Homeostasis

Front 1

this body system serves many functions including the regulation of blood pressure, blood osmolarity, acid base balance and removal of nitrogenous wastes

Back 1

excretory system

Front 2

this produces urine

Back 2

kidney

Front 3

where does urine dump into the ureter?

Back 3

renal pelvis

Front 4

where is urine collected and stored before it is secreted through the urethra?

Back 4

bladder

Front 5

urine is excreted through this

Back 5

urethra

Front 6

the kidney can be divided into what 2 distinct regions?

Back 6

cortex and medulla

Front 7

this contains a renal artery, renal vein and ureter

Back 7

hilum

Front 8

the kidney contains a ____________ ___________ with two capillary beds in series

Back 8

portal system

Front 9

what does blood from the renal artery flow into?

Back 9

afferent arterioles

Front 10

what do the afferent arterioles form in Bowman's capsule which is the first capillary bed?

Back 10

glomeruli

Front 11

blood flows from the efferent arteriole to where?

Back 11

vasa recta

Front 12

blood leaves the kidney through what?

Back 12

renal vein

Front 13

the muscular lining of the bladder

Back 13

detrusor muscle

Front 14

the detrusor muscle is under what control?

Back 14

parasympathetic

Front 15

what are the 2 muscular sphincters of the bladder?

Back 15

internal and external urethral sphincter

Front 16

this sphincter consists of smooth muscle and is under parasympathetic control

Back 16

internal urethral sphincter

Front 17

this sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is under sympathetic control

Back 17

external urethral sphincter

Front 18

the kidney participates in solute movement through what 3 processes?

Back 18

filtration, secretion and reabsorption

Front 19

the movement of solutes from the blood to filtrate at Bowman's capsule

Back 19

filtration

Front 20

what determines the direction and rate of filtration?

Back 20

Starling forces

Front 21

these account for the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the glomerulus and Bowman's space

Back 21

Starling forces

Front 22

the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman's capsule

Back 22

secretion

Front 23

the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood

Back 23

reabsorption

Front 24

the proximal convoluted tube, descending and ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tube and collecting duct are all segments of what with their own specific function?

Back 24

nephron

Front 25

the site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water; it is also the site of secretion for hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia and urea

Back 25

proximal convoluted tube

Front 26

this section of the nephron is permeable to water but not salt, therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate

Back 26

descending loop of Henle

Front 27

the vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions creating what that allows maximal reabsorption of water?

Back 27

countercurrent multiplier

Front 28

this section of the nephron is permeable to salt but not water, therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively

Back 28

ascending loop of Henle

Front 29

where is the diluting segment in the ascending loop of Henle?

Back 29

outer medulla

Front 30

this section of the nephron is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waste product secretion

Back 30

distal convoluted tube

Front 31

this section of the nephron is responsive to both aldosterone and ADH and has variable permeability which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body's needs

Back 31

collecting duct

Front 32

the kidney is under ____________ control

Back 32

hormonal

Front 33

a steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct, thereby increasing water reabsorption

Back 33

aldosterone

Front 34

a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

Back 34

ADH or vasopressin

Front 35

the release of this hormone is stimulated by low blood volume and high blood osmolarity

Back 35

ADH

Front 36

this hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption

Back 36

ADH

Front 37

the kidney can regulate this by selective reabsorption or secretion of bicarbonate or hydrogen ions

Back 37

pH

Front 38

what are the 3 major layers of the skin?

Back 38

epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

Front 39

this layer of skin is composed of the 5 following layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum

Back 39

epidermis

Front 40

this layer of the epidermis contains stem cells the proliferate to form keratinocytes

Back 40

stratum basale

Front 41

these produce melanin

Back 41

melanocytes

Front 42

this protects the skin from DNA damage caused by UV light

Back 42

melanin

Front 43

melanin is passed to what?

Back 43

keratinocytes

Front 44

special macrophages that serve as antigen presenting cells in the skin

Back 44

Langerhans cells

Front 45

what are the 2 layers of the dermis?

Back 45

papillary and reticular layer

Front 46

many sensory cells are located in what layer of the skin?

Back 46

dermis

Front 47

these cells in the dermis are sensitive to deep pressure and texture

Back 47

Merkel cells

Front 48

these cells in the dermis are sensitive to light touch

Back 48

Meissner's copuscles

Front 49

these are sensitive to stretch

Back 49

Ruffini endings

Front 50

these are sensitive to deep pressure and vibration

Back 50

Pacinian corpuscle

Front 51

these are sensitive to pain

Back 51

free nerve endings

Front 52

the maintenance of a constant internal temperautre

Back 52

thermoregulation

Front 53

cooling mechanisms of the skin include this

Back 53

sweating

Front 54

these glands are innervated by postganglionic cholinginic sympathetic neurons

Back 54

sweat glands

Front 55

piloerection, vasoconstriction, shivering and insulation provided by body fat are all mechanisms of what?

Back 55

warming the body

Front 56

when arrector pili muscles contract causing hairs to stand on end and trapping a layer of warmed air around the skin

Back 56

piloerection

Front 57

this prevents dehydration and salt losses from the body

Back 57

skin

Front 58

where does filtration occur?

Back 58

glomerulus

Front 59

is filtration active or passive?

Back 59

passive