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38 Cards in this Set

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Cell cycle

This is an ordered sequence of events in the eukaryotic cell that is composed of mitosis, interphase growth and DNA synthesis phases.

- complex series of stages


- yeast and amoeba divide to produce two new identical organisms


- begins with one fertilized egg cell

Mitosis

This is the process of sorting and distributing the chromosomes.

- when a cell divides, its nuclear membrane breaks down


- individual chromosomes separate and become visible


- chromosomes are distributed to the daughter cells

Interphase

This is the period between divisons.

- individual chromosomes are not visible in the nucleus


- DNA replicates during part of ___________


- divided into three parts

G1/G0

(Gap 1 or pre replication)


(Gap 0 or nondividing cells)

- during ____, cells can stop dividing and enter ___


- _____ stage is a stopping point within ____


- metabolically active


- specialized to perform tasks necessary to sustain the life of the organism

S

DNA Synthesis

- DNA replication in ___ phase results in duplicated chromosomes

- DNA replication in ___ phase results in duplicated chromosomes

G2

Gap 2 or premitosis

- cells grow and synthesize RNA


- synthesize proteins


- synthesize other macromolecules


- preform cell's special function in a multicellular organism

M

Mitosis

- cell division occurs here

- cell division occurs here



Restriction point

This is a point within the cell cycle. Once this point has happened, a cell must go through a full round of the cell cycle.

- "Point of no return"


- when a cell in G0 or G1 receives a signal, it passes through the __________


- cannot return to G0 or G1 stage before going through the cell cycle

Cytokinesis

This is the division of the whole cell.

- happens after mitosis


- movement of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane divides a cell in two

Daughter cell

This is either of the two cells that undergoes cell division by mitosis.

- genetically identical to the parent cell


- they contain the same number and type of chromosomes

Nucleotide base pairing

This is the process of DNA replication that depends on the molecular of DNA and it's nucleotide bases.

- depends on how many hydrogen bonds with each nitrogen base can form with its counterpart


- adenine-thymine


- guanine-cytosine

Hydrogen bond

This is a weak attraction between hydrogen atoms and oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atoms.

- holds together the strands of DNA in the double helix
- antiparallel 

- holds together the strands of DNA in the double helix


- antiparallel

Antiparallel

This is when something is parallel but is moving in opposite directions.

- strands of DNA double helix

- strands of DNA double helix



DNA polymerase

This is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the new DNA strand.

- new copies of DNA


- in the form of nucleic acid molecules


- promote replication

Semiconservative replication

This is what would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand.

- normal process of DNA synthesis


- two strands of DNA helix separate


- mode by which DNA replicates

Histone

This is any group of basic proteins found in chromatin.

- grouping 

- grouping

Chromosome

This is a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. It carries the genetic information in the form of genes.

- single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins


- carries genes that determines heredity


- encoded with genes


- total of 46

Chromatin

This is the chromosomal material as it ordinarily appears in a cell's nucleus, with individual chromosomes indistinct.

- consists of protein, RNA, DNA


- used in cell division


- consists mainly of DNA and proteins called histones

Mutation

This is any change in the sequence of a cell's DNA.

- can be non harmful, harmful, or lethal


- play a major role in the development of cancers



Mutagen

This is an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance that causes a genetic mutation.

- usually DNA


- causes breaks in chromosomes


- X-rays


- carcinogens

Excision repair

This is a process by which mutations are repaired.

- enzyme recognizes the mismatch and binds to DNA


- breaks sugar-phosphate bonds of mismatched section


- removes damaged or mutant DNA

Leading Strand/Lagging Strand

Leading strand is the strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously during replication. The lagging strand is the DNA strand that is replicated discontinuously from the 5' to the 3' direction.

- DNA replication 

- DNA replication

Sister chromatids

These are the two copies of each chromosome made during the S phase.

- when DNA replication is complete, the cell passes from the S phase to the G2 phase


- these are ready to be separated and delivered to each new nucleus

Centromere

This is a specialized region of a chromosome that holds two replicated chromosomal strands together and that attaches to the spindle in mitosis.

- near the center of the chromosome


- chromatids still attached by proteins at a narrow point called the ________

Aneuploid

These are daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

- not exact 
- genetic mutation 

- not exact


- genetic mutation

Prophase

First step in mitosis.

- begins when the nuclear membrane breaks down into small vesicles


- chromosomes condense and become visible under light microscope


- microtubules begin to form

Metaphase

This is the second stage of mitosis.

- between prophase and anaphase


- chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers


- pairing up socks

Anaphase

This is the third step in mitosis.

- between metaphase and telophase


- chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle

Telophase

This is the last step in mitosis. This is when chromosomes begin to expand.

- comes after anaphase


- chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

Centrioles

This is an organelle located near the nucleus that occurs in pairs and is involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

- cylindrical organelle


- found in animal cells


- in cytoplasm



(Mitotic) spindle (fibrers)

These are what form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell.

- necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells


- divides genetic material


- form at opposite poles of cell

Spindle poles

This is the microtubule organizing center, functionally equivalent to the centrosome.

- in yeast cells


- does not contain centrioles


- organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton



Kinetochore

This is the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division.

- another term for centromere


- constricted central region


- joins two sister chromatids


- responsible for movement

Cyclins

This is what regulates progression through the cell cycle.

- initiates certain processes of mitosis


- DNA synthesis


- fluctuate in concentrations at specific points

Kinases

This is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.

- protein ______


- tyrosine ______


- hexo_______

Cell-cycle arrest

This is a stopping point in the cell cycle, where it is no longer involved in the processes surrounding duplication and division.

- number of checkpoints leading to the _________


- can be induced by external factors


- exposure to radiation

Cancer

This is the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.

- breast _____


- liver _______


- lung _______


- adrenal ________

Checkpoints

Eukaryotic cells have an elaborate system that monitors the condition of DNA, the chromosomes and the mitotic spindle.

- prevents things from going wrong


- as cells multiply during the growth of multicellular organisms, uncorrected problems can cause large numbers of cells to die or malfunction