• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/70

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Briefly describe the three ways universities arose in medieval Europe.
Italian model- formed by a bunch of businessmen (who were the students), started/ran by the students who set the curriculum and hired the teachers. Practical/professional studies (law, medicine, and theology0
Parisian model- itinerant scholars gravitated to Paris (because it was stable, well populated, and awash in agricultural surplus) to establish a universitas to make their job easier, teachers started/ran it. Scholastic studies- specialized in classical liberal arts and theology (law and medicine later )
Oxford model- professors withdrew to Oxford to set up a community - where the faculty and the students lived together (collegiately) devote to scholarship without distraction. -focused on classical liberal arts, dictated by the professors.
What does University mean?
University- [guild for scholars]
What was the Italian model?
formed by a bunch of businessmen (who were the students), started/ran by the students who set the curriculum and hired the teachers. Practical/professional studies (law, medicine, and theology)
What was the Parisian model?
itinerant scholars gravitated to Paris (because it was stable, well populated, and awash in agricultural surplus) to establish a universitas to make their job easier, teachers started/ran it. Scholastic studies- specialized in classical liberal arts and theology (law and medicine later )
What was the Oxford model?
professors withdrew to Oxford to set up a community - where the faculty and the students lived together (collegiately) devote to scholarship without distraction. -focused on classical liberal arts, dictated by the professors.
Who ran and made the Italian model?
a bunch of businessmen, by the students
Who ran and made the Parisian model?
itinerant scholars, by the teachers
Who made the Oxford model, and how was it different from the other two?
professors, the faculty and the students lived together
Briefly explain “scholasticism.”
- attempts to reconcile the difference between the two truths: 1. reveal truth by God/ based on faith/ comes from the scriptures 2. natural truth- derived from logic and reason (Greeks and Romans).
-two truths cannot be contradictory. 1. Reveal truth (god said it was) 2. Natural truth (God created the universe.) Because God made nature.
What did scholasticism attempt to reconcile?
the difference between the two truths:
1. reveal truth by God/ based on faith
2. natural truth- derived from logic and reason (Greeks).
What could the two truths not be?
contradictory. because they were both made by God
1. Reveal truth (god said it was)
2. Natural truth (God created the universe.)
Because God made nature.
How did St. Thomas Aquinas illustrate "scholasticism"?
believed that you need both truths, and only choosing one will give you part of the view. Need both to fully understand anything.
Need to put Reveal Truth between logic and faith.

Something behind everything, need a logical proof of the existence of God:
1.all emotion is caused.
2.causal change cannot be infinite because something cannot cause itself (must predate whatever it has caused)
3.there must be a prime mover → God.
What did St. Thomas Aquinas believe that you needed to do (about scholasticism)?
Need to put Reveal Truth between logic and faith.
What else did he believe about cause and effect?
Something behind everything,need a logical proof of the existence of God:
1.all emotion is caused.
2.causal change cannot be infinite because something cannot cause itself (must predate whatever it has caused)
3.there must be a prime mover → God.
Briefly describe Romanesque architecture.
-is an architectural style of the medieval europe characterized by semi-circular arches.
-developed by Romans/
-barrel vaulting, extends the length of the roof
- very thick walls/massive columns, with small windows
Briefly describe Gothic architecture
- pointed arch
-flying buttresses
-ribbed vaulting
- multiple columns= thinner walls and columns, bigger walls
What were the effects of Gothic architecture on The Church and Europe?
1. the columns and ribbing denoted the orderly and logical nature of God’s universe
2.The greater presence of light conveyed the warmth, mystical, and nurturing nature of the Virgin Mary and the Church
3. Numerous windows could use stained glass to tell the story of Jesus to illiterate peasants and add to the sheer beauty of the Cathedral
4. Prompts pilgrimages by peasants & common folk- cathedrals were medieval Disney Worlds
What did the columns and ribbing denote?
the orderly and logical nature of God’s universe
What did the greater presence of light convey?
the warmth, mystical, and nurturing nature of the Virgin Mary and the Church
What were the numerous stained glass windows used for?
to tell the story of Jesus to illiterate peasants and add to the sheer beauty of the Cathedral
who and What did the architecture prompt?
pilgrimages by peasants & common folk- cathedrals were medieval Disney Worlds
definition of The Renaissance.
Rebirth of Classical Art (literature, art, architecture) Ancient Roman art, it spread throughout the Med. beginning 1500- spreads through the northern half of Europe.
What were the Renaissance's characteristics/ what did it focus on?
1. new appreciation/embrace of the humanistic ideas developed by the Greek (recognition, applies to the modern day)
2. emphasis on the Urbane- positive attributes of the city life. (materialism - for painting, sculpture, architecture)
3. focus on the individual and human potential. (brings back the Greek idea.) Accomplishments of the individual
What were the 3 medieval socio-economic classes?
1. nobility
2. clergy
3. peasants
Who were the nobility?
1.nobility- aristocrats, those who fought and controlled the bulk of the land, 2 to 4% (from kings to knights)
Who were the Clergy?
2.clergy -people who pray and run the church, (from pope all way to parish priests, monks, and the nuns.) probably 4 to 6%
Who were the peasants?
3.peasants/ common people- those who work/farmers, laborers. 85-90%
Who was the wild card in the medieval socio-economic classes?
4.independent townspeople : not dependent on the medieval system. 2-3% of the Europe population, in the beginning of the middle ages; By the end, 20%. (merchants, service folks, beggars/ prostitutes)
Why were the independent townspeople different?
not dependent on the medieval system
What was “chivalry”?
code of conduct for the warrior class: expectations and values. They only fought for 40 days.
What 2 things did chivalry do?
1. make you a good warrior (attributes): loyalty bravery skill with a sword and lance.
2. make you civilized/ civility & aristocracy traits : how to dance & how to dress, play music write poetry, how to eat.
What was “courtly love”?
code of conduct for the warrior aristocracy to dealing with women.
How did the warrior aristocracy treat women?
-treats nobel women fantastic-on a pedestal, they are your sisters/mothers/daughters.
-working class women- somewhat nice.
-peasant women- can have your way with them.
Who wrote the book on "courtly love"?
Eleanor
What were guilds?
urban manufacturing that was regulated by professional associations; associations of all of the practitioners of trades/crafts/skills in a given city.

- promoted the interest of their members by trying to preserve monopolies and limit competition
What did guilds promote?
promoted the interest of their members by trying to preserve monopolies and limit competition
How did guilds work?
1. limits competition. Restrict entry of items to avoid competition, so that they do not need to work very hard.
2. set basic standards- materials/methods to be used. wages/prices/hours. so customers can choose based on which one that they like. maintain a certain level of quality, if it’s substandard the whole city looks bad.
3. training- apprentice system.
4. acted as insurance.
What was the Great Famine?
A series of regional famines from the 1315 to 1322, that was localized to certain pockets for different reasons. regional famine.
What were the Great Famine's causes?
1. Caused first by Global Cooling, can’t grow as far north

2. Also caused by overpopulation/a strain on the system
- At it’s height, the empire had about 40 million people as a population. All of the technological innovations meant over 2 and a half times as many people could be supported
- A bunch of marginal land was put into production
- With the air being cooler, there is a lot more rain (so previously dried swamps and soggy land not fit for farming reemerges
- Marginal land goes down the toilet/ is uncultivable
- Mold/Mildew/Fungus/Rust begins happening and made it difficult to store surplus.!
What were the two ways the Great Famine was caused?
1. Caused first by Global Cooling, the climate had warmed after the second half of the 900s, but now it got colder by about 4 degrees centigrade
2. Also caused by overpopulation/a strain on the system
What were the Great Famine's results?
-(strained the limit of the ecology)
- 10-15% of Europe dies
- The percentage left alive is malnourished, 70-75% of the people
- Need to be nourished to maintain body temperature/keep warm/stay healthy
Where did The Black Death come from?
Comes from Mongolia (in caravans from central Asia)
How’d The Black Death get into Europe?
Spreads to China, then through the trade routes, then spreads to Europe by rats on the ships
What was the bubonic plague?
this microbe carried by fleas that travel on the backs of rats. Humans catch it only if they are bitten by an infected flea/rat. These plagues attack the lymphatic system, producing enormous swelling of the lymph nodes in the groin neck and armpits. die in 4-7 days.
What was the pneumonic plague?
spreads from airborne particles, it affects the lungs and respiratory system, allowing the contagion to spread in the same way as a common cold. die 2-3 days after infection.
What was the septicemic plague?
Exchange of bodily fluids...not as easy to get, introduces the microbe directly into the human bloodstream, causing death within 24 hours, often before any symptoms of the disease can manifest themselves.
What were the first two results of the Plague?
1. ⅓-⅔ of people from the cities ended up dying, because the highest amount of contagion is in cities

2. Recurring plague: it comes back on a regional and generation basis for 300 years
What were the economic results of the Plague?
-People stopped working
- trade was avoided in fear of getting sick
- Wages had to rise to give people an incentive to get back to work
- There is an incentive to produce surplus because of wages ( don’t have to owe the lord time, you are now a tenant/renter). Once the rent is paid, the tenant get profit
- Manorialism disappears from western and northern europe
- Economically, it’s beneficial for the peasants after the plague
What were the social results of the Plague?
-A lot of the festivals and social things stopped.
-People stayed out of contact with one another.
-Travel between towns comes to a grinding halt out of fear of catching the disease.
- Heightened anti semitism
- A rise of fascination with the macabre/death
- Artwork takes a radical turn (demons torturing you, etc.)
What were the religious results of the Plague?
...3 reactions from people:
1. People lose faith/There is no God
2. God is ******! we have done something wrong.
3. God is an jerk God is not the justice and forgiving God.
People who believe this either take up Paganism or Witchcraft in light of there not being a God
What was the Babylonian Captivity?
- If the pope is in Avignon, there are 2 bureaucracies. This is terribly confusing. AND THE PLAGUE IS HAPPENING DURING THIS TIME. When Europe needs the pope/church the most, they are in petty politics.
What is happening during the Babylonian Captivity?
THE PLAGUE IS HAPPENING DURING THIS TIME.
What was the Great Schism?
There are two popes,one in Avignon and one in Rome.
- All of Europe basically has to choose sides/pick a pope.
(in 1378-1492)
During the great Schism, who choose which pope, since there are three?
France picks a french pope, and the English follow the Italian pope, then the Scots follow the French pope
By 1417, who is the Pope?
Then Pope Martin is selected and he had the backing of most people and it is resolved now.
Why is Pope Martin the pose by 1417?
because the Italian pope dies, then the French pope gets caught with his hand in the till and he gets run out of Avignon. Then Pope Martin is selected and he had the backing of most people and it is resolved now.
Briefly describe the three advances that made the Print Revolution.
1. Individual movable metal type (molds) created by Guttenburg in the 1440s, and it replaces woodblock printing,
2. Create a new kind of paper. paper made from rags and textiles were more available. replaces animal skins,Dropped the cost of paper by over 80%.
3. Creation of college and university towns. Which had an unlimited demand for printed materials.

{College towns had to exists for printing press to make sense (because it was immensely expensive).}
Why did the church did not embrace the printing press?
because monks/scribes will lose their jobs, they will have nothing to do.
What had to exist for printing presses to make sense?
College towns
What were the 5 effects of the printing press?
1.price of books/materials drops, so demands explodes.
》A. Quantity increase equals increased availability. B.Boost in the variety of printed materials.
2. Second information revolution: knowledge can go 4 ways > farther, faster, cheaper, more accurately (Promotes rise of Propaganda)
3. Standardize vernacular (spoken) languages. Spelling and grammar.
4. The rise of literacy. 1450: 5%-10%. 1600: 40%-60%.
5. frees scholars from memorization and patrons
What were the technological innovations that ushered in the Age of Exploration?
-Triangular sails (lateen)- increase in productivity → takes less time to get there means that you do not need to carry as much food/water which means that you can carry more goods.
-compass, quadrants, secants, astralate- could calculate latitude,useful instruments for seaborn navigation
-marine chronometer - mechanical clock (tells you how far west and east you are)
-maps and charts - to know where you are going
-ship-mounted cannons: used to protect the goods/ defend against pirates
What were the motives of the explorers?
1.Desire to re-establish trade with the east or to extend the new trade with african ports & islands;
2. Desire to exploit (especially among 2nd & 3rd sons of nobility - the conquistadors) the New World once it was discovered;
3. sense of adventure- see exotic places & people one would otherwise never see
4. Desire to Christianize the heathens encountered
what was the Columbian Exchange?
discovery of plants, animals, and microbes that you have never seen before/ didn’t know exist.
What did the Old World get in the Colombian Exchange?
-exotic animals (reptiles)
-beneficial plants
-more virulent syphilis
What were the beneficial plants that the Old World got?
-sweet potatoes
-maize
-beans
-tomatoes
-non black peppers
-potatoes
-tobacco
What did the New world (Europe) get in the Colombian Exchange?
-beasts of burden
-staple crops
-numerous diseases
What were the beasts of burden the the New World (US) got?
cattle
sheep
horses
sheep
What were the staple crops the the New World (US) got?
sugar cane
rice
apples
peaches
citrus fruits
What were the numerous diseases the the New World (US) got?
smallpox
yellow fever
malaria
mumps
chickenpox
Briefly recount the facts about slavery and African slavery.
1.Slavery among white was thousands years old
2. African slavery was also thousands of years old, but primarily confined to males and females of defeated tribes who remained on the continent.
3. The organized sale of sub-Saharan black Africans for export was started by Muslims
4. Local tribes initially collected slaves and sold them to muslims traders since slavery was accepted and legally sanctioned by the vast majority of African tribes and cultures,; However, as Europeans got into the trade and it vastly increased, some West African tribes violently and effectively resisted its spread.
5.Of approximately ten million blacks sold off the continent between 1451 & 1870, 38.1% went to Portuguese brazil, 17.4% to the british Caribbean, 16.7% to French Caribbean, 16.2% to Spanish America, 5.2% to the Dutch Caribbean, and only 4.2% to British North America.
6. The “middle passage” ( transit from Africa to the New World) was not the deadly, horrendous trip it is frequently presented as being; slaves- for better or worse-were inventory that were relatively well taken care of since all profits were reaped at the point of sale in the New World;
7. Slave labor was not free- owners had to provide food and shelter, clothes and medical care, while Brazilian and Caribbean owners worked their less expensive slaves to death after getting a couple years labor out of each , american developed a self-sustaining system,; still; they receive no return on slaves under age 6 or 7 and slaves 7-18 didn’t cover their annual expenses;slaves 18 to mid-30's provided excess labor but not only covering their initial investment; all profits were from mature slaves in their later years; plus owners had to take care of old and infirm, sick & injured slaves.