Honors Bio Term 1 Final

Front 1

gases in early earth (hydrogens and carbons 4)

Back 1

hyrdrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

Front 2

gases in early earth #2
3

Back 2

nitrogen, amonia, water, methane

Front 3

earth age

Back 3

4.6 billion

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miller-urey filled with...

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hydrogen, methane, amonia, water, electric sparks. equals amino acids

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endosymbiotic theory

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prokaryote communities to eukaryotes (mitochondria, part of it)

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life appeared

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3.8 billion

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phases

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precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

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mesozoic 3

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triassic, jurassic, cretaceous

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phospholipid bilayer

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cell membrane

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eukaryotic cells

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fungi, plants, animals, protist

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bacilli

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rod shaped

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cocci

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round

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squigly

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spirilla

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golgi apparatus

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package proteins

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lysosomes

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digestion of lipids

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vacuoles

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storage

Front 17

mitochondria

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power house

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chloroplasts

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sunlight to energy

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endoplasmic recticulum

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proteins modified

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chromosomes

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dna package

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cilia

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hairs

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flagellum

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tail

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semipermeable

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only some can get through

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osmosis

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diffusion of water high to low. some too big to pass through

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diffusion

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high to low to get equilibrium

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active transport

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low to high uses energy

Front 27

carrier proteins

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open and close to let in

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hypotonic solution

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solutes (things being dissolved) below concentration

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hypertonic solution

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solutes above concentration

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isotonic

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equal to

Front 31

dna replication

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untwist, unzip, free dna nucleotides w/ exposed bases

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dna replication is semi...

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semiconservative b/e half is kept

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chromatid

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half of a replicated chromosome

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chromatin is

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stretched out dna

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prophase

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spindles to centromeres, equator, cell membrane dissolves

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anaphase

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separate chromosomes

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telophase

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pinch nuclear envelopes

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cytokinesis

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2 genetically identical daughter cells

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interphase

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dna replicates

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codon

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3 dna bases

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1 codon equals

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1 amino acid

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___ different types of aas in body

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20

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structure of dna

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double helix

Front 44

proteins...

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fight diseases, chemical messengers, carry oxygen in the blood, structure, speed up chemical reactions

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amino acid structure

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amino group, alpha carbon, acid group, functional group

Front 46

functional group...

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changes and makes differnt from other aas

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____ amino acids make a protein

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50

Front 48

________ hold nucleotides together

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hydrogen bonds

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_______ hold amino acids together

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peptide bonds

Front 50

humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes

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23

Front 51

dna has...

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dioxyribose sugar, 2 strands, ATCG, can't leave nucleous

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get aas from

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food

Front 53

function of proteins determined by...

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sequence of aas, number of aas, and kinda of aas

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_______make us different from other animals

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proteins

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_____ provides instructions for proteins

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dna

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proteins make ______

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traits

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protein

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worker molocule that makes possible every activity in our body

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base lines up with

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sugar

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enzymes are made of...

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amino acids

Front 60

transcription

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dna to mrna and puts it out into the cytoplasm. attaches to ribosome

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translation

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trna picks up aa and brings to ribosome. leaves top/aa(threonine ect.) b/c linked by peptide bond

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trna

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opposite of mrna, same as dna

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mrna

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opposite of dna and trna

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substrate

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thing that's being acted on by the enzyme (salt)

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active site

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where the substrate connects to the enzyme

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haploid (n)

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gametes have 1/2 the amount f chromosomes (23)

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diploid (2n)

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body cells have 46 chromosomes

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gametes

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sperm and egg cells

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make eggs and sperm

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oocytes and spermocytes

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to go from diploid to haploid

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meiosis

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sperm plus egg equals

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diploid (23+23)

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prophase 1

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crossing over

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metaphase 1

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pairs line up

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anaphase 1

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total pairs pulled apart

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telaphase 1

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same

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meosis first __ and then ___ daughter cells

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2 and 4

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homolougous chromosomes

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same size shape and genes. different alleles

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alleles

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different forms of the same gene

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chiasma

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place where homologous chromosomes touch

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tetrad

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when 2 homolougous chromosomes touch

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genetic variation

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random assortment, crossing over, mutations

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heterozygous

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different alleles

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monohybrid cross

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following one gene

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dihybrid

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following 2 or more genes

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incomplete

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mixture of both (pink)

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codominance

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both alleles represented (tabby cat)

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blood type is

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codominant

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sex linked traits

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big difference in male or female, trait carried on the x chromosome from generation to generation

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carrier

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person who carries the gene but is not affected by it (heterozygous female)

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diabetics lack

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insulin

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hemophiliacs lack

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factor 8

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gel electrophoresis

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used for separating the dna strands in dna fingerprinting

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plasmid

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small piece of dna found in a bacteria cell (5 genes)

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selective breeding, inbreeding

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desired traits, same type

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recombinant dna

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combining dna from 2 different organisms

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genetic engineering

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manipulating dna for beneficial purposes

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making insulin

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add restriction enzyme to a mammal and a bacteria cell

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making insulin 2

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take out insulin gene and insert into the plasmid to make recombinant dna

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making inslulin 3

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reinsert into bacteria and have divide as usual

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restriction enzyme

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used to cut dna

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extracting dna from cells

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cut with restriction enzyme, put into aragose gel, gel electrophoresis

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dna from cells 2

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separate dna into single strands, create unique banding pattern

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dna is is _______ charged

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negatively

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recombinant dna gets inside a plasmid by...

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transformation

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prokaryotes age, eukaryotes age

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3.5 billion, 1.5 billion

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3 kinds of rna

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trna, rrna, mrna

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rrna...

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ribosomal rna

Front 108

what factors effect the action of enzymes? 4

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heat, # of enzymes, # of substrates, strength of bond

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steps to cloning

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body cell nucleous and egg ____. electric shock to fuse. clone to body cell

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hybridization

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2 organisms that are dissimilar to get best

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mitochondrion looks

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oval with squigles

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e.r.

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waves outside nucleous

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chloroplast

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oval with lines