Honors Test 1

Front 1

lamarck

Back 1

first scientist to use biologie

believed in two major causes of species change

Front 2

biologie

Back 2

study of life as a distinct species

Front 3

lamarcks two major causes of species change

Back 3

1. natural tendency for species to progress toward a higher form

2. inheritance of acquired characteristics

Front 4

example of inheritance of acquired characteristic

Back 4

girafees long neck, passed down

Front 5

cuvier

Back 5

catastrophism

Front 6

catastrophism

Back 6

species are extinguished periodically by sudden catastrophes such as meterorites and then replaced by diff. species

Front 7

darwins explanatory challenge

Back 7

why change takes place

how new species emerge

what the functions are of parts

Front 8

malthus

Back 8

human capacity limikt

Front 9

organisms exist in number far more_____ than they can ______

Back 9

greater

survive and reproduce

Front 10

struggle for existence

Back 10

favoritable variations tend to be perserved and unfavorable ones die out go on to next generation, new adapations

Front 11

3 essential ingredients to natural selection

Back 11

variance, inhertitance, and differential reproductive sucess

Front 12

variation

Back 12

essential for evolution to operate, provides raw materials for evolution

Front 13

inheritance

Back 13

only some variations inherited

passed down from parents/offpsirng

Front 14

selection

Back 14

some heritable variants leave more offspring b/c those attributes help with the task of survival and reproduction

Front 15

differential reproductive sucess

Back 15

possesio of heritaqble variants that increase or decrease an individuals chances of surviving and reproducing **key

everyone has ancestors not everyone leaves descendants

Front 16

natural selection provided 3 key answers

Back 16

1. explained change over time

2.explained apparent pursoive quality of component parts

3.united all species into one grand tree descendent (including humans)

Front 17

objections natural selection

Back 17

no theory of inheritance (now evidence)

hard to imagine utility of intermediate stages

belief speices were unchanging

Front 18

sexual selection

Back 18

peacock

open invitation to predators

consequence of successful matting

Front 19

intrasexual

Back 19

competition between members of the same species

Front 20

intersexual

Back 20

competition between members of the opposite species

Front 21

genetic drift

Back 21

random changes in the genetic makeup of a population

mutation

founder effect

bottleneck

Front 22

founder effect

Back 22

small porportion of a population establishes a new colonly and the founders of the new colony are not genetically representive of orginial population

Front 23

bottleneck

Back 23

happen when a population shrinks, owning to a random catastrophe, earthquake

Front 24

mendel

Back 24

showed inheritance was particulate not blended

qualities of parents are passed on to their offspring, genes

pea plants

Front 25

gene

Back 25

smallest discrete unit that inherited by offspring

Front 26

genotype

Back 26

entire collection of genes within an individual

Front 27

ethology

Back 27

focus on behavior requires underlying physical structures

change has taken place overtime

Front 28

imprinting

Back 28

do what the first moving they observe at life

ducks (bonding between mother/new born)

pattern its behavior

critical period

Front 29

lorenz

Back 29

founder of ethology-mechanisms and adaptive value of animal behavior

Front 30

four whys of behavior

Back 30

1. immediate influneces on behavior (movement of the mother)

2. developmental influences (events during the ducks lifetime that causes changes)

3. function of behavior( keeping the baby duck close to mother, which helps it survive)

4. evolutionary or phylogentic orgins(what sequence of evolutionary events led to the orgins of an imprinting mechanism in the duck.

Front 31

fixed action patterns

Back 31

sterotypic behavioral sequences an animal follows after being triggered

Front 32

problems with elthology movement

Back 32

labels v. explanations

ignored psychology

no standards for identifying adaptation or function

Front 33

who came up with inclusive fitness revolutin

Back 33

william hamilition

Front 34

classical fitness

Back 34

the measure of an individuals direct response success in passing on genes through the production of offspring

Front 35

relativeness

Back 35

50% parents

25% aunts uncle, grandparents, grandchildren

12,5% cousins

6.5% 2nd cousins

Front 36

parental care

Back 36

investing in ones own child

Front 37

inclusive fitness revolution

Back 37

increase reproduction by helping brothers, sisters, newphews

sum of an indiviuals own reproductive success plus the effects of the individuals actions have on the reproductive success on his/her relatives

Front 38

what would you do if you were a gene

Back 38

ensure surivial of vechile (body)

reproduce, making copies of your gene

help survival and reproduction that contain copies of you

Front 39

williams and adaptation

Back 39

downfall of group selection

Front 40

group selection

Back 40

adapatation evolved for the benefit of the group through the differential survival and reproduction groups

only species that possessed characteristics to group survived

Front 41

altruism

Back 41

helping an individual at a cost to yourself

Front 42

problems of altruism

Back 42

incurring reproductive cots to onself

could evolve if recipitant of help were ones genetic relatives

Front 43

williams criteria for adaptation

Back 43

reliability, efficency, economy, complexity and improbable usefullness

Front 44

adaptation

Back 44

evolved solutions to specific problems that contribute either directly or indirectly to successful reproduction

Front 45

triver

Back 45

seminal therories

Front 46

seminal theories

Back 46

1. theory of reciprocal altruism

2. parenetal investment

3. parent-offspring conflict

Front 47

reciprocal altruism

Back 47

conditions under which mutally beneficial exchange relationships or transaction could evolve

(favor for a favor)

Front 48

parental investment (theories)

Back 48

sexual selection for each sex

high investing sex/low investing sex

selection pressures

Front 49

high investing/low investing sex

Back 49

female/male

Front 50

parent offspring conflict

Back 50

parents/children will get into conflict because they share 50% genes

what is best for kid, what is best for parent

Front 51

who came up with sociobiology concept

Back 51

wilson

Front 52

controversy with sociobiology

Back 52

cannibalize psychology

culture, religion, ethics could be explained by this

Front 53

common misunderstandings about evolutionary theory

Back 53

1. genetic determinism

2. intractability (can't change it)

3. current mechanisms are optimally designed- never make a mistake

4. motivation to maximize inclusive fitness- pass on genes to next generation

Front 54

genetic determinism

Back 54

argues behavior is controlled by genes

Front 55

human behavior cannot occur without two ingredients

Back 55

1. evolved adaptations

2. enviornment input that triggers the development and activism of these adaptations

Front 56

how many years ago orgin of life

Back 56

3.8-3.7 billion years ago

Front 57

mammals orginated/ what they have

Back 57

200 million years ago

warm blooded

mammary glands - nutrients

placenta (114 million years ago - more protection while in the womb

Front 58

did humans evolve from apes

Back 58

no

Front 59

primates

Back 59

85 million years ago

grasping

steroscopic vision- predators, eyes facing forward, advantage in jumping branch to branch

large brains- solve more complex problems

Front 60

bidpedal locomotion

Back 60

4.4 million years ago

ability to walk, stride, run on two feet, energy, greater visual angle, decrease sun exposure, freed hands

Front 61

tool use

Back 61

2.5 million years ago

oldowan stone tools

used by homo habillis

sharp edge

Front 62

homo erectus

Back 62

1.8 million years ago

migrated from africa to asia

nethanderthals

Front 63

acheulean hand axe

Back 63

1.5 MYA

sharp edge

Front 64

homo brain

Back 64

expanded

double in size

Front 65

nethanderthals

Back 65

europe/asia

weak chins/receding foreheads

large brain

tough living/cold climate

30,000 years ago went extinct

homo sapiens emerged

Front 66

freud

Back 66

sexuality was motivating force for adults and everyone

instincts

Front 67

instinctual system

Back 67

life perservative- food, water, shelter, surivial instincts

Front 68

william james

Back 68

instincts

Front 69

instincts

Back 69

faculty of acting such a way as to produce certain ends without forsight of ends and w/o previous education in the performance

over ridden by others

contradict each other

multiple

Front 70

conclusion about instincts

Back 70

more instincts in humans than in other animals

Front 71

behaviorism people

Back 71

skinner, watson

Front 72

watson

Back 72

classical conditioning

Front 73

classical conditioning

Back 73

type of learning where two previously unconnected events come to be associated

ringing bell>> food

Front 74

skinner

Back 74

operant conditioning

Front 75

operant conditiong

Back 75

reinforcing consequences of behavior for subsequent behavior

behavior followed by reinforcement repeated

behavior not followed by reinforcement not repeated

Front 76

Margaret Mead

Back 76

cultural variability

Front 77

cultural variability

Back 77

sex roles reversed, sexual jealously gone

peacefucl people did not compete, rape, fight or murder

FALSE

Front 78

Harry Harlow

Back 78

moneys, two articial mothers

1 mother mesh other with cloth

climbed on mesh mom for food, spent time with cloth ran to when scared

Front 79

garcia effect

Back 79

gave food then injected rats with raditiation, never ate food again

some are prepared to learn things

Front 80

seligman

Back 80

condition people to develop fears but hard to condition others (less natural)

mineka's monkeys

scared of snakes but not flowers

Front 81

conclusion of garcia effect

Back 81

external enviroment not sole determiner, must look inside heads

Front 82

information processing description

Back 82

input>>>decision rules>>>outputsj

Front 83

brains compared to computers

Back 83

general processors and has individal processors

Front 84

where is inofmration housed

Back 84

neurobiology of brain

Front 85

language

Back 85

brocas area- speech production

wernickes area- language comprehension

strokes helped to identify this

Front 86

is there a general capacity to process info

Back 86

no

Front 87

general learners

Back 87

we are not this

general info processors

Front 88

problem of combinatonal explosion

Back 88

impossible for general info processors

don't know how to deal with problems

fight or flight respones

too many inputs/solutions

need general processing

Front 89

three theories of orgins of complex adaptive mechanisms

Back 89

creationism

seeding theory

evolution by natural selection

Front 90

creationism

Back 90

not scientific

supreme deity created all

relgion/belief

not false/not useful

Front 91

why is creationism not scientific

Back 91

cannot be tested

not guided researches to any new studies

not proved useful as scientific explanation for already discovered organic mechanisms

Front 92

seeding theory

Back 92

life did not orginate from earth

testable

Front 93

three concepts of seeding theory

Back 93

seeds of life arrived on earth by meterorite

extaterrestial intelligent beings came from other plants/galaxies and planted seeds

Front 94

problems with seeding theory

Back 94

no solid evidience

no new discoveries

pushes explanation for life forms back in time

Front 95

evolution by natural selection

Back 95

explains known facts

testable/observable

leads to new predicition

Front 96

bidpedal locomotion (evolution)

Back 96

being able to observe predators/prey

frees up hands

increases flexability

stamina

exposes less surface area to the sun

Front 97

umbilicial cord (evolution)

Back 97

filter/protect

nutrients

Front 98

3 products of evolutionary processes

Back 98

adaptation, by products, noise

Front 99

adaptation

Back 99

inherited, reliably devloping, natural selection, solve problem of reproduction/survival

passing of genes

does not need to appear at birth (breasts)

contribute to reproduction/survival

mutations

Front 100

mutations

Back 100

copying error of dna

may help survival/reproduction

passed to next generation , keep passing be passed on to population