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35 Cards in this Set

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Vascular Plants

These are the ancestors of all plants except mosses and their relatives.

- poales


- magnoliopsida


- liliales


- tree ferns

Lignin

This is a hard material that is embedded in the cellulose matrix of the cell walls.

- support trees


- support other large vascular plants


- important adaption

Xylem

This is what carries water and minerals up from the roots.

- hollow tube-shaped cells


- wood


- mature ______ cells are nonliving hollow tubes

Phloem

This is a portion of of the vascular system in plants that consist of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and the other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

- streaming cytoplasm


- living tissue


- innermost layer in bark

Tracheids

This is the water-conducting and supportive element of xylem.

- composed of long thin cells


- tapered ends


- hardened walls

Vessel Elements

This is a short, wide cell in the plant that forms a tube that transports water and dissolved materials.

- arranged from end to end with other such cells


- less tapered than tracheids


- water can flow freely through openings

Cohesion

This is the tendency of water to stick together.

- cause water to rise up inside a glass tube placed in a container of water


- capillary action


Adhesion

This is the attractive force between different substances.

- form weak bonds to other charged molecules


- capillary action


- cause water to rise up inside a glass tube placed in a container of water

Sieve Tubes

This is a column of phloem cells in a plant.

- elongated cell

- elongated cell

Endosperm

A type of tissue that surrounds the embryo as it develops.

- helps transfer nutrients


- embryo can digest and consume ________ during seed development

Cotyledons

These are the bumps or the seed leaves of the embryo.

- not true leaves


- carry on photosynthesis until the first leaves of the newly sprouted plant develop.


- absorb nutrients from endosperm

Apical Meristems

This is the embryonic plant tissue in the tips of the roots and shoots that supplies cells for growth in length.

- divide and produce new cells

- divide and produce new cells



Seed Coat

This is the tough, protective outer covering of a seed.

- maternal flower tissues form a ________


- encloses endosperm and embryo


- because of _______ seeds can remain alive for years

Germination

This is the sprouting of the seed.

- important process


- sprouting of a seedling from a seed of angiosperm or gymnosperm


- growth of sporeling from a spore

Primary Growth

This is the growth from the meristems present in the embryo.

- cell divisions in apical meristems provide steady supply of new cells


- these cells expand mostly along the direction of the root and stem, making the organs longer.

Node

This is the point at which the leaf emerges.

- contributes cells to stem growth


- starch and lipids


- organizer tissue

Root cap

This is a tough tissue mass that covers and protects the apical meristem as the root grows through the soil.

- also called calyptra


- section of tissue at the top of the plant root


- loosely arranged cells


- protection

Epidermis

This is the outer covering of animals and plants.

- surface cells make up the _____


- "skin"


- nonvascular


- mostly made up of flat, scale-like cells

Cuticle

This is the waxy outer layer covering the surfaces of most land-dwelling plants, animals, and fungi.

- keeps moisture in


- keeps pathogenic microorganisms out


- water-impervious protective layer


- covers epidermal cells

Vascular Tissue

This is the tissue in plants that is specialized for the transport of food, water, and minerals.

- helps support the plant body


- phloem and xylem consist of __________



Ground Tissue

These are the other tissues that fill up the plant body, giving it shape and internal support.

- some ______ become specialized


- mesophyll cells of leaves are specialized for photosynthesis


- can contribute to nutrient storage, mechanical support and other functions

Secondary Growth

This is the growth in thickness or diameter of a plant stem or root.

- results from cell division in the cambia

- results from cell division in the cambia



Vascular Cambium

This is a lateral meristem that produces secondary growth, increasing the diameter of stems and roots.

- xylem on inner surface
- phloem on the outer surface
- produces cells 

- xylem on inner surface


- phloem on the outer surface


- produces cells

Pericycle

This is a cylinder of meristem tissue that surrounds the xylem and phloem in the root.

- surrounding


- lies inside endodermis


- outer most part of the stele of plants

Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)

This is a substance that promotes, inhibits, or alters plant growth.

- function somewhat as hormones do in animals


- function as chemical messengers for intercellular communication.

Auxins

These were the first PGRs to be identified.

- produced in apical meristems


- move through plant through active transport


- can stimulate receptive cells in the growing regions of the plant to elongate

Gibberellins

These were discovered in the 1920s by the Japanese scientist Eiichi Kurosawa.

- produces a chemical that causes abnormal growth


- it stimulates stem elongation


- involved in reproduction


- can cause fruit to grow

Cytokinins

This is the third group of naturally occurring PGRs.

- promote cell division


- promotes organ development


- usually work in combination with auxins and other hormones to regulate total growth pattern of the plant.

Abscisic acid

This is what is synthesized in response to dry conditions.

- stimulates closing of stomata


- protects plants against water loss


- stimulates synthesis of storage protein

Ethylene

This is a PGR that is a simple gas. (C2H4)

- promotes aging of tissues


- opposes many effects of auxins and cytokinins


- suppresses development of the lower buds


-ripening of fruits

Tropism

This is growth toward or away from a stimulus.

- result in differences from growth between parts of an organ


- turning


- geotropism


- hydrotropism

Phototropism

This is the growth of plants towards life.

- studied by Charles Darwin


- cells on the lighted side stop growing


- cells on shaded side continue to elongate


- differential growth bends the plant toward the light

Gravitropism

This is the growth toward or away from Earth's gravitational pull.

- stems are negatively gravitropic


- roots are positively gravitropic



Photoperiodism

This is a biological response to the length of day or night, such as in flowering plants.

- changing season effect organisms


- plants may respond by producing reproductive organs (flowers, seeds, fruits)


- physiological reaction

Phytochrome

This is a light absorbing pigment involved in plant photoperiodism.

- Pr absorbs red light


- Pfr absorbs far-red light


- after sunset, Pfr gradually converts back to Pr


- ________ has two slightly different chemical structure.