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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All _________ are composed of cells.
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living things
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Cells are basic units of ______ and ______ in all organisms.
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structures and functions
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New cells are produced from___.
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existing cells
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The cells of eukaryotes have a ________; the cells of ______ don't.
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nuclei
prokaryotes |
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Eukaryotic cells also have a variety of specialized structures called ______.
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organelles
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controls most cell processes and contains DNA
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nucleus
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uses energy from food to make high energy compounds
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mitochondrion
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provides support for the cell
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cell wall
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maintains cell shape with a network of protein fillaments
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cytoskeleton
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uses energy from sunlight to make food molecules
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chloroplast
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site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and where proteins are chemically modified
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endoplasmic recticulum
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modifies, soorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic recticulum
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Golgi apparatus
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What is a cell?
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a unit of structure and function
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What did Anton Leewenhoek look at?
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looked at pond to see if microorganism in 1675 invented a simple "animolecules" microscope
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What did Robert Hooke do in 1655?
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saw cork in a slice and said they looked like a dead cell
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What did Schlieden do in the middle 1800's?
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was a botanist who discovered all plants are made of cells
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What did Schwann discover?
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zoologist who mdiscovered that all animals are made up of cells
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What did Virchow discover?
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all cells come from existing cells, completing the cell theory
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What is a cell theory?
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a fundimental concept of biology
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When was the development of the "electron" micorscope?
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in the 1960's to 1970's
TEM microscope-flat SEM- 3d |
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Cells of prokaryotes have.....
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...a cellular membrane boundary
have contents- cytoplasm do not have nucleus contains genetic material DNA |
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Cells of Eukaryotes have....
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...have a cell membrane
have cytoplasmic contents have a well defined nucleus DNA in nucleus substructures with functions in the cytoplasm called organelles |
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What is a ribosome?
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small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm (proteins are assembled in ribosomes)
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What is an endoplasmic recticulum?
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the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, proteins and other materials are also exported from the cell
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What is the golgi apparatas?
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modify and package proteins for enzymes/ or special secretions
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What is a lysosome?
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small organelles filled with enbzymes(clean up)
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What is a vacuole?
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saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates( storage) (found in a single cell organism)
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Is DNA present in mitochondria? What is mitochondria?
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Some DNA. Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienient for the cell to use ( burns sugars)
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Does every cell have to have mitochondria?
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yes
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What is in a plant cell?
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chloroplast- capture energy from sunlight and convert to chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
cell wall- rigidity additional layer outside cell membrane |
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What is found in an animal cell?
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cell membrane
cytoskeleton- filliments made of protein helps to support the cell centriole- function for reproduction |
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What is a cell boundary?
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thin flexible structure that surrounds a cell, provides structural support and protection, living structure that regulates the passing of particles in and out of the cell
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What is diffusion?
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small random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached
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What is osmosis?
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diffusion of water through a selectivley permeable mmembrane until an equilibrium is reached
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Name some organisms that contain cell walls?
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plants
bacteria algea fungi |
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Cell membranes are made of how many layers of lipid membranes?
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two
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The cell memvrane is part _____ and part _____.
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lipid and part protein
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What is passive transport?
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no cellular energy is used for these actions of processes
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What is concentration?
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a way in measuring how much solute is mixed with solvent, it refers to the ratio of solute to another
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What does isotonic mean?
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same strength
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What does hypertonic mean?
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above strength
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What does hypotonic mean?
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below strength
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________ concluded that the genetic material of a bacteriophage is DNA
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hershey and chase
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________ concluded that DNA was the factor that caused one bacterium to transform into another
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avery
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________ concluded that bacteria could be transformed from harmless to disease causing by an unknown factor
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griffith
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The structure of a DNA molecule can be described as a _______.
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double helix
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The structure of DNA was discovered by ____and ____.
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Watson and Crick
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During the DNA replication, the DNA molecule _______ into two strands.
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seperates
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At the end of DNA replication ________ new strands of DNA have been produced, giving a total of _____ strands of DNA.
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two
four |
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New DNA is replicated in strands complementary to old DNA because production of new DNA follows the rules of ________.
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base pairing
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DNA and RNA are made up of ________ called______.
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repeating monomers called nucleotide
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What are genes?
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coded messages made of DNA, a large complex molecule, DNA is composed of individual units called nucleotides, three of these units form a code
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What is a DNA polymerase?
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enzyme that cuts the DNA strand
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What is a restrictive enzyme?
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cuts DNA into portions
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What is a genome?
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" map of all the DNA" trait by trait
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What is a chromosome?
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condensed DNA
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What is a gene?
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a portion of DNA (polymer)
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What is a thread?
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codes for a trait
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What is an exon?
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" a segment" of DNA (1- side)
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What is an intron?
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a nonsense segment of DNA
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What is a nucleotide?
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the monomer
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