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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four main visual fields? |
Superior, inferior, lateral, nasal
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What is:
1) Anopsia 2) Hemianopsia 3) Quadrantnopsia |
1) Being blind in one eye
2) Loss of two visual fields in one eye 3) Loss of one visual field in one eye |
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Where does information from the superior visual fields in both eyes travel to?
Where does information from the inferior visual fields in both eyes travel to? |
Superior visual fields -> lingual gyrus, area inferior to calcarine fissure
Inferior visual fields -> cuneus, superior to calcarine fissure |
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Map the pathway of vision from the nasal visual fields of both eyes.
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Input from nasal visual field -> lateral aspect of retina -> axons synapse on cells in ipsilateral lateral geniculate body -> cells in lateral geniculate body send out axons that synapse in ipsilateral occipital poles (visual cortex)
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Map the pathway of vision from the lateral visual fields of both eyes.
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Input from temporal visual field -> medial aspect of retina -> cross in optic chiasm, synapse in contralateral lateral geniculate body -> cell send out axons to synapse in ipsilateral occipital poles
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How is the temporal lobe involved in sight?
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Optic radiation runs through small part of the temporal lobe, so if that part is damaged then there will be visual field deficits.
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What is a pupillary reflex?
Consensual light reflex: 1) What is it? 2) What could be a cause of this NOT happening? 3) Map the pathway |
When the eye constricts when light is shone into it
1) Consensual light reflex - both pupils constricting in response to light being shone in one eye. 2) May not occur because of an epidural hematoma that results in extensive damage to the brainstem and brain - blood from breaks in branches of middle meningeal artery places pressures/damages pretectal nuclei or Edinger-Westphal nuclei 3) Light shone in eye, axons synapse in pretectal nucleus in tectum of superior colliculus in midbrain. Info from both pretectal nuclei are shared via the posterior commissure. Axons from pretectal nuclei synapse in Edinger-Westphal nuclei, its axons synapse in ciliary ganglia, fibers from ciliary ganglia stimulate constrictor pupillae muscles. Both pupils should constrict. |
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What are the four main areas of the brain involved with smell, and where are they specifically found?
What are their functions? |
1) Piriform cortex - frontal lobe of the cerebrum
2) Septal nuclei - adjacent to septum pellucidum 3) Entorhinal cortex aka parahippocampal gyrus - next to the hippocampus 4) Uncus - cerebral cortex, adjacent to amygdala Piriform cortex, septal nuclei, and uncus are important for interpretation of odors. |
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Map the pathway of smell.
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Smell travels up nostrils -> superior portion of nasal cavity where it's sensed by cilia -> processes from cilia pass through holes in cribiform plate, synapse on right and left olfactory bulbs -> sends out olfactory tract -> medial and lateral olfactory stria.
From medial olfactory stria -> travel bilaterally to piriform cortices, septal nuclei, and ipsilaterall to uncus, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. Entorhinal cortex/amygdala -> hippocampus -> fornix -> hypothalamus, or can go straight to hippocampus (amygdala - stria terminalis) Lateral olfactory stria -> ipsilaterally to uncus and amygdala. |
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What is the role of the amygdala?
What is the role of the hippocampus? |
Role in control of fear, anger, sexual activity.
Storage of short term memories and learning. |
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Which part of the olfactory tract interprets odors?
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Uncus, piriform cortex, septal nuclei
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Give a summary of the gustatory pathway.
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From 7, 9, 10 -> gustatory portion of ipsilateral solitary nucleus -> ipsilateral IN CENTRAL TEGMENTAL TRACT to VPM nucleus of ipsilateral thalamus -> ipsilateral cerebral cortex, synapse on cells in insula (interpretation of taste)
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What are the 3 types of cells involved in taste?
5 basic types of taste perception? |
Supporting (sustentacular) - architectural framework of the taste buds
Receptor (neuroepithelial)- carries sensation of taste to CNS Basal - undifferentiated cells that become sensory or supporting cells Sweet, sour, bitter, salt, umami (responds to glutamate) |
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Which cranial nerves carry taste? What ganglion are associated with taste?
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7, 9, 10
Facial - taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue. Geniculate ganglion Glossopharyngeal - taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue. Petrosal ganglion (inferior ganglion of IX) Vagus - taste from around epiglottis. Nodose ganglion (inferior ganglion of X) |
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T or F: taste it entirely dependent on taste receptors
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F - smell too. Salivary production - xerostomia = reduced taste
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Is the temporal lobe directly involved with sight? If it's damaged, will it affect sight?
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It's not directly involved - the optic radiation just passes through here so if there's damage to the temporal lobe, you can lose part of your sight
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What will you lose if you sever:
1) The right optic tract 2) The lateral aspect of the right retina 3) Optic chiasm 4) Right lateral geniculate body 5) Right lingual gyrus |
1) Blindness in right eye
2) Loss of nasal field of right eye 3) Loss of temporal fields in both eyes 4) Loss of right nasal, left temporal 5) Loss of superior vision in right nasal, left temporal |
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A woman can't give birth and has lost both lateral visual fields. What is probably the problem?
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Pituitary gland - it's right beneath the optic chiasm, and it has hormones that control fertility.
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What is a coup contra coup?
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When you get hit on the head hard enough that you damage both the frontal lobe (brain sliding forward) and then the occipital lobe (brain sliding backwards)
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How can the eyes be affected if you have an epidural hematoma?
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Lack of consensual light reflex - you can damage the pretectal nuclei in the superior colliculus in the midbrain or the posterior commissure, so communication between eyes is disrupted.
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What is the pupillo-dilator reflex done in response to?
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Surprise, fear, rage, sexual excitement, drugs
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What is the near reflex? What is it done in response to? What nerve is it involved with?
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Near reflex - eye changes that are done as an object is brought closer to the eye
1) Pupillary constriction 2) Convergence - bringing both eyes together so they gaze at the same point 3) Accomodation - adjustments of the shape of the lens to keep objects in focus when focal lengths change Oculomotor nerve |
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You get a piece of dust in your eye and you need to blink. What nerves and pathways are involved?
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Pain from eye - trigeminal nerve -> spinal tract of V -> nucleus caudalis
Fine touch - opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve -> pontine nucleus |
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What is an Argyll Robertson pupil?
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Small pupils that constrict when objects are brought close to them but not in response to light - associated with neurosyphilis.
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What is Horner's syndrome, and what is it associated with?
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Damage to sympathetic fibers in the head. Symptoms: miosis (abnormally constricted pupil), enophthalamos (sunken eye in socket), ptosis (drooping eyelid)
Associated with Wallenberg's syndrome |
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What is Adie's pupil?
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Damage to the ciliary ganglion, pupils are unequal size (anisocoria)
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Left sided neglect can result from a stroke that affects what artery?
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Middle cerebral artery
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What are the unci connected by?
Where are there feedback loops in the olfactory pathway? Why is this important? |
Anterior commissure
Hippocampus and hypothalamus send feedback to the frontal lobe, important because personality is partially dependent on these connections. Smell can triggers certain behaviors. |
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What is an olfactory aura and how do you get it?
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Smelling things that aren't around - stimulation of the temporal lobe (hippocampus and amygdala). Example: girl with grand mal seizures who always smelled bananas before she seizured.
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What are dysnomia and anomia caused by?
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Irreversible damage to the "hair cells" on the nose, most of the times results from smoking.
Anosmia - lesions in piriform cortex/orbitofrontal cortex = loss of ability to discriminate odors Dysnomia - lesions in uncus = olfactory hallucinations, usually disagreeable. This occurs in temporal lobe epilepsy...uncinate fit. |
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Filiform papillae:
1) Where is it primarily located? 2) What is it composed of? 3) Taste buds? |
1) Anterior 2/3 of tongue
2) Epithelium only - stratified squamous, with tufts of epithelium coming out 3) NO Taste buds |
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Fungiform papillae:
1) Where is it located? 2) What is at its core? 3) Taste buds? |
1) Throughout tongue
2) Connective tissue core 3) Few, scattered taste buds |
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Circumvallate papillae:
1) How big is it? 2) Where is it found? 3) Taste buds? 4) Possess? |
1) Very large
2) Posterior aspect of ANTERIOR 2/3 of tongue 3) Numerous taste buds 4) Trench into which serous salivary fluid is secreted |
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Foliate papillae:
1) How big is it? 2) Where is it found? |
1) Very large, so large that it's often mistaken for a tumor
2) Lateral aspect of tongue on posterior 1/3 |
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Taste buds:
1) Where are they mostly found? 2) How many cells are they composed of? 3) How are they exposed to the oral cavity? 4) Lifespan? 5) What taste does the tip of the tongue mostly respond to? 6) What taste does the lateral part of the tongue mostly respond to? 7) What does the root of the tongue respond to? 8) What part of the tongue senses umami the most? |
1) Dorsal surface of tongue, but some of soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis
2) 40-70 3) Taste pore 4) 10 days 5) Sweet/salty 6) Sour (little bit of sweet too) 7) Bitter 8) It's sensed equally throughout the tongue |
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Dysgeusia/ageusia:
1) What is it? 2) What are the six main external causes of it? 3) What are the peripheral neuropathy causes of it? 4) What are the CNS disorders taht cause it? |
1) Distortion of taste, or completel lack of taste.
2) Smoking Can Damage Taste, So Don't Smoking, compression of the chorda tympani, damage to taste buds (trauma, influenza), toxins and pollutants, saliva (abnormal), drugs 3) Riley-Day syndrome (less taste buds), type I diabetes, Guillen-Barre, Bell's Palsy (facial nerve inflamed) 4) Head trauma, damaging lateral aspect of cerebrum, Wallenberg's, MS causing demyelination of fibers, demyelinating thalamic lesions |
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What are the 6 factors that can cause decreased/abnormal salivary production?
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Sialadenitis - inflammation of salivary duct or gland
Sjogren's - autoimmune disease, inflammation of lacrimal or salivary gland Cystic fibrosis - hyperviscous saliva Medication, radiation, dietary insufficiency/metabolic disorders |
