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32 Cards in this Set
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Metabolism |
The chemical reactions that happen in an organism. |
Synthesis and decomposition are the two parts. The biggest energy carrier for this is ATP. |
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Biosynthesis |
When organisms produce complex molecules. |
Simple compounds made in biosynthesis can be used as carbon skeletons in this. Uses ATP. |
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Decomposition |
Breaks down organic food molecules into simpler forms to release energy. |
One of the parts of metabolism. Organisms use this process to make ATM. |
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Cell respiration |
How cells get the energy they need to function. |
Can be described as a pathway of decomposition. Breaks down substances into carbon dioxide and water. |
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Aerobic |
When cellular respiration happens when there is oxygen. |
Oxygen is the oxidizing agent. The opposite of anaerobic respiration. |
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Anaerobic |
When cellular respiration happens without oyxgen, and it cannot be completed. |
It will releases less energy, or another compound will substitute for oyxgen. The opposite of aerobic respiration. |
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Fermentation |
A metabolic process where sugar is converted into acids, alcohol, or gases. |
This process happens in yeast and bacteria. It can also happen in muscle cells that are anaerobic. |
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Glycolysis |
When enzymes partially oxidize glucose and slit it into two 3-carbon molecules. |
This is the first stage of aerobic respiration. It releases enough energy to form a small amount of ATP. |
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Glucose |
The most important simple sugar in the metabolism of humans. |
Otherwise known as C6H12O6. |
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Krebs cycle |
When an enzyme releases a molecule of carbon dioxide from each of the 3-carbon molecules that were produced in glycolysis. Then the 2-carbon molecules are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. |
This is the second stage of aerobic respiration. More ATP molecules form. |
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NAD+/NADH |
Where electrons and protons pass after they go through the Krebs cycle.
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NAD+ is then turned into NADH and oxidized and put back into the cycle. NADH and NADPH are the same except for the extra phosphate group in NADPH. |
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FAD/FADH2 |
When two hydrogen atoms from glucose reduce a second hydrogen carrier molecule (FAD). |
FAD + 2H yield FADH2 FADH2 carries hydrogen into cells. |
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Electron transport system |
When NADH is oxidized and donates protons and electrons. |
This is the third stage of cellular respiration. The protons and electrons are turned into oxygen and then water. |
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ATP |
A high energy molecule. |
Also known as Adenosine Triphosphate. 'The energy currency of life'. |
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Pyruvate |
When two 3-carbon sugar phosphates are partially oxidized to form this 3-carbon compound.
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The oxidation of sugar phosphates leads to a reduction in NAD+. Some of the energy made in this process is turned into ATP. |
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Lactate |
A 3-carbon acid produced in glycolysis. |
Occurs if the supply of oxygen is low, and cells reverse the oxidation that made Pyruvate. NADH and Pyruvate would be cknverted back into NAD+ and lactate. |
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Lactic acid fermentation |
When in sufficient oxygen is present and the cell has to reverse the Pyruvate, called the anaerobic pathway. |
Glycolysis is also the first step in fermentation. There are many types of fermentations thanks to evolution. |
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Mitochondria |
Organelles where the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system occur. |
Called the powerhouse of the cell because that is where the most ATP is synthesized. Provide efficiency and organization to cellular respiration. |
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Matrix |
The specific part of the mitochondria where organic molecules oxidize. |
Specialized structures are embedded in this. Found in both plant and animal cells. |
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Cristae |
A fold in the inner inner membrane of the mitochondria. |
Provides a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to happen on. |
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Acetate |
A combination of a methyl group and a carboxylic acid this. |
Not common in common biological carbon sources other than gases. It can diffuse through membranes. |
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Citrate |
An enzyme in the Krebs cycle. |
This cataclyzes acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate to make citric acid. Also called citrogenase. |
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Coenzyme A |
A carrier molecule in the Krebs cycle. |
Binds with acetate to make acetate CoA. This is recycled through the cycle again and again. |
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Cytochromes |
Enzymes and other proteins that are easily reduced and oxidized. |
Makes up the electron transport system. They are located in the inner membranes of the mitochondria. |
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Facultative aerobes |
Bacteria that can survive for long periods of time without oxygen. |
They are able to switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation. The opposite of obligate Anaerobes. |
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Obligate anaerobes |
Make ATP only from fermentation and anaerobic respiration. |
They are poisoned by oyxgen. They are always types of bacteria. |
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Obligate aerobes |
Cannot survive withou put oxygen for long. |
Most organisms are these, all plants and animals are. The opposite of obligate anaerobes. |
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Hydrolysis |
A digestive breakdown where hydrogen and oxygen are inserted into a bond to break it. |
Most biological compositions involve this. Use this to break starch into simple sugars and fats into fatty acids. |
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Oxidize |
When a molecule loses electrons. |
part of oxidation-reduction reactions. Reduction is when molecules gain an electron. |
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Ruduce |
When a molecule gains an electron. |
Part of oxidation-reduction reaction. Oxidation is when a molecule loses electrons. |
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Glucose |
The most important simple sugar in the metabolism of humans.
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Also known as C6H12O6. |
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ATP synthase |
An enzyme that provides energy for a cell to use when adenosine Triphosphate is synthesized. |
It is the most commonly used "energy currency." |