144

CCC

Back 144

Civilian conservation corps

Front 145

CWA

Back 145

Civil Works administration

Front 146

FERA

Back 146

Federal emergency relief administration

Front 147

FHA

Back 147

Federal housing administration

Front 148

FSA

Back 148

Federal Security Administration

Front 149

HOLC

Back 149

Home Owners Loan Corportation

Front 150

NRA

Back 150

National Recovery Administration

Front 151

NYA

Back 151

National youth administration

Front 152

PWA

Back 152

Public works administration

Front 153

REA

Back 153

Rural electrification administration

Front 154

SSA

Back 154

Social security adminstration

Front 155

TVA

Back 155

Tennessee valley authority

Front 156

WPA

Back 156

Work projects administration

Front 157

Cordell Hull

Back 157

Secretary of state, sent to London economic conference (Franklin pulled plug on it.)create trade policy of new deal. Failed.

Front 158

Adolf Hitler

Back 158

Control Germany in '33 with big Lie. Tremendous power and impulsive. Argued against Treaty of versailles to win Nazi party, allied with Mussolini

Front 159

Francisco Franco

Back 159

Faciat general of Madrid – wanted to overthrow loyalist regime-aided by Hitler and Mussolini, and Soviet union. "Roosevelt behaved in the manner of a true gentleman."

Front 160

Wendell Wilke

Back 160

German descendant son of Housier Indiana. Lawyer who recently was democratic and headed public utilities corporation. Great personality. Philadelphia wanted him for president against new deal inefficiencies and extravagances.

Front 161

Reciprocity

Back 161

Trade policy of new dealers – Hull created – trade was a two-way street. Nation can sell abroad only as they buy abroad. Roosevelt lowered existing rates to around 50%, if opposite nation did the same.

Front 162

Totalitarianism

Back 162

Individual was nothing, state was everything. Dictators Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler rose from this.

Front 163

Isolationism

Back 163

America wanted to close them selves in. Dictators were a strong boost for this – they suffered from it. More fearful to be drawn into war than those becoming huge powers.

Front 164

London economic conference

Back 164

66 Nations meeting wanted to organize coordinated international attack on global depression – stabilize values of currencies. Roosevelt wanted to focus on this issue only in America, so he pulled out – conference dropped.

Front 165

Good neighbor policy

Back 165

New relations with Latin America. Wanted to only be a regional power. Cuba released, as well as other countries with minor presents and requirements from US.

Front 166

Rome-Berlin axis

Back 166

Nazi Hitler And Benito Mussolini allied themselves in 1936

Front 167

Merchants of death

Back 167

Munition manufactorers, because they had made money off of creating arms, believed they caused the war to make money.

Front 168

Nye committee

Back 168

Investigate "blood business" in 1934. Wanted to shift blame away from German submarines to bankers and manufacturers.

Front 169

Neutrality act of 1935, 36 and 37

Back 169

When president proclaimed existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would go into effect to remain neutral. No American sail on belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to one, or make loans to belligerents. Tragically shortsighted.

Front 170

Spanish Civil War

Back 170

1936 to 1939 – pre-World War II. Spanish rebels Rose against republican government in Madrid – head Franco. aided by dictators. America tried to remain neutral, but realized they needed to rebuild military and defend.

Front 171

Quarantine speech

Back 171

Chicago. Chicago. Positive endeavors to quarantine aggressors by economic embargoes – because of alarm of Italy and Japan.

Front 172

Hitler Stalin nonaggression pact

Back 172

Soviet union and Germany sign, surprisingly, in 1939. German leader could now make war on Poland without stab in the back. Stalin and Hitler didn't agree on most things, finally pushed aside and fought each other.

Front 173

Cash and carry

Back 173

European democracies can buy American materials only under this. Transport in own ships, after paying in cash. US wanted to avoid loans, war debts, torpedoes.

Front 174

Phony war

Back 174

The months following the collapse of Poland, Hitler shifted view to France. Hitler took Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and France suddenly.

Front 175

Lend lease

Back 175

Would give munition to Britain, but had to return at the end of fighting. but why want to use weapons?

Front 176

Atlantic charter

Back 176

Atlantic conference. Accepted by Roosevelt and Churchhill – endorsed by Soviet union later. Outlined aspirations of Democracie sfor better world after war. Detailed – liberals liked, those that didn't, didnt realize that America wasn't neutral.