Holt Chemistry C1

Front 1

chemical

Back 1

any substances that has a defined composition (p. 4)

Front 2

chemical reaction

Back 2

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances (p. 5, p. 260)

A rearrangement of the atoms that make up the reactant or reactants.

Front 3

states of matter

Back 3

the physical forms of matter, which are: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma (p. 6)

Front 4

reactant

Back 4

a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction (p. 8)

(left side)

Front 5

product

Back 5

a substance that forms in a chemical reaction (p. 8)

(right side)

Front 6

Are the following materials solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature?

milk oxygen
helium steel
granite gasoline

Back 6

milk--liquid
helium--gas
granite--solid
oxygen--gas
steel--solid
gasoline--liquid

Front 7

motion of particles in a solid

Back 7

particles are held in a tightly rigid structure

they vibrate only slightly

Front 8

motion of particles in a liquid

Back 8

particles slip past one another

a liquid can flow and take the shape of its container

Front 9

motion of particles in a gas

Back 9

particles weakly attract one another and move independently at high speed

Gases will fill any container they occupy as their particles move apart

Front 10

3 ways chemicals occur

Back 10

*exist naturally (water, carbon dioxide)

*manufactured (polyethylene)

*taken from natural materials (aluminum)

Front 11

What items around you are composed of chemicals?

Back 11

Everything, food, air, clothes, water, paper, yourself

Front 12

Why are chemical reactions necessary?

Back 12

For living things to grow and for dead things to decay.

Front 13

Examples of chemical reactions

Back 13

--cook food
--take a photograph
--strike a match
--switch on a flashlight
--start a gasoline engine

Front 14

What is all matter made up of?

Back 14

particles

The type and arrangement of the particles in a sample of matter determine the properties of the matter.

Front 15

What are the three states of matter?

Back 15

solid, liquid, gas

Front 16

Why does each state of matter have a particular volume and shape?

Back 16

Results from the way their particles are arranged

Front 17

Describe a solid.

Back 17

fixed volume and shape

particles held tightly in a rigid structure

they vibrate only slightly

Front 18

Describe a liquid

Back 18

*fixed volume but not a fixed shape

*not held together strongly

particles slip past one another (like grains of sand)

Liquid can flow and take the shape of its container

Front 19

Describe a gas

Back 19

no fixed volume and no fixed shape

Particles weakly attract one another and move independently at high speed

Gases will fill any container they occupy as their particles move apart.

Front 20

Plasma

Back 20

The most visible matter in the universe.

A gas whose particles have broken apart and are charged.

Front 21

Other states of matter

Back 21

Bose-Einstein condensates at very low temperatures

neutron star

Front 22

Name some changes of matter.

Back 22

*ice cube melts
*bicycle's spokes rust
*red shirt fades
*water fogs a mirror
*milk sours

Front 23

Name two categories of changes of matter

Back 23

physical changes
+
chemical changes

Front 24

physical changes

Back 24

Changes in which the identity of a substance doesn't change

However, the arrangement, location, and speed of the particles that make up the substance may change.

Front 25

examples of physical change

Back 25

1) water goes from ice, to water, to steam--arrangement of particles change, but particles stay water particles

2) sugar dissolves in tea--sugar mixes in, but particles are still sugar

3) crushing a rock--particles separate but do not change identity

Front 26

chemical changes

Back 26

The identities of substances change and new substances form.

Front 27

examples of chemical change

Back 27

mercury (II) oxide --> mercury + oxygen

limestone --heat--> lime + carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide + sodium phenoxide --> sodium salicylate

Front 28

the evolution of a gas

(evidence of chemical change)

Back 28

acetic acid (in vinegar) + sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) --> carbon dioxide

the solution bubbles or there is a change in odor

Front 29

the formation of a precipitate

Back 29

sodium sulfide + cadmium nitrate --> cadmium sulfide

a solid precipitate forms or
two clear solutions are mixed and become cloudy, a precipitate has formed

Front 30

the release or absorption of energy

Back 30

aluminum reacts with iron(III) oxide in the clay pot, energy is released as heat and light

a change in temperature or the giving off of light energy are signs of an energy transfer

Front 31

A color change in the reaction system

Back 31

Phenolphthalein + ammonia dissolved in water

A color change from colorless to pink occurs.

Look for a different color when two chemicals react.

Front 32

What is the rearrangement of the reactant or reactants?

Back 32

a chemical reaction

Front 33

After a rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction where are those same atoms present?

Back 33

In the product or products.

Front 34

Are atoms destroyed or created during a chemical reaction?

Back 34

No

Front 35

Does mass change during a chemical reaction?

Back 35

No

Front 36

What are the 4 observations that suggest a chemical change is occurring?

Back 36

1) formation of a gas
2) formation of a precipitate
3) release or absorption of energy
4) color change in the reaction system