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294 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidemiological Research
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-studies of populations, correlations between habits and disease
- native Inuits with high fish consumption.. have a lower risk for heart disease.. correlation between eating habits and diseases. |
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Double Blind Study
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neither subjects or researchers know which group members belong to until the end of the experiment.
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Research article contents
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abstract(overall review of experiment), introduction (main idea), review of literature, methodology (key terms, procedures, results (findings/data), conclusions (summary), references (citations)
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Macronutrients
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energy sources
- carbohydrates -fat -protein |
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Carbohydrates
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4 kcal/g
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Fat
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9 kcal/g
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Protein
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4 kcal/g
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Alcohol (not a nutrient)
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7 kcal/g
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Fred consumes 180 calories .. of those 5 grams are from fat what is the percentage of fat in his diet?
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5 g x 9 kcal/g = 45 kcal
45/180 kcal x 100 = .25 x 100 = 25% |
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Nutrient Density
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Being rich in nutrients relative to energy content.
Low cal and High nutrients = nutrient dense |
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DRI and RDA
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(4) list of values that measure nutrient intakes of healthy people in the United States.
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Who are the DRI and RDA recommendations for?
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Healthy People
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US dietary guidelines.
What are these? |
science based advice to promote health and reduce risk through diet and physical activity... based on USDA food guide/my pyramid
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Do the US dietary guidelines apply to all eating styles?
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covers vegetarians, and most eating styles
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Constipation
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water, fiber, physical activity to prevent.. responds to body signals
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Diarrhea
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pulls water and electrolytes from system
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Dehydration
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water loss- many causes, can cause serious problems and even death if not corrected.
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Who particularly is effected by dehydration?
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elderly people..because they have an improper thirst mechanism
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Simple Carbohydrates
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monosaccharides- fructose, glucose, galactose
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Complex Carbohydrates
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Disaccharides- sucrose, maltose, lactose
Polysaccharides- starch (unbranched), branched starch, glycogen, indigestible fiber |
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Monosaccharides-
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fructose, glucose, galactose
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Disaccharides-
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sucrose, maltose, lactose
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Polysaccharides-
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starch (branched, and unbranched),glycogen, indigestible fiber
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Storage Form of Carbohydrates
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glycogen stored in muscles, and the liver
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Farm Bill-
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high subsidies for corn.. corn has large gov contributions but low nutritional value. High Fructose corn syrup-corn subsidies
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Digestion
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stomach is separated, bile from gall bladder emulsifies fat allowing enzymes to break down into small intestines.. slow process if there is a higher fat content.. slower digestion
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Sources of Omega 3 (fatty acid)
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fish, seeds (flax) and nuts
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Saturated Fat
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hard at room temperature- increases risk for heart disease
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Unsaturated fat (mono, poly)
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reduces risk of heart disease, liquid at room temp.. found in canola and olive oils
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DRI Recommended values for CHO, FAT, Protein
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CHO-40-65%
Fat-20-35% Pro-10-35% |
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Average intake in USA
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2 times the RDA
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Nitrogen Balance
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negative nitrogen= ill or surgery
positive nitrogen balance= growth most adults are in equilibrium |
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CHO role in sparing protein
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not enough energy from CHO and fat, protein will be used for calories not for building growth and repair of body tissues
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Water Soluble
Vitamins |
B, C
-dissolves easily in water, is easily absorbed/excreted, not stored extensively in tissues, seldom reach toxic levels, cooking and washing with water can leach them out of food |
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
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ADEK
found in fats and oils of food, requires bile for absorption, absorbed by lymph, travels through body associated with protein carriers, stored in liver and fatty tissues until needed |
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Vitamin A
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antioxidant (slows the degradation of cancer)
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Vitamin D
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most toxic vitamin.. synthesized from the sun on skin, regulates calcium and phosphorous levels resulting in maintaining bone integrity
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Vitamin K
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Helps blood to clot
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Vitamin C
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antioxident and maintains collagen/epithelial tissue- deficiency known as scurvy.. prevented in sailors by cabbage and lime juice
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Folate (B6)
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Prevents neural tube birth defects
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Precursor
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compounds that can be converted into active vitamins
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Antioxidant Vitamins
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A and E
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Main source of vitamin toxicity
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avoid taking supplements
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Hard Water
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calcium, magnesium.. usually comes straight from ground
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Soft Water
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sodium replaces calcium and magnesium in water.. may be an underlying problem with hypertension
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Fortified bottled water
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popular supplemented water with vitamins and antioxidants. high cost, and benefits companies.. bad for the body, not healthy.. no fluoride, and may contribute to vitamin toxicity
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Calcium
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contributes to bones, teeth, health along with phosphorus and fluoride.
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Potassium
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regulates metals... sodium in potassium out. help regulate fluid/acid base balance
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Iron
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hemoglobin carries oxygen, diffiency is called anemia
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Energy Expenditure
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BMR- 60-65% 20-35% physical activity 5-10% thermal effect of food
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Internal go and stop eating signals
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hunger-physical
appetite-psychological satiety-both physical and psychological |
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Eating continuum:
normal eating |
internally controlled hunger, appetite, satiety
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Eating Continuum:
distorted eating |
externally controlled- counting kcal, fat grams, good/bad food, participating in calorie matched exercise
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Eating Continuum:
disordered eating |
externally controlled-starving, vomiting, obsessive exercise
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Minnesota Semi-Starvation Study
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changes occurred during starvation and were studied so that they could decide what to feed starving people. Weight loss and wasting occurred, decrease in energy for daily activities, impaired concentration, irritability, pre-occupied with food, decreased interest in women
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Athletes need for protein
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more than average adult (0.8 g/kg) athletes need 1.2-1.7 g/kg power speed sports typically use 1.7 g/kg
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Water and Fluids
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evaporation of sweat cools the body, avoid dehydration in workout, electrolytes, lost with sweat, sports drinks replace fluid electrolytes
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Acute disease
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infection
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Chronic Disease
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degenerative, diabetes, chronic heart disease, cancer, and diseases made by lifestyle choices
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Diet for prevention of disease
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vitamin and mineral content, avoid salty and pickled foods, low fat instead of sat and trans fats.. avoid alcohol. less simple carbohydrates .. more complex carbohydrates
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Colon Cancer
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increasing dietary fiber can help to prevent colon cancer.
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Cardiovascular disease
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disease of the heart and blood vessels, disease of the arteries of the heart is called coronary heart disease.
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causes of increase in food borne illness
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decreased preservatives, more resistant to control methods, low level of contamination, large centralized production, increased product shelf life
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Who are high risk individuals for food borne illness?
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elderly, infants, children, immuno compromised
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Public campaign .. fight bac
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chill, clean , cook , separate.. to keep food safe
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pasteurization
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the treatment of milk with heat sufficient to kill certain pathogens.. commonly transmitted through milk, not a sterilization process. Pasteurized milk retains bacteria that cause milk spoilage. Raw milk, even if labeled "certified" transmits many foodborne diseases to people each year and should be avoided.
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Irradiation
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reduce insect infestation/microbial contaminates .. slows ripening process. not wide spread in us
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Anti-microbial additives
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sugar, salt, nitrates
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Fish advisory
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mercury and heat metals, naturally occurring, industrial waste, both fresh/saltwater fish, nervous system, recommendation for pregnant, nursing mothers and young children.
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Energy requirements during pregnancy
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trimesters:
1) no extra 2)300 + calories extra 3)400+ calories extra |
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stages of fetal development
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health of placenta and implementation depends on nutrition before
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critical periods
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period of cell development for specific organ that will have irreversible effects on developing fetus
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should pregnant women exercise
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yes.. low impact exercise is encouraged
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Teen pregnancy
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highest nutrient intake needed and higher risks of problems in pregnancy because adolescents are still growing.
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Medical conditions
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gestational diabetes, preeclampsia
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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results in learning disabilities, mental retardation,facial abnormalities
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Neural tube defects
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caused by folate deficiencies.
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Low Birth weight
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<5.5 lbs. predictor of the health of the newborn. Nutrition is major factor influences birth weight, more likely to die before 1 year (40% more). low iq, brain impairments, short stature, educational disadvantages, predisposition for chronic disease
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Consequences of not breast feeding
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increase diarrhea, respiratory illness, ear infections otitis media, SIDS, allergy occurrence, chronic disease
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Recommendation for infants and breast milk
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at least 12 months as a staple food..
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Health benefits for mothers that breastfeed.
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contract uterus, decreases risk of breast/ovarian cancer, decreases risk of osteoporosis, promotes weight loss.
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Breast Feeding Initiative
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to increase initiation and duration rates of low income families through peer lead education offered in 30 counties in MI. mother to mother peer education
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Infant diet- first food at what age
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rice cereal at 6 months
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Sudden infant death syndrome
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when infant uses bottle to much.. gives cavities with juice and milk.. in bed
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What to avoid feeding infants
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food with sugar, salt, honey (botulism) before 1 year, cows milk- has to much protein and can cause intestinal bleeding.. gi tract not ready
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Parent/care givers responsibilities
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provide variety of nutritious foods, serve meals in pleasant lace, serve child size portions, set regular meal and snack times
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child responsibilities
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whether to eat, what to eat, how much to eat
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As we age- changing nutritional needs
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water- seniors are at risk for dehydration.
vit and mins.. not absorbed the same.. or as often |
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Aging physical changes (nutritional needs)
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reduced vit d synthesis, b12 absorbtion, levels of vitamins ACE, magnesium, calcium,potassium intakes low, fruits veg, dairy products taken in differently
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As we age what changes occur?
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changes in nutritional needs, physical changes, disease, medications
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Medications
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may interact with nutrients, may decrease appetite, and may alter taste perception
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Food programs for the aging
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congregate meals, home delivered meals
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Common nutritional problems in the aging..
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dehydration, and comstipation
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Nutritional needs in seniors...
water |
seniors are at risk for dehydration and should have at least 8 glasses of water a day.
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CHO Protein and fats in the aging
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recommendations remain about the same
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Fiber and the aging
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most older adults have problems with constipation-not getting enough fiber
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Vitamins and the aging
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reduced vit d synthesis
reduced vit b12 absorption reduced levels of A,C, E |
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Minerals and the aging
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calcium, potassium, magnesium intakes are often below recommended amounts
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Physical changes with aging..
mouth |
decrease in saliva, tooth loss, gum disease, decrease in taste buds, reduction in smell, fear of choking
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Physical changes with aging..
GI tract |
reduction in stomach acid, stomach inflammation
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Physical changes with aging and hormones..
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reduction in insulin secretion
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Physical changes with the aging and body composition
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reduction in lean muscle mass
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congregate meals
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provide 1/3 dri/rda
offered at a variety of centers free to over 60 yrs must be in an area of need |
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home delivered meals
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seniors must be home bound, 1/3 dri/rda, not suitable for medical conditions-referred out
free to qualified senior and care giver, receive a shelf stable meal |
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factors that affect food supply
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1) poverty and population growth - stabilizing population will help keep up with food production. 2) loss of farming land 3) increasing use of fossil fuels and global climate changes 4) drought, flood, pests 5) politicals and social conflicts
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distance food travels in US
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1500 miles on average
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which food group uses the least amount of energy to produce?
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grains
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which food group uses the most amount of energy to produce?
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meat.. each eats lower on the food chain
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Community supported agriculture
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members purchase shares, members take on the risk with the farmer and the benefits of good season, member gets a wide variety of produce through out the year.
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Passive solar greenhouses
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heat is trapped-cold tolerant produce can be grown with a year round harvest
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Organic farm certification
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3 years free of herbicide and pesticide
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Student organic farm
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history- student initiated, branches of functions (direct market, education( classes and organic farming certificate, outreach (field trips, workshops)
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Energy yielding nutrients include all of the following except:
a) vitamins b) carbohydrates c) fat d) protein |
a) vitamins
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Organic nutrients include all of the following except:
a) minerals b) fat c) carbohydrates d) protein |
a) minerals
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One of the characteristics of nutritious diet is that the diet provides no constituent in excess. This principle of diet planning is called:
a) adequacy b) balance c) moderation d) variety |
c) moderation
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A slice of peach pie supplies 357 calories with 48 unites of vitamin A; one large peach provides 42 calories and 53 units of vitamin A. This is an example of :
a) calorie control b) nutrient density c) variety d) essential nutrients |
b) nutrient density
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Which of the following adjustments in one's diet would agree with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
a) eating baked potatoes rather than french fries b) eating fruits rather than cakes and pies c) drinking fat-free rather than 2% milk d) all of the above |
d) all of the above
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Studies of populations in which observation is accompanied by experimental manipulation of some population members is referred to as:
a) case studies b) intervention studies c)laboratory studies d)epidemiological studies |
d) epidemiological studies
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both heart disease and cancer are due to genetic causes, and diet cannot influence whether they occur.. true or false
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false
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Both carbohydrates and protein have four calories per gram
True or False? |
True
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If a food is labeled natural, you can be confident that it is more nutritious than a product not carrying that label.
True or False? |
False
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According to the healthy people 2010 nutrition-related objectives, it is recommended that the proportion of persons aged 2 years and older who eat at least two daily servings of fruit be increased
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True
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The nutrient standards in use today include all of the following except:
A)adequate Intakes b) daily minimum requirements c)daily values d) a and c |
b) daily minimum requirements
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The dietary reference intakes were devised for which of the following purposes?
a) to set nutrient goals for individuals b) to suggest upper limits of intakes above which toxicity is likely c) to set average nutrient requirements for use in research d) all of above |
d) all of the above
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According to the USDA food guide, which of the following may be counted among either the meats or the vegetables?
a) chicken b)avocados c) black beans d) potatoes |
c) black beans
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The USDA food guide recommends a small amount of daily oil from which of these sources?
a) olives b) nuts c) vegetable oil d) all of the above |
d) all of the above
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Which of the following values is found on food labels?
a) daily values b) dietary reference intakes c) recommended dietary allowances d) estimated requirements |
a) daily values
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The energy intake recommendation is set at a level predicted to maintain body weight.. true or false
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true
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The dietary reference intakes are for all people, regardless of their medical history.. true or false
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false
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People who choose not to eat animals or their products need to find an alternative to the USDA food guide when planning their diets.
true or false? |
false
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By law, food labels must state as a percentage of the Daily Values the amounts of vitamin C, vitamin A, niacin, and thiamin present in foods.
True or False |
False
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To be labeled low fat, a food must contain 3 grams of fat or less per serving.. true or false
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true
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All of the following are correct concerning ulcers except:
a) they usually occur in the large intestine b) some are caused by a bacterium c) if not treated correctly, they can lead to stomach cancer d) their symptoms can be masked by using antacids regularly |
a) they usually occur in the large intestine
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Which of the following increases the production of intestinal gas?
a) chewing gum b) drinking carbonated beverages c) eating certain vegetables d) all of the above |
d) all of the avove
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Chemical digestion of all nutrients mainly occurs in which organ?
a) mouth b)stomach c) small intestine d) large intestine |
c) small intestine
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Which chemical substance released by the pancreas neutralizes stomach acid that has reached the small intestine?
a) mucus b)enzymes c) bicarbonate d)bile |
c) bicarbonate
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Which nutrient passes through the large intestine mostly unabsorbed?
a) starch b) vitamins c) minerals d)fiber |
d)fiber
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T cells are immune cells that ingest and destroy antigens in a process known as phagocytosis..
true or false |
false
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Bile starts the process of protein digestion in the stomach?
true or false |
false
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To digest food efficiently, people should not combine certain foods, such as meat and fruit, at the same meal.. True or False
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False
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The gallbladder stores bile until it is need to emulsify fat.. true or false?
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true
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Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place across the mucus-coated lining of the stomach. True or False
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false
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The dietary monosacharides include:
a) sucrose, glucose, and lactose b) fructose, glucose, and galactose c) galactose, maltose, and glucose d) glycogen, starch, and fiber |
b) fructose, glucose, and galactose
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The polysaccharide that helps form the supporting structures of plants is:
a) cellulose b) maltose c) glycogen d) sucrose |
a) cellulose
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Digestible carbohydrates are absorbed as _______ through the small intestinal wall and are delivered to the liver where they are converted to ______.
a) disaccharides, sucrose b) glucose, glycogen c) monosaccharides, glucose d) galactose, cellulose |
c) monosaccharides, glucose
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When blood glucose concentration rises, the pancreas secretes________, and when blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas secretes_____.
a) glycogen; insulin b)insulin; glucagon c) glucagon; glycogen d) insulin; fructose |
b) insulin; glucagon
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When the body uses fat for fuel without the help of carbohydrate, this results in the production of _______.
a) ketone bodies b) glucose c) starch d) galactose |
a) ketone bodies
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Foods rich in fiber lower blood cholesterol.
true or false |
true
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Type 1 diabetes is most often controlled by successful weight-loss management.
true or false |
false
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Chemical digestion of all nutrients mainly occurs in which organ?
a) mouth b)stomach c) small intestine d) large intestine |
c) small intestine
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Which chemical substance released by the pancreas neutralizes stomach acid that has reached the small intestine?
a) mucus b)enzymes c) bicarbonate d)bile |
c) bicarbonate
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Which nutrient passes through the large intestine mostly unabsorbed?
a) starch b) vitamins c) minerals d)fiber |
d)fiber
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T cells are immune cells that ingest and destroy antigens in a process known as phagocytosis..
true or false |
false
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Bile starts the process of protein digestion in the stomach?
true or false |
false
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To digest food efficiently, people should not combine certain foods, such as meat and fruit, at the same meal.. True or False
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False
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The gallbladder stores bile until it is need to emulsify fat.. true or false?
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true
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Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place across the mucus-coated lining of the stomach. True or False
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false
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The dietary monosacharides include:
a) sucrose, glucose, and lactose b) fructose, glucose, and galactose c) galactose, maltose, and glucose d) glycogen, starch, and fiber |
b) fructose, glucose, and galactose
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The polysaccharide that helps form the supporting structures of plants is:
a) cellulose b) maltose c) glycogen d) sucrose |
a) cellulose
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Digestible carbohydrates are absorbed as _______ through the small intestinal wall and are delivered to the liver where they are converted to ______.
a) disaccharides, sucrose b) glucose, glycogen c) monosaccharides, glucose d) galactose, cellulose |
c) monosaccharides, glucose
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When blood glucose concentration rises, the pancreas secretes________, and when blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas secretes_____.
a) glycogen; insulin b)insulin; glucagon c) glucagon; glycogen d) insulin; fructose |
b) insulin; glucagon
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When the body uses fat for fuel without the help of carbohydrate, this results in the production of _______.
a) ketone bodies b) glucose c) starch d) galactose |
a) ketone bodies
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Foods rich in fiber lower blood cholesterol.
true or false |
true
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Type 1 diabetes is most often controlled by successful weight-loss management.
true or false |
false
|
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Chemical digestion of all nutrients mainly occurs in which organ?
a) mouth b)stomach c) small intestine d) large intestine |
c) small intestine
|
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Which chemical substance released by the pancreas neutralizes stomach acid that has reached the small intestine?
a) mucus b)enzymes c) bicarbonate d)bile |
c) bicarbonate
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Which nutrient passes through the large intestine mostly unabsorbed?
a) starch b) vitamins c) minerals d)fiber |
d)fiber
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T cells are immune cells that ingest and destroy antigens in a process known as phagocytosis..
true or false |
false
|
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|
Bile starts the process of protein digestion in the stomach?
true or false |
false
|
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To digest food efficiently, people should not combine certain foods, such as meat and fruit, at the same meal.. True or False
|
False
|
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|
The gallbladder stores bile until it is need to emulsify fat.. true or false?
|
true
|
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Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place across the mucus-coated lining of the stomach. True or False
|
false
|
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|
The dietary monosacharides include:
a) sucrose, glucose, and lactose b) fructose, glucose, and galactose c) galactose, maltose, and glucose d) glycogen, starch, and fiber |
b) fructose, glucose, and galactose
|
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The polysaccharide that helps form the supporting structures of plants is:
a) cellulose b) maltose c) glycogen d) sucrose |
a) cellulose
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Digestible carbohydrates are absorbed as _______ through the small intestinal wall and are delivered to the liver where they are converted to ______.
a) disaccharides, sucrose b) glucose, glycogen c) monosaccharides, glucose d) galactose, cellulose |
c) monosaccharides, glucose
|
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When blood glucose concentration rises, the pancreas secretes________, and when blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas secretes_____.
a) glycogen; insulin b)insulin; glucagon c) glucagon; glycogen d) insulin; fructose |
b) insulin; glucagon
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When the body uses fat for fuel without the help of carbohydrate, this results in the production of _______.
a) ketone bodies b) glucose c) starch d) galactose |
a) ketone bodies
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Foods rich in fiber lower blood cholesterol.
true or false |
true
|
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Type 1 diabetes is most often controlled by successful weight-loss management.
true or false |
false
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Foods rich in fiber lower blood cholesterol.. true or false
|
true
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Type 1 diabetes is most often controlled by successful weight-loss and management.. true or false
|
false
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Around the world, most people are lactose intolerant.. true or false
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true
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by law, enriched white bread must equal whole-grain bread in nutrient content
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false
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The fiber-rich portion of the wheat kernel is the bran layer.. true or false..
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true
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Which of the following is not one of the way fats are useful in foods..
a) contribute to taste and smell of foods b) carry fat-soluble vitamins c) fats provide a low-calorie source of energy compared to carbohydrates d) provide essential fatty acids |
c) fats provide a low-calorie source of energy compared to carbohydrates
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Generally speaking, vegetable and fish oils are rich in which of these?
a) polyunsaturated fat b)saturated fat c)cholesterol d) trans-fatty acids |
a) polyunsaturated fat
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A benefit to health is seen when ________ is used in place of _____ in the diet...
a) saturated fat/monounsaturated fat b)saturated fat/polyunsaturated fat.. c) monounsaturated fat/saturated fat d) polyunsaturated fat/cholesterol |
c. monounsaturated fat/saturated fat.
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chylomicrons, a class of lipoproteins, are produced in the :
a) gallbladder b) small intestinal cells C) large intestinal cells d) liver |
b) small intestinal cells
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The roles of the essential fatty acids include:
a) form parts of cell membranes b) support infant growth and vision development. c) support immune function d) all of the above |
d) all of the above
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LDL deliver triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to the body's tissues.. true or false
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true
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taking supplements of fish oil is recommended for those who don't like fish.. true or false
|
false.. taking fish oil supplements is not recommended and may raise ldl cholesterol and have other harmful effects.
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Consuming large amounts of trans-fatty acids lowers ldl cholesterol and thus lowers the risk of heart disease and heart attack.. true or false
|
false..consuming large amounts of trans-fatty acids elevates serum ldl cholesterol and thus raises the risk of heart disease and heart attack.
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When the fat-replacer olestra is present in the digestive tract in enhances the absorption of vitamin E.. true or false
|
False-when olestra is present in the digestive tract, fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin E, become unavailable for absorption
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Fried fish from fast foods restaurants and frozen fried fish products are often low in omega-3 and high in trans-and saturated, fatty acids. True or False
|
True
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The basic building blacks for protein are:
a) glucose units b) amino acids c) side chains d) saturated bonds |
b) amino acids
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Protein digestion begins in the :
a) mouth b) stomach c) small intestine d) large intestine |
b) stomach
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To prevent wasting of dietary protein, which of the following conditions must be met?
a) dietary protein must be adequate in quantity. b) dietary protein must supply all essential amino acids in the proper amounts. c) diet must supply enough calories from carbohydrate and fat. d) all of the above |
d)all of the above
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For healthy adults, the DRI recommended intake for protein to be set at..
a) 0.8 g/kg of body weight b) 2.2 pounds per kg of body weight c) 12 to 15 percent of total calories d) 100 gs a day |
a) 0.8 g/kg of body weight
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Which of the following statements is correct regarding protein and amino acid supplements.
a) they help athletes build muscle b) they help dieters lose weight quicker c) they can assist in relieving depression d) none of the above |
d none of the above
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Under certain circumstances, protein can be converted to glucose and so serve the energy needs of the brain.. true or false
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true
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|
Too little protein in the diet can have severe consequences, but excess protein has not been proven to have adverse effects.
|
False...no study to date has conclusively demonstrated that vitamin cc can prevent colds or reduce their severity
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Although protein-energy malnutrition is prevalent in underdeveloped nations, it is not seen in the united states.. true or false
|
false
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Partially completed proteins are not held for completion at a later time when the diet may improve.. true or false
|
true
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An example of a person in positive nitrogen balance is a pregnant woman..
|
True
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Which of the following vitamins are classified as fat soluble?
a) vitamins b,d b) vitamins a, d, e and k c) vitamins b, e, d, and c d) vitamins b, and c |
b) a, d, e, k
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Night blindness and xerophthalmia are the result of a deficiency of which vitamin?
a) niacin b) vitamin c c) vitamin a d) vitamin k |
c) vitamin A
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Which of the following foods is (are) rich in beta-carotene?
a) sweet potatoes b) pumpkin c)spinach d) all of the above |
d)all of the above
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A deficiency of niacin may result in which disease?
a) pellagra b) beriberi c) scurvy d) rickets |
a) pellagra
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Which of the following describes the fat soluble vitamins?
a) vitamins b and c b) easily absorbed and excreted c) stored extensively in tissues d) a and c |
c) stored extensively in tissues
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Which vitamins is/are present only in foods of animal origin?
a) active form of vitamin a b) vitamin b12 c)riboflavin d) a and b |
d) a and b
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The theory that vitamin c prevents or cures colds is well supported by reach.. true or false
|
false
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Xerophthalmia results from advanced vitamin A deficiency and can lead to permanent blindness.. True or False
|
true
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A high blood level of homocysteine is associated with a deficiency of b vitamins and may increase the risk of heart disease.. true or false..
|
true
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Vitamin A supplements can help treat acne
|
false
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Water balance is governed by the
a) liver b) kidneys c) brains d) b and c |
d)b and c
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Which two minerals are the major constituents of bone?
a) calcium and zinc b) phosphorous and calcium c) sodium and magnesium d) magnesium and calcium |
b)phosphorous and calcium
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All of the following are correct concentrations of zinc except:
a) in high doses it may reduce the HDL concentration in the blood b) in high doses it may inhibit iron absorption from the digestive tract c) fruits and vegetables are the best sources for zinc d) deficiencies in children retard growth |
c) fruits and vegetables are the best sources for zinc
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A deficiency of which mineral is a leading cause of mental retardation worldwide?
A) iron b) iodine c) zinc d) chromium |
b) iodine
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Which mineral supplement is a leading cause of fatal accidental poisonings of US children under six years old?
a) iron b) sodium c) chloride d) potassium |
a) iron
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After 40 years of age, bones begin to lose density true or false?
|
true
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The best way to control salt intake is to cut down on processed and fast foods.. true or false
|
true
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The most abundant mineral in the body is iron.. True or false?
|
false.. its calcium
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Dairy foods such as butter, cream, and cream cheese are good sources of calcium whereas vegetables and broccoli are poor sources.. true or false
|
false... to high in fat.. others are more nutrient dense
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Bottled water must meet higher standards for purity and sanitation than US tap water..
|
false
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All of the following are health risks associated with excessive body fat except..
a) respiratory problems b) sleep apnea c) gallbladder disease d) low blood lipids |
d) low blood lipids
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Which of the following statements about basal metabolic rate is correct?
a) greater a person's age, the higher the bmr b) the more thyroxine produced, the higher bmr c) fever lowers bmr d) pregnant women have lower bmrs. |
b) the more thyroxine produced, the higher bmr
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Body density (the measurement of body weight compared with volume)is determined by which technique?
a) fatfold test b) bioelectrical impedance c) underwater weighing d) all of the above |
c) underwater weighing
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The obesity theory stating that the body chooses to be at specific desired weight is the:
a) set-point theory b) enzyme theory c) fat cell number theory d) external cue memory |
a) set-point theory
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Which of the following explains the great initial weight loss with a high-protein diet?
a) increased basal metabolic rate b) increased thermic effect of protein c) lost glycogen and water d) urinary ketone loss |
c)increased basal metabolic rate
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which of the following is a possible physical consequence of fasting?
a) loss of lean body tissues b) lasting weight loss b) body cleansing d) all of the above |
a)loss of lean body tissues
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The thermic effect of food plays a major role in energy expenditure.. True or False
|
false- the thermic effect of food is believed to have negligible effects on total energy expenditure
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The nervous system cannot use fat as fuel; it can only use glucose.. true or false
|
True
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|
The BMI standard is an excellent tool for evaluating obesity in athletes and the elderly.. true or false
|
False.. the bmi are unsuitable for use with athletes and adults over age 65.
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A diet too low in carbohydrate brings about responses that are similar to fasting.. true or false
|
True
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Which of the following provides most of the energy the muscles use in the early minutes of activity?
a) fat b) protein c)glycogen d) b and c |
c) glycogen
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Which diet has been shown to increase an athlete's endurance?
a) high-fat diet b) normal mixed diet c) high-carbohydrate diet d)diet has not been shown to have any effect |
c) high-carbohydrate diet
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Which of the following stimulates synthesis of muscle cell protein?
a) physical activity b) a high carbohydrate diet c) a high-protein diet d) amino acid supplementation |
a) physical activity
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All of the following statements concerning beer are correct..
a) beer is poor in minerals b) beer is poor in vitamins c) beer causes fluid losses d) beer gets most of its calories from carbohydrates |
d) beer gets most of its calories from carbohydrates
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A person who exercises moderately longer than 20 minutes begin to:
a) use less glucose and more fat for fuel b) use less fat and more protein for fuel c) use less fat and more glucose for fuel d) use less protein and more glucose for fuel |
a) use less glucose and more fat for fuel
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A person who exercises moderately longer than 20 minutes begins to
a) use less glucose and more fat for fuel b) use less fat and more protein for fuel c) use less fat and more glucose for fuel d) use less protein and more glucose for fuel |
a) use less fat and more glucose for fuel
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Weight training to improve muscle strength and endurance has no effect on maintaining bone mass.. true or false
|
false.. weight training to improve muscle strength and endurance also helps maximize and maintain bone mass
|
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The average resting pulse rate for adults is around 70 beats per minute, but the rate is higher in active people.. true or false
|
false.. the average resting pulse for adults is around 70 beats per minute, but the rate is lower for active people.
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An athlete should drink extra fluids in the last few days of training before an event in order to ensure proper hydration.. true or false
|
true
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|
Research does not support the idea that athletes need supplements of vitamins to enhance their performance.. true or false
|
true
|
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|
Aerobically trained muscles burn fat more readily than untrained muscles.. true or false
|
true
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|
By what age do most people have well-developed plaques in their arteries?
a) 20 years b) 30 years c) 40 years d) 50 years |
b) 30 years
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Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease..
A) high blood hdl cholesterol b. low blood pressure c. low LDL cholesterol d. diabetes |
d. diabetes
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An atherogenic diet is high in all of the following except..
a) fiber b) cholesterol c. saturated fat d) trans fats |
a. fiber
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Which of the following dietary factors help to regulate blood pressure?
a) calcium b) magnesium c) potassium d) all of the above |
d) all of the above
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Which of the following have been associated with an increase in cancer?
a) alcohol b) diets high in red meat c) high intakes of smoke-preserved foods d) all of the above |
d) all of the above
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|
When calorie intakes rise, cancer rates also increase.. true or false
|
true
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|
Laboratory evidence suggests that a high calcium diet may increase the risk of colon cancer?
true or false |
false.. high calcium diet might help to prevent colon cancer
|
|
|
The DASH diet is designed for athletes who compete in sprinting events
|
false.. designed for helping people with hypertension to control the disease .. Dash stands for dietary approaches to stop hypertension
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|
Hypertension is more severe and occurs earlier in life among people of European or Asian descent than among African Americans
|
False.hypertension is more severe and occurs earlier in life among African Americans than those of European or Asian descent
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|
Alternative therapies, such as herbal medicine, have not been well established by scientific experimentation to be safe and effective.
|
True
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|
Which of the following food hazards has the FDA identified as its number one concern?
a) pesticides in food b) microbial food borne illness c) intentional food additives d) environmental contaminants |
b) microbial food borne illness
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To prevent food illnesses, the refrigerator's temperature should be less than:
a) 70 F b) 65 F C) 40 F d) 30 F |
C) 40 F
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Which of the following may be contracted from normal-appearing raw seafood?
a) hepatitis b) worms and flukes c) viral intestinal disorders d) all of the above |
d) all of the above
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Which of the following is correct concerning fruits that have been irradiated?
a) they decay and ripen more slowly b) they lose substantial nutrients c) they are not safe to eat d) they become radioactive |
a) they decay and ripen more slowly
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Which of the following organisms can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome?
a) Listeria monocytogenes b) Campylobacter jenjuni c) Escherichia coli 157: H7 d) Salmonella |
c) Escherichia coli 157: H7
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|
It is possible to eliminate all poisons from your diet by eating only natural foods.. true or false
|
false.. nature has provided many plants used for food with natural poisons to fend off diseases, insects and other predators
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|
Pregnant women are advised not to eat certain species of fish because the FDA and the EPA have detected unacceptably high lead levels in them.. true or false
|
True
|
|
|
The canning industry chooses treatments that employ the low-temperature-long-time principle for canning.
true or false |
false.. the canning industry chooses treatments that employ the high-temperature-short time principle for eating
|
|
|
Artificial flavors and flavor enhancers are the largest single group of food additives.
|
True
|
|
|
Infants under one year of age should never be fed honey because it can contain spores of Clostridium botulinum
|
true
|
|
|
A pregnant woman needs an extra 450 calories above the allowance for non pregnant women during which trimester?
a) first b) second c) third d) first, second, third |
c) third
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|
A deficiency of which nutrient appears to be related to an increased risk of neural tube defects?
a) vitamin b6 b) folate c) calcium d) niacin |
b) folate
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|
Which of the following preventative measures should a pregnant woman take to avoid contracting listeriosis?
a) avoid feta cheese b) avoid pasteurized milk c) thoroughly heat hot dogs d) a and c |
d) a and c
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|
|
Breastfed infants may need supplements of:
a) fluoride, iron, and vitamin D b) zinc, iron, and vitamin C c) vitamin E, calcium, and fluoride |
a)fluoride, iron, and vitamin D
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|
|
Which of the following foods poses a choking hazard to infants and small children?
a) pudding b) marshmallows c) hot dog slices d) b and c |
d) b and c
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|
|
Sweets of any kind (including baby food desserts) have no place in a baby's diet?
true or false |
true
|
|
|
A major reason why a woman's nutrition before pregnancy is crucial is that it determines whether her uterus will support the growth of a normal placenta.. true or false
|
true
|
|
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)is the leading known cause of mental retardation in the world.
|
True
|
|
|
In general, the effect of nutritional deprivation on a breastfeeding mother is to reduce the quality of her milk.. true or false
|
false.. in general the effect of nutritional deprivation of the mother is to reduce the quantity, not the quality of her milk
|
|
|
A sure way to get a baby to sleep through the night is to feed solid foods as soon as the baby can swallow them. True or False
|
False.. there is no proof for the theory that stuffing the baby at bedtime will promote sleeping through the night
|
|
|
Children naturally like nutritious foods in all the food groups, except:
a) dairy b) meats c) vegetables d) fruits |
c) vegetables
|
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|
Which of the following can contribute to choking in children?
a) peanut butter eaten by the spoonful b)hot dogs and tough meat c) grapes and hard candy d) all of the above |
d) all of the above
|
|
|
Which of the following in most commonly deficient in children and adolescents?
a) folate b) zinc c) iron d) vitamin D |
c) iron
|
|
|
Which of the following many worsen symptoms of PMS?
a) adequate vitamin B6 b) physical activity c) caffeine d) calcium |
c) caffeine
|
|
|
Which of the following have been shown to improve acne?
a) avoiding chocolate and fatty foods. b) accutane c) vitamin a supplements d) stress |
b) accutane
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|
|
Physical changes of aging that can affect nutrition include:
a) reduced stomach acid b) increased saliva output c) tooth loss and gum disease d) a and c |
d) a and c
|
|
|
Research to date supports the idea that food allergies or intolerances are common causes of hyperactivity in children. true or false..
|
false.. research to date does not support the idea that food allergies or intolerances cause hyperactivity in children, but studies continue
|
|
|
Nutrition does not seem to play a role in the causation of osteoarthritis.. true or false
vitamin a absorption decreases with age.. true or false |
true
false.. vitamin a absorption appears to increase with aging |
|
|
herbal supplements have been shown to slow down the progression of alzheimer's disease.. true or false..
|
false.. to date, no proven benefits are available from herbs or other remedies
|
|
|
Which of the following is a symptom of food insecurity?
a) you worry about gaining weight. b) you rely on neighbors to feed your children because there is not enough food in the house c) you shop daily to get the best prices d) you buy fresh rather than frozen foods |
b) you rely on neighbors to feed your children because there is not enough food in the house
|
|
|
Which of the items can be purchased with food stamps?
a) bread b) cigarettes c) dish washing liquid d) alcohol |
a)bread
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|
|
Today, famine is most often a result of?
a) poverty b) drought c) social conflict and war d) flood |
c) social conflict and or war
|
|
|
Which of the following is an example of environmental degradation?
a) soil erosion b) diminished grazing lands c) air pollution d) all of the above |
d) all of the above
|
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|
Which of the following activities are recommended due to the small impact they have on the environment?
a) use the oven whenever possible b) line pans with aluminum foil to reduce cleanup effort c)use a pressure cooker or microwave to cook foods d) carry groceries home in a paper bag rather than in plastic. |
c) use a pressure cooker or microwave to cook foods
|
|
|
Poverty and hunger drive people to bear more children.. true or false
|
true
|
|
|
most children who die of malnutrition starve to death.. true or false
|
false.. most children who die of malnutrition do not starve to death.. they die because their health has been compromised by dehydration from infections that cause diarrhea.
|
|
|
grains require the least energy to produce .. true or false
|
true
|
|
|
the higher a nation's economic status, the faster is population grows over the long runs.. true or false
|
false.. the link between improved economic status and slowed population growth has been demonstrated in country after country.
|
|
|
Deficiency of vitamin A is the world's leading cause of blindness in young children.. true or false
|
true
|
