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35 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Vascular Plants |
These are the ancestors of all plants except mosses and their relatives. |
- poales - magnoliopsida - liliales - tree ferns |
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Lignin |
This is a hard material that is embedded in the cellulose matrix of the cell walls. |
- support trees - support other large vascular plants - important adaption |
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Xylem |
This is what carries water and minerals up from the roots. |
- hollow tube-shaped cells - wood - mature ______ cells are nonliving hollow tubes |
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Phloem |
This is a portion of of the vascular system in plants that consist of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and the other organic nutrients throughout the plant. |
- streaming cytoplasm - living tissue - innermost layer in bark |
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Tracheids |
This is the water-conducting and supportive element of xylem. |
- composed of long thin cells - tapered ends - hardened walls |
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Vessel Elements |
This is a short, wide cell in the plant that forms a tube that transports water and dissolved materials. |
- arranged from end to end with other such cells - less tapered than tracheids - water can flow freely through openings |
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Cohesion |
This is the tendency of water to stick together. |
- cause water to rise up inside a glass tube placed in a container of water - capillary action
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Adhesion |
This is the attractive force between different substances. |
- form weak bonds to other charged molecules - capillary action - cause water to rise up inside a glass tube placed in a container of water |
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Sieve Tubes |
This is a column of phloem cells in a plant. |
- elongated cell |
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Endosperm |
A type of tissue that surrounds the embryo as it develops. |
- helps transfer nutrients - embryo can digest and consume ________ during seed development |
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Cotyledons |
These are the bumps or the seed leaves of the embryo. |
- not true leaves - carry on photosynthesis until the first leaves of the newly sprouted plant develop. - absorb nutrients from endosperm |
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Apical Meristems |
This is the embryonic plant tissue in the tips of the roots and shoots that supplies cells for growth in length. |
- divide and produce new cells |
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Seed Coat |
This is the tough, protective outer covering of a seed. |
- maternal flower tissues form a ________ - encloses endosperm and embryo - because of _______ seeds can remain alive for years |
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Germination |
This is the sprouting of the seed. |
- important process - sprouting of a seedling from a seed of angiosperm or gymnosperm - growth of sporeling from a spore |
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Primary Growth |
This is the growth from the meristems present in the embryo. |
- cell divisions in apical meristems provide steady supply of new cells - these cells expand mostly along the direction of the root and stem, making the organs longer. |
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Node |
This is the point at which the leaf emerges. |
- contributes cells to stem growth - starch and lipids - organizer tissue |
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Root cap |
This is a tough tissue mass that covers and protects the apical meristem as the root grows through the soil. |
- also called calyptra - section of tissue at the top of the plant root - loosely arranged cells - protection |
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Epidermis |
This is the outer covering of animals and plants. |
- surface cells make up the _____ - "skin" - nonvascular - mostly made up of flat, scale-like cells |
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Cuticle |
This is the waxy outer layer covering the surfaces of most land-dwelling plants, animals, and fungi. |
- keeps moisture in - keeps pathogenic microorganisms out - water-impervious protective layer - covers epidermal cells |
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Vascular Tissue |
This is the tissue in plants that is specialized for the transport of food, water, and minerals. |
- helps support the plant body - phloem and xylem consist of __________ |
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Ground Tissue |
These are the other tissues that fill up the plant body, giving it shape and internal support. |
- some ______ become specialized - mesophyll cells of leaves are specialized for photosynthesis - can contribute to nutrient storage, mechanical support and other functions |
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Secondary Growth |
This is the growth in thickness or diameter of a plant stem or root. |
- results from cell division in the cambia |
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Vascular Cambium |
This is a lateral meristem that produces secondary growth, increasing the diameter of stems and roots. |
- xylem on inner surface - phloem on the outer surface - produces cells |
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Pericycle |
This is a cylinder of meristem tissue that surrounds the xylem and phloem in the root. |
- surrounding - lies inside endodermis - outer most part of the stele of plants |
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Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) |
This is a substance that promotes, inhibits, or alters plant growth. |
- function somewhat as hormones do in animals - function as chemical messengers for intercellular communication. |
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Auxins |
These were the first PGRs to be identified. |
- produced in apical meristems - move through plant through active transport - can stimulate receptive cells in the growing regions of the plant to elongate |
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Gibberellins |
These were discovered in the 1920s by the Japanese scientist Eiichi Kurosawa. |
- produces a chemical that causes abnormal growth - it stimulates stem elongation - involved in reproduction - can cause fruit to grow |
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Cytokinins |
This is the third group of naturally occurring PGRs. |
- promote cell division - promotes organ development - usually work in combination with auxins and other hormones to regulate total growth pattern of the plant. |
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Abscisic acid |
This is what is synthesized in response to dry conditions. |
- stimulates closing of stomata - protects plants against water loss - stimulates synthesis of storage protein |
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Ethylene |
This is a PGR that is a simple gas. (C2H4) |
- promotes aging of tissues - opposes many effects of auxins and cytokinins - suppresses development of the lower buds -ripening of fruits |
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Tropism |
This is growth toward or away from a stimulus. |
- result in differences from growth between parts of an organ - turning - geotropism - hydrotropism |
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Phototropism |
This is the growth of plants towards life. |
- studied by Charles Darwin - cells on the lighted side stop growing - cells on shaded side continue to elongate - differential growth bends the plant toward the light |
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Gravitropism |
This is the growth toward or away from Earth's gravitational pull. |
- stems are negatively gravitropic - roots are positively gravitropic |
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Photoperiodism |
This is a biological response to the length of day or night, such as in flowering plants. |
- changing season effect organisms - plants may respond by producing reproductive organs (flowers, seeds, fruits) - physiological reaction |
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Phytochrome |
This is a light absorbing pigment involved in plant photoperiodism. |
- Pr absorbs red light - Pfr absorbs far-red light - after sunset, Pfr gradually converts back to Pr - ________ has two slightly different chemical structure. |