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170 Cards in this Set
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program evaluation is described
why evaluation is important how the findings are used who conducts the evaluation how to conduct an evaluation reports |
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program planning
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developing or modifying an exisiting nutrition program
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before modifying a program, the RD should:
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review her organization's mission statement
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impetus for program planning?
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community needs assessment results
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steps of program planning
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1. review CA results
2. define goals and objectives |
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broad statements
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goals
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specific measureable actions to be completed within a specific time frame
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objectives
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4 components of objectives
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target pop
time frame how measured action/activity undertaken |
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3 types of objectives
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outcome objectives
structure objectives process objectives (OPS) |
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out come objective:
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measurable changes in a health or nutritional outcome, such as a decrease in blood cholesterol or a change in functional status.
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process objectives:
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are measurable activities carried out by the nutritionist and other team members in implementing the program.
specify the manner in which the outcome objectives will be achieved |
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Each nutritionist will conduct two nutrition lectures during the next 6 months on dietary iron intake.
what kind of objective? |
process
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By the year 2010, reduce iron deficiency to less than 5 percent among low income children under 2 years of age.
what kind of objective? |
outcome
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structure objective:
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measurable activities surrounding the budget, staffing patterns, management systems, use of the organization’s resources, and coordination of program activities.
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After each iron nutrition presentation, each nutritionist will submit and itemized statement of expenses related to the class.
what kind of objective |
structure objective
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basis for determining whether the program was effective
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program goals and outcome objectives
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program plan consists of:
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1. description (what, who, eligibility, staff, funds)
2. nut. edu components (topics, number of sessions, follow up) 3. marketing plan (who, where, when) |
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things program planning does
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assigns responsibility
indicates resources developed after reviewing existing programs and talking with colleagues and other professionals |
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intervention strategy can be directed to:
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individuals or populations or systems
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a program plan is developed after:
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reviewing exisiting programs and talking with other colleagues and professionals
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level 1 of intervention
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Builds awareness. Changes attitudes and beliefs, increases awareness of risk factors.
Does this result in behavior changes? |
rarley
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Level II intervention
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Lifestyle Changes.
Small changes over time- behavior modification and education combination. Does this result in behavior changes? |
successful with small changes voer time
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level III intervention
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create environment that is supportive for change.
supports the behavior changes made by individuals. |
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health fairs are what level of intervention?
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level 1
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one on one counseling session is for what level of intervention?
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level 2
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fitness program in school is what intervention level?
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level 2
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legislation = what level intervnetion?
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level 1
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health claims on food labels - what level intervention?
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level 1
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Company incentives to join a gym? what level intervention?
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level2
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worksite cafeteria programs are what level intervention?
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3rd
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legislation= what level of intervention?
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3
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screening is what level of intervention?
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1
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newsletters are what level of intervention?
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1
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level ___ is designed to make inidivuals make lifestyle changes
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2
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level 2 intervention reaches individuals through
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one on one counseling
small group meetings |
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They involve a program of assessing current behaviors, setting goals for behavior change, developing skills needed to change behavior, providing support for change, and evaluating progress.
what level intervention? |
level 2 intervention
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tax incentives, gleaning and point of purchase labeling are all what kind of intervention?
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level 3
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steps in developing a plan for a program:
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Design the nutrition education component
Set goals and objectives for the program Specify the program format Choose program identifiers (name, logo, tag line) Develop a marketing plan Specify partnerships (grocery stores, retail stores, non-profit groups, etc.) |
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TWo types of structures needed to implement programs:
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personnel sturcture
data management system |
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personnel structure:
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employees responsible for overseeing the program
determining if it meets objectives |
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data management system:
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manner that data about clients, program use and outcomes are measured
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direct cost of a program
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employee salaries
supplies travel expenses |
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indirect costs of a program
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room rental
janitorial utilities |
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key to successful program implementation
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view all aspects of the program and then make appropriate improvements
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evaluation:
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use of SCIENTIFIC Methods to judge and improve the planning, monitoring and effectiveness of the program
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who conducts program evaluations
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outside consultant or program staff
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what is the evaluator responsible for?
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everything
(can be just on one specific part of progarm ,or comprehensive) |
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during planing ___ occurs at each step
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evaluation
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Formative evaluation:
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the process of testing and assessing certain elements of a program before it is implemented fully. Ex: pilot testing an educational handout
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process evaluation
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a measure of program activities or efforts--that is, how a program is implemented.
Helps managers decide what services to provide, how to provide them, and for whom. Process evaluation focuses on ‘activities’ not outcomes. |
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Ex: only 74% of post-tests returned after an educational session. Did all participants not receive one, was it not clear who to return the tests to? Did participants not like completing it?
What kind of evaluation? |
process evaluation
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the evaluator examines the target population to determine how they were attracted to the program and to what extent they participated.
Age, gender, occupation, income Impact of location, time, day of the week What kind of evaluation? |
process evaluation
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the process of determining whether the program’s methods and activities resulted in the desired immediate changes in the client
what kind of evaluation? |
impact evaluation
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the process of measuring a program’s effectiveness in changing one or more aspects of nutritional or health status.
what kind of evaluation? |
outcome evaluation
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what kind of evaluation:
evaluation of personnel and environmental factors related to program delivery, such as training of personnel or adequacy of the facility. |
structure evaluation
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cost effective analysis
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relates the effectiveness of reaching the program’s goals to the monetary value of the resources going into the program.
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cost benefit analysis
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estimates both the tangible and intangible benefits of a program and the direct and indirect costs of implementing the program and everything is translated into a common measure, usually a monetary unit.
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COMMunicating evaluation findings
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front cover
summary background info description of evaluation results discussion of results conclusions recommendations options |
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what you need for designing an intervention:
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know why your target pop does what it does
need arsenal of tools |
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a better understanding of how intervention strategies work leads to
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better client outcome
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are behavior change models evidence based?
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yes
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behavior change theories target changes in
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attitudes/beliefs, behavior
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social marketing:
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promote healthy eating through marketing techniques
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nutritoin edu
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formal process of imparting knowledget to others
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nut. counseling
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collaborative effort btw patient and rd
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social marketing
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promoting healthy eating through marketing techniques
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theoreis are sometimes presented in the form of
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models
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stages of change
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precomtemplation
contemplation preparation action maintenance |
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thinking about making a change in the next 6 months
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contemplation
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decides to change, and plans to begin within 1 month
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preparation
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working at the change for less than 6 months
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action
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sustains the change for 6+ months. becomes a part of routine
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maintenance
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RULE means:
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Resist urge to confront client about need to change
Understand- proceed in nonjudgemental way Listen- express empathy E-empower them. self efficacy |
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model that was first used on adolescent obese girls
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MI
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model that uses RULE
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MI
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builds on client centered counseling
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MI
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provide infor only when client requrest it in:
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MI
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help clients explore and restore ambivalence
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MI
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model that was first used on adolescent obese girls
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MI
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model that uses RULE
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MI
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builds on client centered counseling
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MI
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provide infor only when client requrest it in:
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MI
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help clients explore and resole ambivalence
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MI
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Developed to explain why people failed to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease.
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health belief model
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3 components of the health model
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The perception of a threat to health.
The expectation of certain outcomes related to a behavior. (certain behaviors will have benefits) Self-efficacy - the belief that one can make a behavior change. All other variables are belived to act indirectly (age, sex etc) |
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application of health model:
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Beliefs in connection between diet and health result in greater number of positive changes than just knowledge
Public awareness campaigns are used to influence beliefs of people in high-risk groups |
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A fundamental model for explaining virtually any health behavior over which the individual has control.
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theory of planned behavior
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intentions:
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the instructions people give to themselves to behave in certain ways.
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theory of palnned behavior main concept:
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Behavior is determined directly by a person’s intention to perform the behavior
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what do people consider according to theory of planned behavior?
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In forming intentions, people consider the outcome of their behavior and the opinion of significant others before committing themselves to a particular action.
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according to TOPB, attitudes are determined by:
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The individual’s belief that a certain behavior will have a given outcome.
An evaluation of the actual outcome of the behavior. A perception of his or her ability to control the behavior. |
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Explains behavior in terms of a model in which behavior, personal factors such as cognitions, and the environment interact constantly, such that a change in one area has implications for the others.
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social cognition theory
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the environment in SCT includes:
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The social real (family, friends, peers, coworkers)
The physical real (the workplace, layout of a kitchen, etc.) |
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it focuses on certain target behaviors rather than on knowledge and attitudes
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SCT
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peer counseling to increase breastfeeding rates is an example of what model?
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SCT
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Used telephone-based intervention to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and beans is an example of what model:
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SCT
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Based on assumption that all behavior is learned
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Cognitive Behavior Theory
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Patients are taught to use behavioral strategies in what model?
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cGT
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Diabetes Prevention Program – intensive lifestyle modification based on what model?
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CGT
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Developed to explain how a product or idea becomes accepted by a majority of consumers.
What model? |
Diffusion of innovation model
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four stages of diffusion of intervention model?
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knowledge
persuasion decision confirmation |
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classes of consumers: 5
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innovators
early adopters early majority late majority laggards |
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skeptical; usually adopt an innovation only through peer pressure.
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late majority of consumers classification
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the last to adopt; tend to come from small families, to be single and older, and to be traditional.
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laggards
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tend to be cautious.
kind of consumer? |
early majority consumer
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Heart-Healthy Living Program – asked popular chef with recent heart attack to join group and provide modified recipes
What model? |
innovation diffusion
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successful nut edu does what to the client:
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Examine their belief system.
Evaluate the consequences of a certain behavior. Change their behavior. |
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successful nut intervention edu includes:
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good instructional design and learning principles and use media
facilitiate individualization |
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6 basic edu priciples
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consanance
relavance individualization feedback reinforcement facilitation |
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helps clients learn by providing a measuring stick to determine how much progress they are making.
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feedback
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measures taken to accomplish desired actions or eliminate obstacles.
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facilitation
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the fit between program and its objectives.
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consanance
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show how, now why when teaching:
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children
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how would you describe learning for adults:
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learning is an intentional, purposeful activity.
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things to help adult learners:
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-tie it to past experiences
-current concenrs -actively involved in problem solving -hands on activities -concrete info -define abstract terms -collaborative process btw teacher and learner -ask open ended questions -seize teachable times (preg, elderly transition, other transitions) -validate them. increase self worth -positive environment -repitition -varity of methods -frequent feedback |
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nutrition plan contains:
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-pop. needs
goals/objectives program format lesson plan nut. messages to be given to pop marketing plan partnerships that will support program development or delivery evaluation instruments |
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the first step to developing a lesson plan?
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know your audience, setting, content
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relate learning to
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real life situations that relate directly to the learners life
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always focus on: (when teaching a group)
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the learners' interests
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3 questions to ask myself before developing a lesson plan?
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1. what am i trying to teach?
2. what are the key concepts? 3. what method of teaching do i use? |
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instructional objectaives should:
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Concentrate on the learner and not the teacher.
Clearly communicate a specific instructional intent. Be stated in terms of the end-product and not in terms of the process of learning. Describe one type of learning outcome per objective that is specific in describing the learners’ performance. |
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components of a lesson plan
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objectives
body of lesson activities evaluation |
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common format used to structure lesson plans:
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Lesson title
Target audience Duration General objectives or the goal for the class Specific objectives that identify the expected learning outcomes using measurable statements procedures activities evaluation methods materials needed |
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what is formative evaluation?
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testing and assessing elements of a program before it is delivered
(focus groups or health literacy) |
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what tense should nutrition messages be in?
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present tense
(don't use words like 'may' that express uncertainty) be straightforward |
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"it's all about you" campaign:
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DGA does it. Simple, positive and consistent messages to promote health and active lifestyle
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"it's all about you" messages were developed how?
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focuse groups, group discussions with consumers. They are based around these opinions:
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say is straight
stop chaning your mind offer choices make it fun and simple explain what's in it for me |
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summarative evaluation is
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conducted at end of presentation. It includes listeners' reactions to:
topics covered presenter materials physical set up advertising program activities registration procedures |
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overweight in children is:
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BMI for age above 95th percentile
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at risk for overweight in children is:
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BMI for age above 85th percentile
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underweight in children is:
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BMI for age less than 5th percentile
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2 surveys that obesity data is obtained from regularly
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NHANES
BRFSS |
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what provides the data for the teenage BMIs?
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YRBSS survey (HS students, self reported)
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economic burden of obesity?
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92 billion
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other chronic diseases obesity is associated with
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sleep-breathing disorders
musculoskeletal diseases gallbladder diseases selected cancers |
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toxic environment
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limits opportunities (for PA)
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goal of obesity prevention program?
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stop gaining. maintain weight.
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behavioral therapy is
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goal setting
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youth obesity interventions that were most successful?
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decreased TV watching
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how are the efforts to control obesity in public policy?
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lacking
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cheeseburger bill...
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passed twice in the house, failed in senate both times
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how does congress support food industries?
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price fixing, price points, subsidies
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in 3rd world countries, who is obese?
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upper class, rich children
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CDC coordinated school health program:
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all components of school level work together to give consistent, healthful messages
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CATCH
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coordinated approach to child health program. good example of nutrition + PA program
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same principles behind social/commerical marketing?
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yes!
What's the aim of them? |
strengthen the fit between what is offerred and the needs of the pop
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Marketing def:
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the process by which individuals and groups get what they need and want by creating and exchanging products and values with others.
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social marketing def:
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Draws on many of the techniques and technologies of commercial marketing, but seeks to increase the acceptability of an idea, a practice, a product, or all three among the target population.
The products: ideas and behaviors *CHANGING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR combines the best elements of consumer behavior theory with marketing tools and skills |
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purpose of marketing:
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find a problem/need/want and fashion a solution for it
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marketing plan:
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HOW and what form the nut messages will be delivered to the population
outline goals/objectives |
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steps of marketing?
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1. dtermine needs
2. identify benefits of product/service 3. conduct situational analysis 4. Product, place, price, promotion 5. budget and timeline 6. implement marketing 7. evaluation marketing |
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4 p's of marketing? require what?
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require setting goals and objectives of what we want the marketing to accomplish
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situational analysis def:
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a detailed assessment of the environment including an evaluation of the consumer, the competition, and any other factors that may affect the program or business.
AKA SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats |
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3 categories of consumers?
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customer themselves (current client in WIC)
referral people (doctors) any third party people who influence decisions |
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do you develop a different marketing plan for each target pop?
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yes, ideally
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MARKET segmentation def?
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Actual and potential markets should be divided further into distinct and homogeneous subgroups, which is a process called
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4 classes of marketing segmentation
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demographic
behavioralistic psycographic geographic |
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situational analysis requires what kind of data?
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both primary and secondary
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primary data
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collected for the first time
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secondary data
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exisiting data. (from gov or other research)
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all the characteristics of a marketing product:
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Style
Special features Packaging Quality Brand names Options designed to fit the needs and preferences of the target market |
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price in marketing includes:
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Tangible costs - fee for service.
Intangible commodities - time, effort, and inconvenience. |
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4 objectives of promotion
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To inform and educate consumers about the existence of a product or service and its capabilities.
To remind present and former users of the product’s continuing existence. To persuade prospective purchasers that the product is worth buying. To inform consumers about where and how to obtain and use the product. |
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advertising is:
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any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor.
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sales promotion is:
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coupons, free samples, point-of-purchase materials, and trade catalogs.
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the key to the success of any marketing program.
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evalution
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4 types of behavior change in social marketing
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cognitive change
action change (screening) behavior change (exercise daily) value change (have less children) |
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3 times when social marketing is esp needed?
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offset negative effects of a practice/promotion (smoking)
move people from intention to action disipate new evidence from research |
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stay focused on what during marketing?
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needs and wants of consumers
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are we doing more mass or slective targeting?
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more selective, individual
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