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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Metabolism |
This is the chemical reactions in an organism. |
- synthesis - decomposition - used to make ATP |
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Biosynthesis |
This is reactions that form larger, more complex bio molecules to small, less complex ones. |
- formation of starch from glucose and DNA from nucleotides - build proteins from amino acids - build tissues - consumes free energy - enables organisms to grow and maintain structure |
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Decomposition |
These are reactions that release energy by breaking down large compounds. |
- used to make ATP - can serve as carbon skeletons in biosynthesis |
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Cell respiration |
This is a decomposition pathway that provides the energy the cells need in order to function properly. |
- break down sugars - releases free energy - some of the energy is conserved in ATP |
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Aerobic |
This means that oxygen is present. |
- oxygen receives electrons from decomposed substrates |
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Anaerobic |
This means that oxygen is not present. |
- partly decomposed - releases less energy - nitrogen or sulfur substrate may substitute for ________ |
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Fermentation |
This is the release of energy during chemical breakdown of food, especially sugars without oxygen. |
- yeast - ethanol - bacteria |
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Glycolysis |
This is when enzymes partially oxidize glucose and split it into 3 carbon molecules. |
- releases energy to form small amount of ATP - aerobic and anaerobic |
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Glucose |
This is the raw material for glycolysis in animal cells. |
- breaks into two pieces - some ATP forms - some NAD+ reduced to form NADPH |
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Krebs Cycle |
This is the second stage in which two carbon molecules are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide. |
- additional ATP molecules form - conserves some energy |
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NAD+/NADPH |
NAD+ is reduced as it receives electrons and protons from glucose. NADH is oxidized as it donates electrons and protons to the electron transport system. |
- reduce _____ to form ______ - oxidize |
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FAD/FADH2 |
This is when two hydrogen atoms derived from glucose reduce a second hydrogen carrier molecule. |
- carry hydrogen in cells - reduces oxygen to form water - energy released is used to synthesize ATP |
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Electron Transport System |
This is the third stage of respiration in which NADH is oxidized as it donates protons and electrons. |
- regenerates the supply of NAD+ - transfers to oxygen, forming water - energy is available to form ATP |
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ATP |
This is the free energy that follows a series of electron transfers. |
- free energy released through oxidation - connects many energy conversion reactions during metabolism - "energy currency" of living cells |
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Pyruvate |
These are enzymes that partially oxidize glucose into two 3 carbon compounds. |
- needed to be converted to lactic acid - part of glycolysis |
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Lactate |
This is the ion of a 3 carbon acid formed from pyruvic acid in fermentation. |
- convert NADH and pyruvate into NAD+ and _______ - could be ethanol or acetic |
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Lactic Acid Fermentation |
This is an anaerobic pathway that produces ATP when the conversion of pyruvate to lactate produces NAD+. |
- without oxygen - could be ethanol or acetic - cycles back through glycolysis |
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Mitochondrion |
These are the organelles where the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport System occur. |
- provide efficiency - provide organization - uses pyruvate |
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Matrix |
This is the inner fluid part of the mitochondria. |
- where the Krebs cycle happens - where the electron transport system happens |
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Cristae |
These are the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria. |
- touches inside of mitochondria - has all enzymes needed for the ets and ATP formation |
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Acetate |
This is an organic acid released in the mitochondria from pyruvate. |
- created in Krebs Cycle - ________ is what is left over of pyruvate when CO2 is released. |
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Citrate |
A salt, ester, or anion of citric acid. |
- natural preservative - occurs in metabolism of all aerobic organisms |
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Coenzyme A/acetyl CoA |
This is a carrier molecule that binds to acetate to form this complex. |
- _______ brings acetate to the Krebs cycle - binds with acetate - recycled through cycle repeatedly |
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Cytochromes |
This is an electron carrying pigment in electron transport systems. Cytochrome c is the most abundant. |
- embedded in inner membranes of mitochondria - separates hydrogen atoms into protons and electrons. |
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Facultative aerobes |
Bacteria that can survive long periods of time without oxygen. |
- pathogens - shigella - E. Coli |
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Obligate anaerobes |
This is a microorganism that lives without using oxygen and and finds oxygen harmful. |
- bacteroides - can cause infections |
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Obligate aerobes |
A microorganism that requires oxygen in order to live |
- dogs - cats - humans - bear |
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Hydrolysis |
This is a chemical reaction where an interaction between a compound and water results in decomposition. |
- most biological decomposition a involve this - sodium acetate |
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Oxidize |
This is when molecules lose electrons. |
- rusty car - brown Apple - loss of ______ |
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Reduce |
When molecules gain electrons. |
- opposite of oxidize - gain of electrons |
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Glucose |
This is a simple sugar that is important in getting energy in living organisms. |
- often gets broken down - apples - pineapples - apricots |
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ATP Synthase |
This is an enzyme complex in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that catalyzes the formation of ATP. |
- powered by ATP hydrolysis - an enzyme that provides ______ for the cell. |