Hnf 150 Ch. 3

Front 1

Adipose tissue

Back 1

the body’s fat tissue, consisting of masses of fat-storing cells and blood vessels to nourish them.

Front 2

Arteries

Back 2

blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen supplies from the heart to the tissues (see Figure 3-3).

Front 3

bile

Back 3

a cholesterol-containing digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed. It emulsifies fats and oils to ready them for enzymatic digestion (described in Chapter 5).

Front 4

Blood

Back 4

the fluid of the cardiovascular system- composed of water, red and white blood cells, other formed particles, nutrients, oxygen, and other constituents.

Front 5

Cells

Back 5

the smallest units in which independent life can exist. All living things are single cells or organisms made of cells.

Front 6

Chime (KIME)

Back 6

the fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach upon a meal.

Front 7

Digestive system

Back 7

the body system composed of organs that break down complex food particles into smaller, absorbable products. The digestive tract and alimentary canal are names for the tubular organs that extend from the mouth to the anus. The whole system, including the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, is sometimes called the gastrointestinal, or GI, system.

Front 8

Enzyme

Back 8

any of a great number of working proteins that speed up a specific chemical reaction, such as breaking the bonds of a nutrient, without undergoing change themselves. Enzymes and their actions are described in Chapter 6.

Front 9

Gastric juice

Back 9

the digestive secretion of the stomach.

Front 10

Glucagon

Back 10

a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream.

Front 11

Glycogen

Back 11

a storage form of carbohydrate energy (glucose)

Front 12

Hormones

Back 12

chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation. These chemicals serve as messengers, acting on other organs to maintain constant conditions.

Front 13

Immune system

Back 13

a system of tissues and organs that defend the body against antigens, foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings.

Front 14

Insulin

Back 14

a hormone from the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells from the blood (details in Chapter 4).

Front 15

Lymph

Back 15

(LIMF) the fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream (see Figure 3-6).

Front 16

Kidneys

Back 16

a pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, and release it to the bladder for excretion from the body

Front 17

Mucus (MYOO-cus)

Back 17

a slippery coating of the digestive tract lining (and other body linings) that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices (and other destructive agents). The adjective form is mucous (same pronunciation). The digestive tract lining is a mucous membrane.

Front 18

Organs

Back 18

discrete structural units made of tissues that perform specific jobs. Examples are the heart, liver, and brain.

Front 19

Pancreas

Back 19

an organ with two main functions. One is an endocrine function—the making of hormones such as insulin, which it releases directly into the blood (endo means “into” the blood). The other is an exocrine function—the making of digestive enzymes, which it releases through a duct into the small intestine to assist in digestion (exo means “out” into a body cavity or onto the skin surface).

Front 20

Plasma

Back 20

the cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph.

Front 21

Tissues

Back 21

systems of cells working together to perform specialized tasks. Examples are muscles, nerves, blood, and bone.

Front 22

Veins

Back 22

blood vessels that carry blood, with the carbon dioxide it has collected, from the tissues back to the heart (see Figure 3-3).

Front 23

Villi (VILL-ee, VILL-eye)

Back 23

fingerlike projections of the sheets of cells lining the intestinal tract. The villi make the surface area much greater than it would otherwise be (singular: villus).