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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between scientific law and a theory?
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A law is a proven fact of nature
Theory is an idea |
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What are the types of chemists and what do they do?
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Analytical - composition and components of substances
Organic - carbon-based compounds Inorganic - matter not containing carbon-based compounds Physical - behavior and changes in matter and energy Biochemistry - matter and processes of living organisms |
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What are qualitative observations?
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Something that cannot be measured
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What are quantitative observations?
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Something that can be measured
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What is matter?
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Anything that has mass and takes up space
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What is accuracy?
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Closeness of a measurement to the actual value
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What is precision?
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Closness of a series of values to each other
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What state of mater has a flexible volume and shape?
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Gas
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What state of matter has a definite volume and shape?
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Solid
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What state of matter has a definite volume and a flexible shape?
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Liquid
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What separation technique should be used on a soluble solid dissolved in water?
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Crystallization
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What separation technique should be used on an insoluble solid dissolved in water?
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Filtration
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What separation technique should be used on several liquids mixed together?
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Distillation
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What is the Law of Definite Proportions?
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States that elements in a compound will be in a definite whole number ratio
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What is the Law of Multiple Proportions?
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States that elements in a compound can combine in different whole number ratios to form different compounds
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What is alpha radiation?
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Has a helium nucleus, mass of 4 amu, charge of 2+
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What is beta radiation?
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electron, mass of 1/1840 amu, charge of 1-
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What is gamma radiation?
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no mass or charge, high energy
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What did the Greek philosophers believe?
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All matter is composed of earth, air, fire, and water
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What did Democritus believe?
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Had the idea of the atom way ahead of his time, said that matter was mostly composed of empty space
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What did Dalton believe?
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Marked the beginning of the modern atomic theory, 4 parts to his theory
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What did Aristotle believe?
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Disagreed with the ideas of Democritus; believed that there was no empty space in matter
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What did Rutherford do?
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Discovered that the nucleus contained positive particles called protons and did the gold foil experiment
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What did Chadwick do?
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Discovered that the nucleus also contained a neutral particle called the neutron
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What did Thomson do?
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Used the cathode ray to determine that the atom had negative particles called electrons.
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How do you find the number of protons?
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Atomic number
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How do you find the number of neutrons?
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Mass number minus atomic number
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How do you find the number of electrons?
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Atomic number
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How do you write the orbital filling diagrams and electron configurations?
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1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6, 3d^10, 4s^2... etc
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What causes changes in flame colors and what makes them different?
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Electrons are excited so they gain energy and jump energy levels. As they return to their energy levels, they release energy in the form of light. The different colors indicated different amounts of energy. Blue = higest, red = lowest
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How are s,p,d, and f orbitals different?
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All are areas that electrons move in and each hold 2 electrons in the orbital. S are spherical and can hold a max of 2 electrons. P are dumbell shaped and have 3 orbitals that can hold a total of 6 electrons. D are undefined shape and have 5 orbitals that can hold 10 electrons, and F have seven orbitals that can hold a max of 14 electrons
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How do you determine radius size?
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bigger as you go down, smaller as you go right
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How do you determine first ionizaition energy?
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Smaller as you go down, bigger as you go right
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How do you determine electronegativity?
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Smaller as you go down and bigger as you go right
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Why are there small jumps in first ionization energies as you move across a period?
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The atoms are closer to being stable, so it is harder to remove electrons. Also, the electrons are closer to the nucleus so they are harder to remove.
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Why is there a large increase in ionization energy when the final valence electron is removed?
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It comes from an inner energy level, so it is closer to the nucleus.
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Where are the s block elements?
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First 2 groups
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Where are the p block elements/transition metals?
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3rd through 12th groups
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Where are the d block elements?
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Last 6 groups
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Where are the f block elements/inner-transition metals?
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Separated elements on the bottom
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Where are the alkaline earth metals?
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Group 2A/2nd group
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Where are the representative elements?
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First 2 groups and final 6 groups
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Where are the alkali metals?
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Group 1A
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Where are the halogens?
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Group 7A/17, 2nd to last group
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Where are the noble gases?
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Last group, group 8A/18
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Where is the lanthanide series?
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Top period of the inner transition elements
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Where is the actinide series?
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Bottom period of the inner transition elements
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Where are the metals?
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Left and center except hydrogen, 4,2,1 on right
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Where are the nonmetals?
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hydrogen and 0,1,2,3,4,6 on right side
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Where are the metalloids?
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Stair steps between the metals and nonmetals on the right side
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What are ionic compounds?
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Bonds between metals and nonmetals
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What are covalent compounds?
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Bonds between nonmetals
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How do you name ionic compounds between 2 elements?
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Cation, anion + -ide
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How do you name ionic compounds with a polyatomic ion?
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Cation, polyatomic ion name
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How do you name an ionic compund containing a transition metal?
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transition metal name and charge, anion with -ide ending
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How do you name a covalent compound between 2 nonmetals?
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Cation plus prefix (except for when it is mono) and anion plus prefix with -ide ending
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How do you name acids?
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hydro- plus -ic (if it is -ate or -ide ending) or -ous (if it is -ite ending)
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What are the electronegativities for nonpolar, polar, and covalent?
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Nonpolar 0 - 0.3
Polar 0.3-1.7 Covalent 1.7+ |
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What is a tetrahedral shape?
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4 atoms bonded
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What is a trigonal pyramidal shape?
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3 atoms bonded with one lone pair
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What is a bent shape?
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2 atoms bonded with 2 lone pairs
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What is a trigonal planar shape?
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3 atoms bonded to a central atom with no lone pairs
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What is a linear shape?
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2 atoms bonded with no lone pair
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What is the polarity if it is symmetrical?
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Nonpolar
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What is the polarity if it is not symmetrical?
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Polar
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What are the properties of ionic compounds?
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high melting and boiling points, soluble in water, electrolytes in water, good conductors of heat and electricity, brittle and hard
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What are the properties of covalent compounds?
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Low melting and boiling points, insoluble in water, bad conductors of heat and electricity, soft and flexible
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What are the 5 main types of chemical reactions?
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synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion
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How are spectator ions, complete ionic equations, and net ionic equations related?
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When aqueous solutions break down, a complete ionic equation shows all of the ions present. Spectator ions are present on both sides of the equation, thus they cancel out. The net ionic equation is what remains after removing the spectator ions. The net ionic equation shows the actual reaction that is producing the solid, gas, or water.
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What is the empirical formula?
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The formula in the lowest whole number ratio between elements
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What is the molecular formula?
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Shows the actual formula, which could be the same as the empirical, or some whole number ratio of it.
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How do you find the number of atoms from the number of moles?
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multiply moles times 6.02 x 10^23
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How do you find the moles of an element in the compound from the number of moles of compound?
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Use the equation to multiply the moles of compound x (moles of element/moles of compound)
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What is the limiting reactant?
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The one that limits the amount of product and determines the amount of product produced (makes the fewest grams of reactant)
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What do solids look like in their molecular motion and particle spacing?
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Tightly packed with little motion
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What do liquids look like in their particle motion and spacing?
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More loosely packed with a little more movement.
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What do gases look like in their molecular motion and particle spacing?
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Very loosely packed and moving in constant, random motion
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What does the Kinetic Theory say?
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Explains the molecular motion in substances relative to the attractive forces between the particles.
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What is dipole-dipole bonding?
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Temporary forces between particles in nonpolar molecules?
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What are dispersion forces?
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Attractive forces between polar molecules
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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An attractive force between a highly electronegative atom and hydrogen
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What are the conversions for atm, mm Hg, kpa, psi, and torr?
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1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kpa = 14.7 psi = 760 torr
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What are the 2 parts of a solution?
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Solute (being dissolved); Solvent (doing dissolving)
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What is a solution?
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A homogeneous mixture with particles that are not visible
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What is a colloid?
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A mixture with bigger particles that create a cloudy appearance.
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What is a suspension?
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A mixture with the biggest particles that are very visible.
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How do you determine molarity?
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moles of solute/liters solution
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How can the rate of a chemical equation be changed?
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Heat, stir, increase concentration, addition of a catalyst or inhibitor
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How does adding reactants affect equilibrium?
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Shift to the right
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When a reaction is endothermic (heat on the left), what does adding heat do?
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Shift to the right
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How does removing products affect equilibrium?
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Shift to the right
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When the value of the equilibrium constant is greater than one, which one is favored?
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Products
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When the value of the equ. const is less than one, which one is favored?
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Reactants
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What is the general acid dissociation constant?
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[H+] [A-] / [HA]
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What are the properties of acids?
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sour, greater hydrogen concetnration, react with metals and limestone, ionize to from hydrogen ions, turn blue litmus paper red, conduct electricity, hydrogen ion donor, amphoteric, monoprotic and polyprotic, produce conjugate base
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What are the properties of bases?
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bitter, greater hydroxide concentration, slippery, turn red litmus paper blue, hydrogen ion acceptor, conduct electricity, amphoteric, produce conjugate acid
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Which element is oxidized?
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The one that loses electrons
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Which element is reduced?
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The one that gains electrons
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Which element is the oxidizing agent?
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The one that is reduced
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Which one is the reducing agent?
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The one that is oxidized.
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How does removing products affect equilibrium?
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Shift to the right
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When the value of the equilibrium constant is greater than one, which one is favored?
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Products
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When the value of the equ. const is less than one, which one is favored?
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Reactants
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What is the general acid dissociation constant?
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[H+] [A-] / [HA]
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What are the properties of acids?
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sour, greater hydrogen concetnration, react with metals and limestone, ionize to from hydrogen ions, turn blue litmus paper red, conduct electricity, hydrogen ion donor, amphoteric, monoprotic and polyprotic, produce conjugate base
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What are the properties of bases?
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bitter, greater hydroxide concentration, slippery, turn red litmus paper blue, hydrogen ion acceptor, conduct electricity, amphoteric, produce conjugate acid
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Which element is oxidized?
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The one that loses electrons
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Which element is reduced?
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The one that gains electrons
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Which element is the oxidizing agent?
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The one that is reduced
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Which one is the reducing agent?
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The one that is oxidized.
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