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32 Cards in this Set

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Metabolism

This is the chemical reactions in an organism.

- synthesis 
- decomposition 
- used to make ATP

- synthesis


- decomposition


- used to make ATP

Biosynthesis

This is reactions that form larger, more complex bio molecules to small, less complex ones.

- formation of starch from glucose and DNA from nucleotides


- build proteins from amino acids


- build tissues


- consumes free energy


- enables organisms to grow and maintain structure

Decomposition

These are reactions that release energy by breaking down large compounds.

- used to make ATP
- can serve as carbon skeletons in biosynthesis

- used to make ATP


- can serve as carbon skeletons in biosynthesis



Cell respiration

This is a decomposition pathway that provides the energy the cells need in order to function properly.

- break down sugars
- releases free energy
- some of the energy is conserved in ATP

- break down sugars


- releases free energy


- some of the energy is conserved in ATP

Aerobic

This means that oxygen is present.

- oxygen receives electrons from decomposed substrates

- oxygen receives electrons from decomposed substrates

Anaerobic

This means that oxygen is not present.

- partly decomposed


- releases less energy


- nitrogen or sulfur substrate may substitute for ________

Fermentation

This is the release of energy during chemical breakdown of food, especially sugars without oxygen.

- yeast
- ethanol 
- bacteria

- yeast


- ethanol


- bacteria

Glycolysis

This is when enzymes partially oxidize glucose and split it into 3 carbon molecules.

- releases energy to form small amount of ATP
- aerobic and anaerobic 

- releases energy to form small amount of ATP


- aerobic and anaerobic

Glucose

This is the raw material for glycolysis in animal cells.

- breaks into two pieces
- some ATP forms
- some NAD+ reduced to form NADPH

- breaks into two pieces


- some ATP forms


- some NAD+ reduced to form NADPH

Krebs Cycle

This is the second stage in which two carbon molecules are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide.

- additional ATP molecules form
- conserves some energy 

- additional ATP molecules form


- conserves some energy



NAD+/NADPH

NAD+ is reduced as it receives electrons and protons from glucose. NADH is oxidized as it donates electrons and protons to the electron transport system.

- reduce _____ to form ______
- oxidize 

- reduce _____ to form ______


- oxidize



FAD/FADH2

This is when two hydrogen atoms derived from glucose reduce a second hydrogen carrier molecule.

- carry hydrogen in cells


- reduces oxygen to form water


- energy released is used to synthesize ATP

Electron Transport System

This is the third stage of respiration in which NADH is oxidized as it donates protons and electrons.

- regenerates the supply of NAD+


- transfers to oxygen, forming water


- energy is available to form ATP

ATP

This is the free energy that follows a series of electron transfers.

- free energy released through oxidation


- connects many energy conversion reactions during metabolism


- "energy currency" of living cells

Pyruvate

These are enzymes that partially oxidize glucose into two 3 carbon compounds.

- needed to be converted to lactic acid 
- part of glycolysis 

- needed to be converted to lactic acid


- part of glycolysis

Lactate

This is the ion of a 3 carbon acid formed from pyruvic acid in fermentation.

- convert NADH and pyruvate into NAD+ and _______
- could be ethanol or acetic 

- convert NADH and pyruvate into NAD+ and _______


- could be ethanol or acetic

Lactic Acid Fermentation

This is an anaerobic pathway that produces ATP when the conversion of pyruvate to lactate produces NAD+.

- without oxygen


- could be ethanol or acetic


- cycles back through glycolysis

Mitochondrion

These are the organelles where the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport System occur.

- provide efficiency


- provide organization


- uses pyruvate

Matrix

This is the inner fluid part of the mitochondria.

- where the Krebs cycle happens
- where the electron transport system happens 

- where the Krebs cycle happens


- where the electron transport system happens



Cristae

These are the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria.

- touches inside of mitochondria
- has all enzymes needed for the ets and ATP formation 

- touches inside of mitochondria


- has all enzymes needed for the ets and ATP formation

Acetate

This is an organic acid released in the mitochondria from pyruvate.

- created in Krebs Cycle
- ________ is what is left over of pyruvate when CO2 is released. 

- created in Krebs Cycle


- ________ is what is left over of pyruvate when CO2 is released.

Citrate

A salt, ester, or anion of citric acid.

- natural preservative 
- occurs in metabolism of all aerobic organisms 

- natural preservative


- occurs in metabolism of all aerobic organisms

Coenzyme A/acetyl CoA

This is a carrier molecule that binds to acetate to form this complex.

- _______ brings acetate to the Krebs cycle


- binds with acetate


- recycled through cycle repeatedly

Cytochromes

This is an electron carrying pigment in electron transport systems. Cytochrome c is the most abundant.

- embedded in inner membranes of mitochondria
- separates hydrogen atoms into protons and electrons. 

- embedded in inner membranes of mitochondria


- separates hydrogen atoms into protons and electrons.

Facultative aerobes

Bacteria that can survive long periods of time without oxygen.

- pathogens


- shigella


- E. Coli

Obligate anaerobes

This is a microorganism that lives without using oxygen and and finds oxygen harmful.

- bacteroides
- can cause infections 

- bacteroides


- can cause infections

Obligate aerobes

A microorganism that requires oxygen in order to live

- dogs


- cats


- humans


- bear

Hydrolysis

This is a chemical reaction where an interaction between a compound and water results in decomposition.

- most biological decomposition a involve this
- sodium acetate 

- most biological decomposition a involve this


- sodium acetate

Oxidize

This is when molecules lose electrons.

- rusty car


- brown Apple


- loss of ______

Reduce

When molecules gain electrons.

- opposite of oxidize 
- gain of electrons 

- opposite of oxidize


- gain of electrons

Glucose

This is a simple sugar that is important in getting energy in living organisms.

- often gets broken down


- apples


- pineapples


- apricots

ATP Synthase

This is an enzyme complex in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that catalyzes the formation of ATP.

- powered by ATP hydrolysis 
- an enzyme that provides ______ for the cell.

- powered by ATP hydrolysis


- an enzyme that provides ______ for the cell.