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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How blood enters and exists the kidney
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renal arter --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> vasa recta --> renal vein
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filtration
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filtrate is isotonic with blood plasma
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secretion
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- nephron secretes substances such as acids, bases, and ions from intersitial fluid into the filtrate
- secretion maintains blood pH, K+ in blood, and nitrogenous waste in filtrate |
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reabsorption
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- return to blood
- essential substance (glucose, salts, aa) and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to blood - forms concentrated urine, which is hypertonic to the blood |
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selective permeability
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- only in presence of ADH is the collecting duct permeable to H2O
- walls fo proximal tubule and descending limb of loop of Henle are permeable to water - walls of lower ascending limb is permeable to salt only |
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walls permeabile to water
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- proximal tubule
- descending limb of loop of Henle |
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walls permeable to salt only
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- ascending limb of loop of Henle
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Osmolarity gradient
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- osmolarity inceases from cortex to inner medulla
- solutes contributing to gradient are urea and Na+ and Cl- |
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Urea movement
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urea diffuses out of collecting duct, and it eventually reenters the nephron by diffusing into the ascending limb
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Na+ Cl- movement
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Na+ Cl- diffuse out of the lower half of the ascending limb, while upper half actively pumps out Na+ (Cl- follows)
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Flow of filtrate
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- filtrate enters Bowman's capsule and flows into the proximal convoluted tubule, where virtually all glucose, aa, and other molecules are reabsorbed (into blood) via active transport
- filtrate then flows down descending limb into renal medula, where there is an increasing ionic concentration in interstitial fluid, causing more water to diffuse out of nephron - filtrate flows through ascending limb that's impermeable to water, then into distal convoluted tubule - filtrate continues through collecting duct where water reabsorption is under hormonal ADH control |
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urine
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- hypertonic to blood
- highly concentrated in urea and other solutes |
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aldosterone
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- produced in adrenal cortex
- stimulates reabsorption of Na+ from collecting duct and secretion of K+ |
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Effect of Na+ reabsorption
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- increasea water reabsorption, leading to rise in blood volume, and thus rise in blood pressure
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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- formed in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary
- acts directly on collecting duct, increasing its permeability to water - high solute concentration in blood causes increased ADH secretion (low solute concentration reduces ADH) |
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liver
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- glucose to glycogen
- glycogen to glucose - noncarbohydrates to glucose (gluconeogenesis) - detoxification of toxins storage of iron and vitamin B12 - destruction of old RBCs - make bile - make blood proteins - defense against antigens - beta-oxidation of fatty acids to ketons - interconversion of carbohydrates, fates, and aa |
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epidermis
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- outermost epithelial later of skin
- composed of several layers |
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dermis
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- below epidermis
- subdivided into layer of loose connective tissue |
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hypodermis
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- below dermis
- composed of loose connective tissue - lots of fat cells - binds outer skin layers to body |
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Which of the following will most likely filter through glomerulous?
a. erythrocytes b. monosaccharides c. leukocytes d. platelets e. proteins |
b. monosaccharides
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Which region of the kidney has the lowest solue concentration?
a. nephron b. cortex c. medulla d. pelvis e. epithelia |
c. medulla
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Sequence through which blood flows through vesselsin the kidney.
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renal artery, afferent afteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, vasa recta, renal vein
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In the nephron, aa enter the vasa recta via the process of:
a. filtration b. secretion c. excretion d. reabsorption e. osmoregulation |
d. reabsorption
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Which of the following is a mechanism of heat loss?
a. constriction of blood vessels in the skin b. inhibition of antidiuretic hormone c. inhibition of aldosterone d. dilation of blood vessels in skin |
d. dilation of blood vessels in the skin
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Glucose reabsorption in the nephron occurs in the:
a. loop of Henle b. distal tubule c. proximal tubule d. collecting duct |
c. proximal tubule
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All of the following are functions of the liver except:
a. conversion of glucose into glycogen b. destruction of RBCs c. storage of bile d. detoxification of toxins e. beta-oxidation of fatty acid |
c. storage of bile
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Urine is:
a. hypotonic to the blood b. hypertonic to the blood c. hypertonic to the filtrate d. hypotonic to the vasa recta e. isotonic to the interstitial fluid in the cortex |
b. hypertonic to the blood
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