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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The author of War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust |
Doris L. Bergen |
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The Investigation (Oratorio in 11 Cantos) |
Peter Weiss (33 total cantos) (Dante: The Divine Comedy) No names in the play (the people stand for symbols in the system) Universalized everyone - criticized in Germany Lack of punctuation - No closure or variation in voice or expression of emotion |
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The author of Survival in Aushchwitz |
Primo Levi |
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For the Jews, the prosecution was 100% about |
Race (not religion, but bloodlines) |
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Why we study the Holocaust |
1. It was massive 2. It happened over time - a series of events 3. Jews were primary targets of National Socialists |
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The first to be euthanized |
The handicapped |
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Mischling |
Person of mixed blood (mongrel = literal translation) 2 Jewish 2 Aryan Grandparents |
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Nazideutsch |
(literal = Nazi Germany) The language the Nazis used Viktor Kiemperer: LTI (Language of the Third Reich, Lingua Tertium Imperium) |
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Endiosung |
The Final Solution |
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The Madagascar Plan |
Round up the Jews and send them to Madagascar |
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Wehrmacht |
The full unified armed forces |
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SS (Schutzstaffle) |
"Protection" An elite troop/group & squadron Storm Troopers |
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NSDAP |
National German Workers Party |
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Colonialism (Lebensraum) |
Push for land (Leban = life, raum = space) Living Space- race & space- The idea of a pure race and acquiring lands that are not yours |
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Refugees |
They came to a number of places Went everywhere (Shanghei) Were sometimes turned away by U.S. |
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Kindertransport |
Children transport to England (Great Britain) |
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Photographs |
Documentation of Holocaust Photographs are always mediated - someone set up the photographs/documents |
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Preconditions |
A complex process that took place over time - must be broken down & studied |
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Gypsy preferred term |
Roma or Senti (Egypt is not their origin) |
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Jahovas Witnesses |
Persecuted because: They did not support government or fight in the war Door-to-door meetings made them a target |
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Asocial |
Afrogermans (needed to be ostracized) Intermarriages made a new layer to the culture |
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Contamination Anxiety |
The nation is threatened by forces from the outside to achieve master race |
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Counter Modernist Trend |
Newly urban - 1918 - 1933 Weimarer (Weimar) Republic - Similar to roaring 20's - great growth and cultural experimentation - Response to urban culture (holding onto tradition) |
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Gestapo |
The secret police (Geheime Straatspolize) |
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Kristallnacht |
Night of Broken Glass November 9th pogrom Reichsprogromnacht (Pogrom Night of the Reicht) was a pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians. The name Kristallnacht comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues were smashed. |
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Pogrom |
(Russian "riot") Mobs of where there was a pillage & destruction of an area |
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Ashkenazim |
Central and Eastern European Jewery |
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Sephardim |
Any Jew of the Middle East or North Africa. Jews are expelled from Spain 1942 - settled in North Africa & the Middle East (Ottoman Empire) |
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Hasidism |
"Ultra-Orthodox Jews" Sectarian movement, 17th Century Ecstatic relationship with God |
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Shtetle |
Smaller communities Like in Fiddler on the Roof |
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Theodor Hertzel |
Father of Zionism - 1860 - 1904 a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. |
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Judenrein |
Purified of the Jews |
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"Banality of Evil" |
A Report on the Banality of Evil is a book by political theorist Hannah Arendt, originally published in 1963. was based on the trial of Adolph Eichmann in Jerusalem. Arendt's thesis was that people who carry out unspeakable crimes, like Eichmann, a top administrator in the machinery of the Nazi death camps, may not be crazy fanatics at all, but rather ordinary individuals who simply accept the premises of their state and participate in any ongoing enterprise with the energy of good bureaucrats. |
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Theodor W. Adorno/Max Horkheimer |
- Theodor W. Adorno was a German philosopher, sociologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society. - Someone who has negative feelings toward one group has them toward others - Anti-semitism is more about Catholicism than Jews as a nation |
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F Scale |
Created by Chuck Anesi Determines fascism as a scale of questions Greatest danger to American Democracy is is mass culture (conformity of thought & promotes uniformity) |
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Theodor W. Adorno's most famous line |
"Poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric" |
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Oratorio Massive |
Epical musical composition Mostly sacred or religious themes |
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Bertolt Brecht |
- German playwright - Documentary Theater - 22 war criminals tried, 6 served life, others for a few years - 1964 performed - played multiple times simultaneously |
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Nuremberg Trials |
(Nurnberg Prozesses) - International, public trial - International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg - Languages get blurred in the text (many languages speaking) - Little testimony - expert witnesses & documents |
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Witnesses in Auschwitz Trial |
400 |
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Voting process for Hitler |
- People did not vote for Hitler - He did not come into office because of his views - There was a vague "Jewish Problem" - His rise to power was inevitable (power was handed to him) |
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Hitler created a sense of _____ |
Threat. Contamination of a pure blood |
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Blut and Boden |
"Blood and Soil" - blood: determine who is German - soil: acquire the lands to hold them |
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"Multi-directional memory" |
To map historical meaning & differences across a global scale |
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Night & Fog |
Allegory (somewhat removed from historical) - Never talks about Jews, heavily criticized for making it trans-cultural and not factual - Night and Fog is a documentary that alternates between past and present, using both black-and-white and color footage. The first part of Night and Fog shows remnants of Auschwitz while the narrator Michel Bouquet describes the rise of Nazi ideology. The film continues with comparisons of the life of the Schutzstaffel to the starving prisoners in the camps. Bouquet then addresses the sadism inflicted upon the doomed inmates, including torture, scientific and medical "experiments", executions, and prostitution. The next section is shown completely in black-and-white, and depicts images of gas chambers and piles of bodies. The final topic of the film depicts the liberation of the country, the discovery of the horror of the camps, and the questioning of who was responsible for them. |
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Leni Riefenstahl |
"Triumph of the Will" Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl was a German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress, dancer and propagandist for the Nazis. Claims she was simply recording what happened - "Just making art" Brings the question of the line between art and propoganda |
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Camp Westerbork |
"Transition Camp" The Westerbork transit camp was a World War II Nazi refugee, detention and transit camp in Hooghalen, ten kilometres north of Westerbork, in the northeastern Netherlands. |
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1961 Paris Massacre |
Huge massacre Thrown into the river The Paris massacre of 1961 occurred on 17 October 1961, during the Algerian War (1954–62). Under orders from the head of the Parisian police, Maurice Papon, the French National Police attacked a demonstration of some 30,000 pro-National Liberation Front (FLN) Algerians. |
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Jean Cayrol |
Wrote the poem that is the voiceover of Night & Fog "Poems of Night & Fog" |
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The Essay Film |
Night & Fog Self contained reflection of an idea |
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Richtag Fire |
Enabling reprisals against Communists and dismantling of Democrats An arson attack on the Reichstag building (German parliament) in Berlin on 27 February 1933. The Nazis stated that Marinus van der Lubbe, a young Dutch council communist, had been caught at the scene of the fire, and he was arrested for the crime. Van der Lubbe was tried and sentenced to death. The fire was used as evidence by the Nazi Party that communists were plotting against the German government. The event is seen as pivotal in the establishment of Nazi Germany. |
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Don Hau |
Opens as a prison for communists aftr the Richtag Fire |
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Female equivalent of Hitler Youth |
BDM League of German Girls |
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The Night of Long Knives |
30th June, 1934 SS against SA - murdered friends to dismantle the Storm Troopers |
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Nuremberg Laws & Reich Citizenship Laws |
1935 - Determine who is Jewish - Forbidding marriage between Jews & Aryans - Can't fly the German flag |
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Full Jew |
If you had 3 Jewish Grandparents |
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Sarah Kofman |
- Smothered Words - Her first book where she writes as a survivor - French philosopher - Raises the question of the viability of speech in the face of aversion |
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Cers Klorsvelle |
- Reconstructing the lists of those who were deported (French Jews) - It works against a creation of pathos - extreme restraint |
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Auschluss |
- Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. |
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Ruth Kluger |
Her memoir, Still Alive, which focuses primarily on her time in concentration camps, is strongly critical of the museum culture surrounding the Holocaust. |
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Ingeborg Bachmann |
Arrival of Hitler, Lagenfurt 1938 - Austria was elated at the arrival - Later call themselves victims |
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Concentration Camp |
KZ (Konzentrationslager) Lager = camp |
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Paul Celan |
Poem - Death Fugue Highly regarded German poet, but also difficult Survived the Holocaust - lived near Ukraine |
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Charles Lindbergh |
- Pioneer of "America First" (high level Nazi) - Isolationist movement - anti semitic & nationalist movement - Anti WWII initiative against America joining the Allies |
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Pure History |
Belief that history can be documented without things being mediated - the way things were Engage history without memory and fallacy |
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Previous name for Survival in Auschwitz |
If this is a Man |
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"Triumph of the Will" |
Leni Riefenstahl Based on aesthetic appeal Desire for community and a past time that was more simple |
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Primo Levi |
- From Italy: was a chemist (then later wrote) - Rejected the label as a Jewish writer - "He died at Auschwitz - 40 years later" |
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Autobiography |
- Relies on memories - Memory is a fallacious exercise, what point does intention and reality occur? - Not precise |
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Muselmann (Muselman) |
The weak in the camps - on the line of life and death (term in the camp) "The Drowned" |
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Holocaust origin |
Greek - to be burned The Holocaust: Greek = Sacrifice |
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The Shoah |
Hebrew definition Late antiquity, use of Holocaust |
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Judenrat |
Jewish Council - System of government within ghettos/camps - Member of the Judenrat = functionary |
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Untermensch(en) |
- Subhuman(s) - Unter = under, mensch = human (man) - Poles included in this - Impossible to create a strict demarkation |
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Wannsee - Kanferenz |
"Final Solution" - The plan on January 20, 1942 in Ville of Wannsee - Went from shooting in mass graves to annihilation in killing factory (gas chambers) - Wannsee is a lake/lake area/suburban area in Berlin |
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History is never over |
Historical events don't just end. They have ripple effects into the future |
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Rosenstrabe |
The wives protested the taking of their Jewish husbands and they were set free - Inter-faith/Intermarriage couples posed a problem to the Nazis |
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Vichy |
- France 1940 - Division of France into two zones (occupied and unoccupied) - Vichy in unoccupied portion - Vichy government were not collaborators with Nazis (puppet government) |
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Kapo |
A leader in the Nazi hierarchy in the prison - On the high hierarchy - look after the other prisoners - Often criminals, communists, political prisoners and sometimes Jews |
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Genocide Origin |
- It was coined in 1944 by Raphael Lemkin - A Polish Jew in a book he wrote - Adopted in 1948 by the UN as a legal term |
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Genocide Definition |
UN definition: The killing or causing physical/mental harm to members of a group. Preventing childbirth and moving children out of families. |
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Jan Karski |
- A non-Jewish Pole in the Polish underground/resistence - Goes to speak to Felix Frankfurter and other leaders, but they can not grasp what he was saying - Not because they thought he was lying, but because it could not be grasped |
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White Rose |
- Resistence group of students at the University of Munich - Brother and sister Hans and Sophie Scholl - Spread pamphlets - were influential - Executed for treason |
