Mccurdy Things Mccurdy Wants To Know Updated

Front 1

The doctrine holding that abstract concepts, general terms, or universals have no independent existence but exist only as names.

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Nominalism

Front 2

God's attributes are identical to one another and to his essence

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attribute of simplicity

Front 3

Only obligation under a theonomous ethic.

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Obey whatever God wills.

Front 4

God is prior to logic, ethics, physics etc., so that God chooses whatever laws govern those matters.

Back 4

Theonomy

Front 5

Everything depends on God's will, so reason alone cannot comprehend how things are or should be. All rules even logical rules must be conveyed to us by divine revelation.

Back 5

Theonomy

Front 6

a statement of propositional logic which can be inferred from any proposition whatsoever

Back 6

tautology

Front 7

That for everything that occurs or is there must be a sufficient reason that it occurs or exists as opposed to something else happening or existing.

Back 7

Principle of sufficient reason

Front 8

According to sufficient reason if two options seem equal with nothing preferable about either, there won't be a suffcient reason to choose one over the other. Hence, _______.

Back 8

neither will be chosen

Front 9

the vindication of the goodness of God in the face of the existence of evil.

Back 9

Theodicy

Front 10

Terms which have multiple senses.

Back 10

equivocal terms

Front 11

Term applied to a large group of cognate languages, including the majority of European language groups—Italic, Germanic, Celtic, Baltic, Slavonic, and Greek—as well as Indo-Iranian (Persian and Hindi) and Sanskrit.

Back 11

Indo-European

Front 12

The process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances.

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induction

Front 13

The process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises; inference by reasoning from the general to the specific.

Back 13

Deduction

Front 14

To conclude from evidence or premises.

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infer

Front 15

The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.

Back 15

inference

Front 16

The act of reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence.

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inference

Front 17

The total number of soldiers killed in action, died of wounds and died of disease in the Civil war was a little over

Back 17

600,000

Front 18

The number of soldiers killed in the civil war even today, is more than in all ______.

Back 18

the rest of America's wars combined.

Front 19

The number of civilians and slaves killed during the Civil War.

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80,000

Front 20

How many Americans died in World War I?

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112,000

Front 21

Half of the Americans who died in World War I died of ____.

Back 21

disease

Front 22

The number of people who died in World War II was between ________.

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40 to 60 million

Front 23

How many Americans were killed during World War II?

Back 23

405,000

Front 24

U.S. military members killed in the Vietnam War.

Back 24

58,209

Front 25

Number of U.S. military personnel who took part in the Vietnam War.

Back 25

8,744,000

Front 26

American deaths in the Iraq War.

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4133

Front 27

the doctrine that through renunciation of worldly pleasures it is possible to achieve a high spiritual or intellectual state

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asceticism

Front 28

Is Latin for "it does not follow." In formal logic, an argument in which the conclusion does not follow from its premises.

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Non sequitur

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The conclusion can be either true or false, but the argument is a fallacy because the conclusion does not follow from the premise.

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Non sequitur

Front 30

About half of them live in Albania, with the second largest group living in the UN administered Serbian province of Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia.

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Albanians

Front 31

People with an ancient culture who originally lived in the region known as Armenia, which comprised what is now northeastern Turkey and the Republic of Armenia. Although some remain in Turkey, more than three million live in the republic; large numbers also live in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and other areas of the Caucasus and the Middle East. Many others have migrated to Europe and North America.

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Armenians

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a word or phrase with two interpretations, esp. with one meaning that is rude [obsolete French]

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double entendre

Front 33

the act of setting free or being set free from slavery; emancipation.

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manumission

Front 34

The act or process of diminishing; a lessening or reduction

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diminution

Front 35

to compensate for; make payment for

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remunerate

Front 36

A person with artistic or intellectual tendencies, who lives and acts with no regard for conventional rules of behavior.

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bohemian

Front 37

Was historically noted as the internationally reputed bohemian capital, and the birthplace of the Beat Movement.

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Greenwich Village

Front 38

The term, of French origin, was first used in the English language in the nineteenth century[1] to describe the untraditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished artists, writers, musicians, and actors in major European cities.

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bohemian

Front 39

Were associated with unorthodox or antiestablishment political or social viewpoints, which were often expressed through non-marital sexual relations, frugality, and/or voluntary poverty.

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bohemians

Front 40

Greenwich Village is located in ______.

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New York City

Front 41

The district is famous for its role as a center of the 1960s hippie movement, a post-runner and closely associated offshoot of the Beat generation or beat movement.

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Haight-Ashbury

Front 42

Haight-Ashbury is located in __________.

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San Francisco

Front 43

A term used to describe both a group of American writers who came to prominence in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired

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Beat Generation

Front 44

The subculture was originally a youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world.

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Hippie

Front 45

The word hippie derives from________.

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hipster

Front 46

The term was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district.

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hipster

Front 47

It was a happening in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. It focused the key ideas of the 1960s counterculture: personal empowerment, cultural and political decentralization, communal living, ecological awareness, higher consciousness (often achieved with the aid of psychedelic drugs), and liberal political consciousness.[

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The Human Be-in

Front 48

Refers to the summer of 1967, when an unprecedented gathering of as many as 100,000 young people converged on the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, creating a phenomenon of cultural and political rebellion.

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The Summer of Love

Front 49

to derive as a conclusion from facts or premises

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infer

Front 50

The particular is inferred from the general.

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Deduction

Front 51

The general is inferred from the particular.

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Induction

Front 52

An argument whose premisses are claimed to provide conclusive evidence for the truth of its conclusion.

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Deduction

Front 53

Arguments that establish the truth of the conclusion as probable or probably true.

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Induction

Front 54

A community or society that is in some important way undesirable or frightening.

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Dystopia

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An imagined universe (usually the future of our own world) in which a worst-case scenario is explored.

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Dystopia

Front 56

An imaginary place or state in which the condition of life is extremely bad, as from deprivation, oppression, or terror

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Dystopia

Front 57

With the support of Baldwin II, the king of Jerusalem, they set up headquarters on the sacred Temple Mount and pledged to protect Christian visitors to the city.

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Knights Templar

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in 1129 the knights received the formal endorsement of the Catholic Church and support from Bernard of Clairvaux, a prominent abbot. New recruits and lavish donations began pouring in from across Europe. (Though the Templars themselves took vows of poverty, the order could accrue wealth and land.) It was also around this time that the knights adopted an austere code of conduct and their signature style of dress: white habits emblazoned with a red cross.

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Knights Templar

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After relocating to Paris, after the decline of the crusades and losing their foothold in the Muslim world, they were eventually persecuted tortuted into confessions and many were exectuted. Under pressure from Philip, Pope Clement V reluctantly dissolved them in 1312.

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Knights Templar

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In the 18th century, certain organizations, most notably the Freemasons, revived some of their medieval symbols and traditions.

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Knights Templar

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Dates of the English Civil War.

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1642–1651

Front 62

In the beginning, were the first Puritans. They were content to work within the system, and leave bishops in place, but purge the church of "Popery" which had been left over by the political compromises of Elizabeth.

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Anglican Puritans

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Wanted to get rid of the bishops and institute a Presbyterian system as known in Scotland already. Their first forceful representative was Thomas Cartwright, who in 1570 lectured at Cambridge on the Book of Acts from a Presbyterian standpoint. He was driven from his position.

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Presbyterian Puritans

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later called Congregationalists, wanted each church to govern itself and be independent. Although there was communication between them and the Separatists, they were essentially separate groups until the end of the 17th century. One of the first Independent churches was established by Henry Jacob in 1616.

Back 64

Independent Puritans,

Front 65

Laud and Charles had tried to impose the Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland, and___

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the Scots had rebelled.

Front 66

When Scotland rebelled against King Charles I in 1640 instead of paying for an army to fight Scotland, Parliament made common cause with Scotland against the king, and by 1642 armies raised by Parliament were ____.

Back 66

fighting the armies of the King

Front 67

IT was adopted by Parliament in 1643 and bound England and Scotland to develop a common Presbyterian form of church government, duly constituted.

Back 67

Solemn League and Covenant

Front 68

Met from 1643 to 1652 and and developed an official, consistent doctrinal consensus for Presbyterianism that is used to this day.

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The Westminster Assembly

Front 69

In the English Civil war things had gotten out of hand in the army, which was strongly__________ rather than Presbyterian.

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Independent

Front 70

The army finally took steps to have Parliament purged of elements which might have made common cause with the King under a Presbyterian system, and in 1649 the King was executed and _______________.

Back 70

Oliver Cromwell took control

Front 71

During Cromwell's Protectorate 1649-1660 the English Church was dominated by _______.

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Independent Puritans

Front 72

And Charles was no Presbyterian, even though he had signed the Solemn League and Covenant in 1650 when he was courting the Scots' support. He immediately reestablished ____________ in preference to the Cromwellian legislation.

Back 72

"Anglicanism"

Front 73

IT required reordination of many pastors, gave unconditional consent to The Book of Common Prayer, advocated the taking of the oath of canonical obedience, and renounced the Solemn League and Covenant. Between 1660 and when the act was enforced on Aug. 24, 1662, almost 2,000 Puritan ministers were ejected from their positions.

Back 73

Act of Uniformity

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For the first three months the Westminster Assembly was largely occupied with the revision of the ___________.

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Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England.

Front 75

As a result of the Act of Uniformity, English Puritanism entered the period of ________.

Back 75

the Great Persecution

Front 76

It punished any person over 16 years of age for attending a religious meeting not conducted according to The Book of Common Prayer.

Back 76

The Conventicle Act of 1664

Front 77

prohibited any ejected minister from living within five miles of a corporate town or any place where he had formerly served.

Back 77

The Five Mile Act of 1665

Front 78

Drawn up by the 1646 Westminster Assembly as part of the Westminster Standards to be a confession of the Church of England, it became and remains the 'subordinate standard' of doctrine in the Church of Scotland, and has been influential within Presbyterian churches worldwide.

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Westminister Confession

Front 79

A Presbyterian church, decisively shaped by the Scottish Reformation.

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Church of Scotland

Front 80

Scotland's formal break with the Papacy in 1560, and the events surrounding this.

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Scottish Reformation

Front 81

is the name given to the Scottish Parliament commencing in 1560 that passed the major pieces of legislation leading to the Scottish Reformation, most importantly Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560;[1] and Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560.

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Scottish Reformation Parliament

Front 82

In 1559, HE returned to Scotland, marking a new effort in his battle to reform the nation. Until this time many Scottish Protestants were Lutheran, previously led by Patrick Hamilton as well as Calvinists (led by George Wishart).

Back 82

John Knox

Front 83

upon HIS return from Geneva, Scottish Protestants rallied around him and the Scottish Reformation came strongly under the influence of Calvinism.

Back 83

John Knox

Front 84

On December 26, 2004 across 15 countries over 230,000 were estimated to have lost their lives and 1.69 million displaced. Damages were estimated to be about $10 billion.

Back 84

Indian Ocean tsunami

Front 85

he 1938 flood was more because of a military strategy gone wrong. In a bid to stop the invading Japanese, the Nationalist Government decided to break the levees and divert the river. This resulted in around 800,000 deaths as the river flooded thousands of villages in eastern China.

Back 85

Huang He floods

Front 86

Considered to be the deadliest tropical cyclone ever, IT hit the then East Pakistan coast on November 12, 1970. Up to 500,000 people died. According to World Bank the estimated cost of rebuilding the ravaged areas was $188 million (1970 figure). Government mismanagement over relief operations was one of the reasons for the birth of Bangladesh.

Back 86

Bhola cyclone

Front 87

A 7-magnitude quake that struck near the capital on January 12. Nearly 1.5 million people were forced to live in camps. The death toll is estimated to be around 220,000 while more than 300,000 were injured. Over $1 billion was raised for aid.

Back 87

Haiti earthquake

Front 88

When it hit China on August 5, 1975 wind speeds were around 110 kmph. But it was the rains that it caused resulted in massive flooding and the collapse of the Banqiao Dam. The death toll reached 229,000.

Back 88

Typhoon Nina

Front 89

As if a 7.8 magnitude earthquake wasn't enough. A similar magnitude aftershock soon hit the northeastern Chinese city on July 28, 1976 causing the death toll to rise to about 250,000. The Chinese government's decision to refuse international aid did not help matter.

Back 89

Tangshan earthquake

Front 90

It was the largest quake in China in the 20th century. Measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, it hit Haiyuan province on December 16, 1920. Massive landslides leading to destruction occurred across seven provinces; the death toll crossed 270,000. The tremors were felt in faraway Norway too.

Back 90

Haiyuan earthquake

Front 91

It was actually a series of floods that caused damage across central China during the summer months of 1931. Water levels in rivers had risen dangerously on the back of heavy rainfall. Regular cyclones worsened things. Western estimates suggest that the death toll reached 4 million.

Back 91

China floods

Front 92

It was near noon on September 1, 1923. And it took just 14 seconds to change the lives of people in Tokyo and Yokohama. In that short time the quake had generated 40-foot-high waves that obliterated heritage buildings. The fires that followed the 7.9-magnitude quake added to the misery. In all 140,000 people died.

Back 92

Great Kanto earthquake

Front 93

The 1930s was a decade that saw China ravaged by a series of famines followed by floods. The Yangtze flood in 1935 was the fifth deadliest in history with 10 million people affected across six provinces in central and eastern China. The death toll was 145,000.

Back 93

Yangtze river flood

Front 94

Sept. 8, 1900 when the category 4 hurricane with estimated 135 mph winds made landfall in the early morning, buildings crumbled under the force of 15-foot-high waves. By late afternoon, the entire island was submerged. An estimated 8,000 people perished. Although the city was successfully rebuilt, it never regained the prosperity that earned it a reputation as the "New York of the south."

Back 94

Hurricane Galveston

Front 95

Wound up being the country's costliest tragedy. On Aug. 29, 2005 IT roared into the Louisiana coast with 125 mph sustained winds, causing a storm surge that broke levees that shielded New Orleans from surrounding, higher coastal waters, and leaving 80 percent of the city under water. Katrina killed at least 1,836 people and inflicted damages estimated at around $125 billion.

Back 95

Hurricane Katrina

Front 96

A decade-long drought in the early 1930s transformed the loose topsoil into dust, which windstorms swept up and blew eastward, darkening skies as far away as the Atlantic Coast. With most of the area’s crops decimated, a third of the farmers turned to government aid, while around half a million Americans were left homeless.

Back 96

Dust Bowl

Front 97

Number of soldiers killed at Antietam.

Back 97

3,650

Front 98

include three categories: 1) dead; 2) wounded; and 3) missing or captured.

Back 98

Casualties

Front 99

In general terms, casualties of ________ battles included 20% dead and 80% wounded.

Back 99

Civil War

Front 100

Of the soldiers who were wounded, in the Civil War, about one out of seven _____________.

Back 100

died from his wounds.

Front 101

Over 2/3 of the 622,000 men who gave their lives in the Civil War died from ___________.

Back 101

disease, not from battle.

Front 102

The attacks on 9-11-2001 resulted in ________.

Back 102

2,996 deaths

Front 103

Number of people killed in the Battle of Gettysburg.

Back 103

7,863

Front 104

At the beginning of 2014 the World populations was over ___________.

Back 104

7 Billion

Front 105

At the beginning of 2014 the Population of the U.S. is over _________.

Back 105

317 Million

Front 106

In 2012 Lincoln, NE had over ________.

Back 106

265 Thousand People

Front 107

Number of people estimated to live in Nebraska in 2012.

Back 107

1,855,525

Front 108

New York City is home to more than ________.

Back 108

8 million People

Front 109

China has a population over _____.

Back 109

over 1.35 billion

Front 110

Something (such as a word, an object, or an event) that is mistakenly placed in a time where it does not belong in a story, movie, etc.

Back 110

anachronism

Front 111

The descendants of the Lowland Scots who were settled in Ulster in the 17th century.

Back 111

Scotch-Irish

Front 112

An ethnic group in Ulster, Ireland who trace their roots to settlers from Scotland and northern England.

Back 112

Scotch-Irish

Front 113

Ulster Scots people

Back 113

Scotch-Irish

Front 114

Ulster Scots from Ireland, mostly the Ulster region, and are predominantly subjects of what is now _______.

Back 114

Northern Ireland

Front 115

Northern Ireland is a constituent part of the _____.

Back 115

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Front 116

These people migrated to Ireland in large numbers with the Plantation of Ulster, a planned process of colonisation which took place under the auspices of James VI of Scotland and I of England on land often confiscated from the Irish nobility, most extensively in the Province of Ulster.

Back 116

Scotch-Irish

Front 117

A Term coined by it's adherents to stress the need for a renewed emphasis on the covenant and it's significance to all areas of theology and the life of the church.

Back 117

Federal Vision

Front 118

Proponents of this view believe the trinitarian relationships among the Godhead to be the model for all covenantal relationships and the foundation for understanding the Bible.

Back 118

Federal Vision

Front 119

Advocates of this view believe that Christ will not physically return to Earth until the Earth is as "full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea" (Habakkuk 2:14), which postmillennialists believe refers to the conversion of the majority of the world to Christ.

Back 119

Federal Vision

Front 120

The central distinctive of the Federal Vision is its view of the ______.

Back 120

Covenant

Front 121

It uses the theological concept of covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology.

Back 121

Covenant Theology

Front 122

Views the history of God's dealings with mankind, from Creation to Fall to Redemption to Consummation, under the framework of the three overarching theological covenants of redemption, works, and grace.

Back 122

Covenant Theology

Front 123

Within historical Reformed systems of thought ______________ is not merely treated as a point of doctrine or a central dogma, but the structure by which the biblical text organizes itself.

Back 123

Covenant Theology

Front 124

Stands in contrast to dispensationalism in regard to the relationship between the Old Covenant with national Israel and the New Covenant in Christ's blood.

Back 124

Covenant Theology

Front 125

Denies that God has abandoned his promises to Israel, but see the fulfillment of the promises to Israel in the person and the work of the Messiah, Jesus of Nazareth, who established the church in organic continuity with Israel, not a separate replacement entity.

Back 125

Covenant Theology

Front 126

Is often referred to as "supersessionism," or "replacement theology" by its detractors, due to the perception that it teaches that God has abandoned the promises made to the Jews and has replaced the Jews with Christians as his chosen people in the earth.

Back 126

Covenant Theology

Front 127

IT promises eternal life for all people who have faith in Christ. IT also promises the Holy Spirit to the elect to give them willingness and ability to believe.

Back 127

Covenant of Grace

Front 128

Argues that God has had two covenants with humanity throughout history: the first pre-Fall and the second post-Fall.

Back 128

Covenant Theology

Front 129

The second covenant was progressively expanded throughout the Old Testament in various advanced covenants (Noahic, Abrahamic, Mosaic and Davidic), and reached its climax with Jesus and the New Covenant.

Back 129

Covenant Theology

Front 130

It is an admixture of covenant objectivity and God's predestinating power in election that has resulted in the __________ position on the covenant.

Back 130

Federal Vision

Front 131

Believe the Old Testament argued for corporate election of all Israel, so too does the New Testament for all who are in the Church.

Back 131

Federal Vision

Front 132

IT's view of the Covenant results in a distinction in election – there are the decreed elect (that precise number God intends to save and who will persevere in their faith) and the covenantally elect (those who are predestined to be a follower of Christ for a time, but are not predestined to persevere in their faith and who will eventually fall away).

Back 132

Federal Vision

Front 133

Proponents of the ____________ claim to reflect the authentic views of John Calvin on election and covenantal objectivity, citing Calvin's distinction between common election and special election: "Although the common election is not effectual in all, yet may it set open a gate for the special elect."[

Back 133

Federal Vision

Front 134

Believe that in the covenant, God promises certain blessings for faithful living, and promises curses for unfaithful living (based on Deuteronomy 28), which makes the covenant objective.

Back 134

Federal Vision

Front 135

Once a person has entered the covenant through baptism, he cannot escape its consequences. If, through unbelief, he lives a life unfaithful to the covenant or abandons it, he will be subject to God's curses and displeasure.

Back 135

Federal Vision

Front 136

Since the Protestant Reformation (c. 1517), studies of Paul's writings have been heavily influenced by Lutheran and Reformed views that are said to ascribe the negative attributes that they associated with sixteenth-century Roman Catholicism to first-century Judaism.

Back 136

New Perspective on Paul

Front 137

Lutheran and Reformed views on Paul's Writings are called the "old perspective" by adherents of the ____.

Back 137

New Perspective on Paul

Front 138

Is an attempt to lift Paul's letters out of the Lutheran/Reformed framework and interpret them based on what is said to be an understanding of first-century Judaism, taken on its own terms.

Back 138

New Perspective on Paul

Front 139

In the old perspective, Paul was understood to be arguing that Christians' good works would not factor into their salvation, only their faith. According to the ___________, Paul was questioning only observances such as circumcision and dietary laws, not good works in general.

Back 139

new perspective

Front 140

Paul is interpreted as being critical of a common Jewish view that following traditional Israelite customs makes a person better off before God, pointing out that Abraham was righteous before the Torah was given. Paul identifies customs he is concerned about as circumcision, dietary laws, and observance of special days.[7]

Back 140

New Perspective on Paul

Front 141

in the old perspective, God graciously empowers the individual to the faith which leads to salvation and also to good works, while in the new perspective God graciously empowers individuals to the faith and good works, which lead to salvation.

Back 141

New Perspective on Paul

Front 142

Most cite seven dispensations although this is not a critical or foundational factor to the theology

Back 142

Dispensationalism

Front 143

Seeks to address what many see as opposing theologies between the Old Testament and New Testament.

Back 143

Dispensationalism

Front 144

Its name comes from the fact that it sees biblical history as best understood in light of a series of dispensations in the Bible.

Back 144

Dispensationalism

Front 145

Perceive a clear distinction between Israel and the church, particularly as different groups who receive a different set of promises.

Back 145

Dispensationalists

Front 146

Hold that God provided the nation of Israel with specific promises which will be fulfilled at a future time in the Jews.

Back 146

Dispensationalists

Front 147

Teaches that law and grace are mutually exclusive concepts

Back 147

Classical dispensationalism

Front 148

They teach that law contains no grace, and that grace is not conditioned on keeping the law.

Back 148

Classical dispensationalism

Front 149

Is a Protestant Christian doctrine that teaches that God is the ruler of the whole world, and that he rules in two ways. The doctrine is held by Lutherans and has historically been the view of Calvinists, though neo-Calvinists have a different view called transformationalism.

Back 149

Two kingdoms doctrine

Front 150

According to the doctrine, God rules the worldly or left-hand kingdom through secular (and, though this point is often misunderstood, also churchly) government, by means of law (i.e., the sword or compulsion) and in the heavenly or righthand kingdom (his spiritual kingdom, that is, Christians insofar as they are a new creation who spontaneously and voluntarily obey) through the gospel or grace.

Back 150

Two kingdoms doctrine

Front 151

Sudanese independence was achieved in ______.

Back 151

1956

Front 152

_______________were part of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, and later governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence was achieved in 1956.

Back 152

The territories of modern South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan

Front 153

Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the ____________ was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983.

Back 153

Southern Sudan Autonomous Region

Front 154

A second Sudanese civil war ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an _____________ was formed.

Back 154

Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan

Front 155

South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July __________.

Back 155

2011

Front 156

South Sudan has suffered ___________ since its independence.

Back 156

internal conflict

Front 157

Violence erupted in Southern Sudan following the __________.

Back 157

Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011

Front 158

President Salva Kiir accused his former vice president, Riek Machar, of leading an attempted coup. Machar denied the charge, but his followers took up arms after the government detained a group of allied politicians.

Back 158

South Sudan

Front 159

Its people have endured one of Africa’s ­longest civil wars. Violent infighting split the rebel Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) in the 1990s. Since independence in 2011, political, ethnic and tribal rifts, along with growing corruption, have hindered the development of a unified national identity.

Back 159

South Sudan

Front 160

The rivalry between Kiir and Machar stretches back more than two decades. Kiir is from the _____, South Sudan’s largest tribal group, while Machar is from the Nuer, the second-largest.

Back 160

Dinka

Front 161

The rivalry between Kiir and Machar stretches back more than two decades. Kiir is from the Dinka, South Sudan’s largest tribal group, while Machar is from the ________, the second-largest.

Back 161

Nuer

Front 162

The leader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a guerrilla group which used to operate in Uganda.

Back 162

Joseph Kony

Front 163

HE proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium, and has been considered by some as a cult of personality, and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom.

Back 163

Joseph Kony

Front 164

Ideologically, the group is a syncretic mix of mysticism, Acholi nationalism, Islam, and Christian fundamentalism, and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and local Acholi tradition

Back 164

Lord's Resistance Army

Front 165

__________ has been accused by government entities of ordering the abduction of children to become sex slaves and child soldiers. An estimated 66,000 children became soldiers. And from 1986 up until about 2009, there were at least 2 million people internally displaced.

Back 165

Joseph Kony

Front 166

_______was indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands, in 2005 but has evaded capture.

Back 166

Joseph Kony

Front 167

Since the Juba peace talks in 2006, the _______ no longer operate in Uganda.

Back 167

Lord's Resistance Army

Front 168

While initially purporting to fight against government suppression, the LRA allegedly turned against Kony's own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a ___________.

Back 168

theocracy

Front 169

A former Outlaw motorcycle club member who now dedicates his life and resources to rescue children in the war zone of South Sudan.

Back 169

Sam Childers

Front 170

With HIS wife Lynn founded and operate Angels of East Africa, the Children's Village Orphanage in Nimule, South Sudan, where they currently have more than 300 children in their care.

Back 170

Sam Childers

Front 171

Two separate generals from the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) have denied _________ claims that he ever worked side-by-side with the SPLA.

Back 171

Sam Childers

Front 172

A male being, often the offspring of a god and a mortal, who has some but not all of the powers of a god.

Back 172

demigod

Front 173

An inferior deity; a minor god.

Back 173

demigod

Front 174

A leader who obtains power by means of impassioned appeals to the emotions and prejudices of the populace.

Back 174

demagogue

Front 175

A leader of the common people in ancient times.

Back 175

demagogue

Front 176

the quality or state of being self-derived or self-originated

Back 176

aseity

Front 177

The absolute self-sufficiency, independence, and autonomy of God

Back 177

aseity

Front 178

Conclusion may be false even if the premises are true.

Back 178

Induction

Front 179

Conclusion must be true if premises are true.

Back 179

Deduction

Front 180

A proposition upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn.

Back 180

premise

Front 181

One of the propositions in a deductive argument.

Back 181

premise

Front 182

Either the major or the minor proposition of a syllogism, from which the conclusion is drawn.

Back 182

premise

Front 183

To state in advance as an introduction or explanation.

Back 183

premises

Front 184

To state or assume as a proposition in an argument.

Back 184

premises

Front 185

the explicit or direct meaning or set of meanings of a word or expression, as distinguished from the ideas or meanings associated with it or suggested by it

Back 185

denotation

Front 186

the association or set of associations that a word usually elicits for most speakers of a language, as distinguished from those elicited for any individual speaker because of personal experience.

Back 186

denotation

Front 187

a word that names or signifies something specific:

Back 187

denotation

Front 188

an idea or quality that a word makes you think about in addition to its meaning

Back 188

connotation

Front 189

the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes

Back 189

connotation

Front 190

something suggested by a word or thing

Back 190

connotation

Front 191

an essential property or group of properties of a thing named by a term in logic

Back 191

connotation

Front 192

a powerful and controversial philosophical principle stipulating that everything must have a reason or cause.

Back 192

Principle of Sufficient Reason

Front 193

This simple demand for thoroughgoing intelligibility yields some of the boldest and most challenging theses in the history of metaphysics and epistemology.

Back 193

Principle of Sufficient Reason

Front 194

was coined by Leibniz, though Spinoza clearly preceded Leibniz in appreciating the importance of the Principle and placing it at the center of his philosophical system.

Back 194

Principle of Sufficient Reason

Front 195

Formally, the Principle states (PSR): For every fact F, there must be an explanation why F is the case.

Back 195

Principle of Sufficient Reason

Front 196

the study of nonlinear dynamics, in which seemingly random events are actually predictable from simple deterministic equations.

Back 196

chaos theory

Front 197

refers to an apparent lack of order in a system that nevertheless obeys particular laws or rules

Back 197

chaos theory

Front 198

the ideas that systems - no matter how complex they may be - rely upon an underlying order, and that very simple or small systems and events can cause very complex behaviors or events.

Back 198

chaos theory

Front 199

Any of various theories in physics hypothesizing that space-time has more than four dimensions, and that some of the dimensions are exceedingly small and stringlike in shape.

Back 199

string theory

Front 200

Elementary particles in string theory are understood as standing waves in such space-time strings, rather than as pointlike objects. String theories attempt to unify ___________ with the other fundamental forces.

Back 200

gravity

Front 201

a theory that postulates that subatomic particles are one-dimensional strings

Back 201

string theory

Front 202

gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak and strong nuclear forces.

Back 202

four fundamental forces in the universe

Front 203

In the last few decades, __________ has emerged as the most promising candidate for a microscopic theory of gravity. And it is infinitely more ambitious than that: it attempts to provide a complete, unified, and consistent description of the fundamental structure of our universe.

Back 203

string theory

Front 204

Quite arrogantly, called a 'Theory of Everything'.

Back 204

string theory

Front 205

since all existent things depend upon other things for their existence, there must exist at least one thing that is a ___________.

Back 205

Necessary Being

Front 206

Developed the "The Argument from Necessity."

Back 206

Thomas Aquinas

Front 207

removing obstacles to faith

Back 207

negative apologetics

Front 208

the apologist is playing defense

Back 208

negative apologetics

Front 209

the apologist begins to play offense.

Back 209

positive apologetics

Front 210

to show (or attempt to show) that assorted arguments against religious faith are weak or unsound

Back 210

negative apologetics

Front 211

to offer people reasons why they should believe.

Back 211

positive apologetics

Front 212

insists that fruitful arguments establishing the truth of Christianity can only be made by identifying a person's presuppositions and having correct ones.

Back 212

Presuppositional apologetics

Front 213

the "school of apologetics developed by Cornelius Van Til.

Back 213

Presuppositional apologetics

Front 214

We] should present the biblical God, not merely as the conclusion to an argument, but as the one who makes argument possible.

Back 214

Presuppositional apologetics

Front 215

Demonstrating that unbelievers can not argue, think, or live without presupposing God_________.

Back 215

presupposing God

Front 216

Try to show unbelievers that their own worldview is inadequate to explain their experience of the world and to get unbelievers to see that Christianity alone can mkae sense of their experience."

Back 216

presuppositionalists

Front 217

the ways that sin negatively affects and undermines the human mind and intellect.

Back 217

noetic effects of sin

Front 218

a method of apologetics that begins by first employing various theistic arguments to establish the existence of God

Back 218

Classical apologetics

Front 219

it makes no sense to speak about the resurrection as an act of God unless, as a logical prerequisite, it is first established that there is a God who can act"

Back 219

Classical Apologetics

Front 220

a method of Christian apologetics that emphasizes positive evidences in favor of the truth of Christianity.

Back 220

Evidential apologetics

Front 221

believes that the occurrence of miracles acts as an evidence for God's very existence.

Back 221

Evidential apologetics

Front 222

Man's intellect, will, and emotions were affected by the fall in such a way that no amount of empirical or rational argument or evidence of any nature can effectively lead him to believe in the God of Scripture.

Back 222

Presuppositional apologetics

Front 223

Unbelieving man will distort any rational or empirical argument simply because he is a rebel against God.

Back 223

Presuppositional apologetics

Front 224

To have knowledge, we must have a Word from God to know reality. The Bible is thus authoritative since it interprets reality giving us truth about the world and absolute moral prescriptions.

Back 224

Presuppositional apologetics

Front 225

A psychological phenomenon in which hostages express empathy and sympathy and have positive feelings toward their captors, sometimes to the point of defending them.

Back 225

Stockholm syndrome

Front 226

Also known as capture-bonding.

Back 226

Stockholm syndrome

Front 227

These feelings are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims, who essentially mistake a lack of abuse from their captors for an act of kindness

Back 227

Stockholm syndrome

Front 228

Appealing to feelings or prejudices rather than intellect

Back 228

Ad hominem

Front 229

A form of traumatic bonding, which does not necessarily require a hostage scenario, but which describes "strong emotional ties that develop between two persons where one person intermittently harasses, beats, threatens, abuses, or intimidates the other."

Back 229

Stockholm syndrome

Front 230

One commonly used hypothesis to explain the effect of ____________ is based on Freudian theory. It suggests that the bonding is the individual's response to trauma in becoming a victim. Identifying with the aggressor is one way that the ego defends itself. When a victim believes the same values as the aggressor, they cease to be a threat.

Back 230

Stockholm syndrome

Front 231

Marked by or being an attack on an opponent's character rather than by an answer to the contentions made

Back 231

Ad hominem

Front 232

a concise statement of a principle or a terse formulation of a truth or sentiment

Back 232

aphorism

Front 233

a Jewish house of prayer.

Back 233

Synagogue

Front 234

was the portable dwelling place for the divine presence from the time of the Exodus from Egypt through the conquering of the land of Canaan.

Back 234

Tabernacle

Front 235

Built to specifications revealed by God (Yahweh) to Moses at Mount Sinai, it accompanied the Israelites on their wanderings in the wilderness and their conquest of the Promised Land.

Back 235

Tabernacle

Front 236

The First Temple in Jerusalem superseded it as the dwelling-place of God.

Back 236

Tabernacle

Front 237

The Hebrew Bible states that the ________ was constructed under Solomon, King of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.

Back 237

Temple

Front 238

During the kingdom of Judah, the _________ was dedicated to Yahweh, and is said to have housed the Ark of the Covenant.

Back 238

Temple

Front 239

Was destroyed in 586 BCE, when the Jewish nation was exiled to Babylon.

Back 239

Temple

Front 240

When the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great IT was rebuilt.

Back 240

Temple

Front 241

A chest described in the Book of Exodus as containing the Tablets of Stone on which the Ten Commandments were inscribed.

Back 241

Ark of the Covenant

Front 242

Contained Aaron's rod, a jar of manna and the first Torah scroll as written by Moses.

Back 242

Ark of the Covenant

Front 243

Today normally refers to the Dutch speaking northern portion of Belgium.

Back 243

Flanders

Front 244

Historically, the name referred to a region located in the north-western part of present-day Belgium and adjacent parts of France and the Netherlands.

Back 244

Flanders

Front 245

Most of the county's territory became part of an independent Belgium in 1830

Back 245

Flanders

Front 246

is the Dutch language as spoken in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium,[

Back 246

Flemish

Front 247

obstinately defiant of authority or restraint

Back 247

recalcitrant

Front 248

seeks to understand the progressive unfolding of God's special revelation throughout history

Back 248

Biblical Theology

Front 249

seeks to present the entire scriptural teaching on certain specific truths, or doctrines, one at a time.

Back 249

Systematic Theology

Front 250

historical and chronological in its design

Back 250

Biblical Theology

Front 251

A close synonym, at least in its wide-angle task of accounting for all of special revelation, is the term “redemptive history”

Back 251

Biblical Theology

Front 252

is laid out, not chronologically, nor with a consideration of the progressive development of doctrines, but thematically, taking into account from the outset the complete form which revelation as a whole has finally assumed.

Back 252

Systematic Theology

Front 253

attempts to answer the question, “what is the full extent of the truth that we may know about the doctrine of sin, or salvation, or the Holy Spirit, etc.?”

Back 253

Systematic Theology

Front 254

progress from the doctrine of the Godhead, or theology proper, to christology, pneumatology, angelology, soteriology, and so on, treating each theme exhaustively.

Back 254

Systematic Theology

Front 255

something that furnishes relief

Back 255

succor

Front 256

of, relating to, or resembling a wild beast

Back 256

feral

Front 257

Number one predictor of occupational success.

Back 257

vocabulary

Front 258

Percentage of high school graduates who never read a book after graduation.

Back 258

33

Front 259

The state of Arizona forecasts their need for prison space by the number of fourth grade students who _______.

Back 259

read well

Front 260

After fourth grade your vocabulary develops exclusively from _________.

Back 260

reading

Front 261

The reason vocabulary develops almost exclusively from reading after fouth grade is that written language is much more ________.

Back 261

diverse than spoken conversation

Front 262

A group of predominantly East Slavic people who became known as members of democratic, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Ukraine and in Southern Russia.

Back 262

Cossacks

Front 263

They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek, and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Russia and Ukraine.

Back 263

Cossacks

Front 264

was founded as a military camp on the Isle of Khortytsia by D. I. Vyshnevetsky.

Back 264

Zaporizhian Sich

Front 265

the center of the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia

Back 265

Zaporizhian Sich

Front 266

The Sich was a center of a Cossack state, ______.

Back 266

Zaporozhian Host

Front 267

1569 – Union of Lublin formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ukraine now was part of ____.

Back 267

Poland

Front 268

1648-1654 -- the Khmelnytsky Uprsising; a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between the Commonwealth loyalists and the

Back 268

Ukrainian Cossacks

Front 269

A former close associate of Timothy Leary, he is responsible with his wife for the creation of the world's largest library of drug literature, the Fitz Hugh Ludlow Memorial Library.

Back 269

Michael Horowitz

Front 270

a command or act of will that creates something without or as if without further effort

Back 270

fiat

Front 271

influence or control over another country, a group of people, etc.

Back 271

hegemony

Front 272

a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being

Back 272

ontology

Front 273

a particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of things that have existence

Back 273

ontology

Front 274

relating to or based upon being or existence

Back 274

ontological

Front 275

a former United States military analyst who, while employed by the RAND Corporation, precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

Back 275

Daniel Ellsberg

Front 276

He served as Governor of Iowa from 1962 to 1968. During this time, he continued to reach out, as a Christian and as an alcoholic in recovery, to people still suffering. He established a treatment program in the state and was an effective spokesman for a more enlightened view of the role of alcohol in society.

Back 276

Harold Hughes

Front 277

As a U.S. Senator, __________ persuaded the Chairman of the Senate’s Labor and Public Welfare Committee to establish a Special Sub-committee on Alcoholism and Narcotics, chaired by himself.

Back 277

Harold Hughes

Front 278

Frank Buchman, a Lutheran minister, began a movement which he originally called "A First Century Christian Fellowship." In 1928 the name of the movement changed to the____.

Back 278

Oxford Group

Front 279

The founders of Alcoholics Anonymous were involved in the ____.

Back 279

Oxford Group

Front 280

19th-century movement centred at the University of Oxford that sought a renewal of “catholic,” or Roman Catholic, thought and practice within the Church of England in opposition to the Protestant tendencies of the church.

Back 280

Oxford Movement

Front 281

a division of philosophy that is concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being and that includes ontology, cosmology, and often epistemology

Back 281

metaphysics

Front 282

abstract philosophical studies : a study of what is outside objective experience

Back 282

metaphysics

Front 283

a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of the universe

Back 283

cosmology

Front 284

a theory or doctrine describing the natural order of the universe

Back 284

cosmology

Front 285

a branch of astronomy that deals with the origin, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe; also : a theory dealing with these matters

Back 285

cosmology

Front 286

The study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity.

Back 286

epistemology

Front 287

a general normative theory that bases the moral evaluation of acts, rules, institutions, etc. solely on the goodness of their consequences, where the standard of goodness employed is a standard of non-moral goodness.

Back 287

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS

Front 288

Untilitarianism is a form of _______.

Back 288

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS

Front 289

judges the rightness or wrongness of an action based on properties intrinsic to the action, not on its consequences.

Back 289

non-consequentialist Ethics

Front 290

The term refers to a Dutch Calvinist movement associated with the theologian and former Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper.

Back 290

Neocalvinist

Front 291

He said "There is not a square inch in the whole domain of human existence over which Christ, who is sovereign over all, does not cry: 'Mine!'"

Back 291

Abraham Kuyper

Front 292

Tend to focus on renewal of the local church and use terms associated with traditional Calvinism

Back 292

New Calvinist

Front 293

Generally aim at cultural renewal and use jargon whose connotations are specific to the movement (e.g., sphere sovereignty).

Back 293

Neocalvinist

Front 294

Deduction and Induction are two kinds of ____.

Back 294

inference

Front 295

Starts with universal abstract premises and reaches universal or particular conclusions.

Back 295

Deduction

Front 296

The main deductive argument is the _______.

Back 296

syllogism

Front 297

A formalized structure of thought made up with two premises and one conclusion.

Back 297

syllogism

Front 298

Starts from classes or sets of empirical particular and reaches a General conclusion, which can be called a Universal principle or law but which insofar it depends on empirical knowledge is supposed to have probability truth only.

Back 298

Induction

Front 299

Scientific inquiry, coarsely speaking, works mostly on _________.

Back 299

Induction

Front 300

A fundamental and yet unanswered criticism to inductive inference has been raised by ______.

Back 300

David Hume

Front 301

From the epistemological point of view the best answer to Hume's criticism of induction (including scientific inquiry) is in the ____.

Back 301

Theory of probability

Front 302

Existing or being everywhere at the same time : constantly encountered

Back 302

ubiquitous

Front 303

Spurious writings, especially writings falsely attributed to biblical characters or times.

Back 303

Pseudepigrapha

Front 304

A body of texts written between 200 b.c. and a.d. 200 and spuriously ascribed to various prophets and kings of Hebrew Scriptures.

Back 304

Pseudepigrapha

Front 305

Writings or statements of dubious authenticity.

Back 305

apocrypha

Front 306

Books included in the Septuagint and Vulgate but excluded from the Jewish and Protestant canons of the Old Testament.

Back 306

Apocrypha

Front 307

Early Christian writings not included in the New Testament.

Back 307

Apocrypha

Front 308

In its various forms refers to something hidden or concealed, usually because of its special or sacred value to the one hiding it.

Back 308

Apocrypha

Front 309

Refers to writings falsely ascribed to some important or famous figure or to writings with a false title. Such writings are not considered genuine, at least in the sense of originating with the falsely ascribed name.

Back 309

Pseudepigrapha

Front 310

After Jerome translated the Bible into Latin (c. A.D. 400), the books known from the Greek version of the Old Testament but not contained in the Hebrew version became known as the ______.

Back 310

Apocrypha

Front 311

This collection of writings was accepted as scripture by most Christians before the Council of Nicaea, but only by some following that council.

Back 311

Apocrypha

Front 312

In recent centuries, Catholics have generally accepted these books with the rest of the Old Testament, and Protestants have generally denied them scriptural status.

Back 312

Apocrypha

Front 313

A Greek version of the Jewish Scriptures redacted in the third and second centuries b.c. by Jewish scholars and adopted by Greek-speaking Christians

Back 313

Septuagint

Front 314

A Latin version of the Bible authorized and used by the Roman Catholic Church.

Back 314

Vulgate

Front 315

A region and former province located on the western coast of the Netherlands.

Back 315

Holland

Front 316

Frequently used as a pars pro toto to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.

Back 316

Holland

Front 317

The number of deaths in the U.S. in a year is about _____.

Back 317

2.5 million

Front 318

Number of people who die in the world in one year is about _____.

Back 318

56 million

Front 319

The number of people who have died for each person now alive is about ___.

Back 319

70

Front 320

Is a Latin phrase meaning "for this". It generally signifies a solution designed for a specific problem or task, non-generalizable, and not intended to be able to be adapted to other purposes.

Back 320

Ad hoc

Front 321

Common examples are organizations, committees, and commissions created at the national or international level for a specific task.

Back 321

Ad hoc

Front 322

("something for something" in Latin) means an exchange of goods or services, where one transfer is contingent upon the other.

Back 322

Quid pro quo

Front 323

indicates that an item or a service has been traded in return for something of value, usually when the propriety or equity of the transaction is in question.

Back 323

Quid pro quo

Front 324

1. Elect some, reprobate rest. 2. Create. 3. Permit Fall. 4. Provide salvation for the elect. 5. Call elect to salvation.

Back 324

Supralapsarianism

Front 325

1. Create. 2. Permit Fall. 3. Elect some, pass over the rest. 4. Provide salvation for elect. 5. Call elect to slavation.

Back 325

Infralapsarianism

Front 326

1. Create. 2. Permit Fall. 3. Provide Salvation for all. 4. Elect some, pass over rest. 5. Call elect to salvation.

Back 326

Amyraldism

Front 327

1. Create 2. Permit Fall 3. Provide salvation for all. 4. Call all to salvation. 5. Elect those who believe.

Back 327

Arminianism

Front 328

The distinction between infralapsarianism and supralapsarianism has to do with the logical order of God's _____.

Back 328

eternal decrees

Front 329

The distinction between infralapsarianism and supralapsarianism has to do with the logical order of God's eternal decrees, not the ____.

Back 329

timing of election

Front 330

Neither infralapsarianism or supralapsarianism suggests that the elect were chosen after _______.

Back 330

Adam sinned

Front 331

Is the view that God, contemplating man as yet unfallen, chose some to receive eternal life and rejected all others.

Back 331

Supralapsarianism

Front 332

Would say that the reprobate (non-elect)—vessels of wrath fitted for destruction (Rom. 9:22)—were first ordained to that role, and then the means by which they fell into sin was ordained.

Back 332

Supralapsarianism

Front 333

Suggests that God's decree of election logically preceded His decree to permit Adam's fall—so that their damnation is first of all an act of divine sovereignty, and only secondarily an act of divine justice.

Back 333

Supralapsarianism

Front 334

Supralapsarianism is sometimes mistakenly equated with _______.

Back 334

"double predestination"

Front 335

But more often, the expression is employed as a pejorative term to describe the view of those who suggest that God is as active in keeping the reprobate out of heaven as He is in getting the elect in.

Back 335

"double predestination"

Front 336

An even more sinister use of the term, which suggests that God is as active in making the reprobate evil as He is in making the elect holy.

Back 336

"double predestination"

Front 337

This view (that God is as active in reprobating the non-elect as He is in redeeming the elect) is more properly labeled "equal ultimacy"

Back 337

"double predestination"

Front 338

Double Predestination or "euqual ultimacy" has nothing to do with true historic Calvinism and is actually a form of ______.

Back 338

hyper-Calvinism

Front 339

Though all who hold to double predistination would also hold to the supralapsarian scheme, the view itself is not a necessary ramification of _____________.

Back 339

Supralapsarianism

Front 340

All hyper-Calvinists are supralapsarians, though not all Supralapsarianism are _________.

Back 340

hyper-Calvinists

Front 341

Supralapsarianism is sometimes called "high" Calvinism, and its most extreme adherents tend to reject the notion that God has any degree of sincere goodwill or meaningful compassion toward the ___.

Back 341

non-elect

Front 342

Suggests that God's decree to permit the fall logically preceded His decree of election. So when God chose the elect and passed over the non-elect, He was contemplating them all as fallen creatures.

Back 342

INFRALAPSARIANISM

Front 343

God first rejects the reprobate out of His sovereign good pleasure; then He ordains the means of their damnation through the fall.

Back 343

Supralapsarianism

Front 344

The non-elect are first seen as fallen individuals, and they are damned solely because of their own sin.

Back 344

INFRALAPSARIANISM

Front 345

Tend to emphasize God's "passing over" the non-elect (preterition) in His decree of election.

Back 345

INFRALAPSARIANISM

Front 346

1. Elect some sinful men, reprobate rest 2. Apply redemptive benefits to the elect 3. Provide slavation for elect 4. Permit Fall 5. Create

Back 346

Reymond's Modified Supralapsarianism

Front 347

view deliberately stresses that in the decree of election and reprobation, God is contemplating men as sinners.

Back 347

Reymond's Modified Supralapsarianism

Front 348

God is represented as discriminating among men viewed as sinners and not among men viewed simply as men.

Back 348

Reymond's Modified Supralapsarianism

Front 349

Reymond's refinement avoids the criticism most commonly leveled against supralapsarianism—that the supralapsarian has God damning men to perdition before He even contemplates them as _____.

Back 349

sinners

Front 350

But Reymond's view also leaves unanswered the question of how and why God would regard all men as sinners even before it was determined that the human race would ______.

Back 350

fall

Front 351

All the major Reformed Creeds are either explicitly infralapsarian, or else they carefully avoid language that favors _____.

Back 351

either view

Front 352

Amyraldism is essentially _____.

Back 352

four point Calvinism

Front 353

Simply stated, is a doctrine that emphasizes divine sovereignty to the exclusion of human responsibility.

Back 353

Hyper-Calvinism

Front 354

[Hyper-Calvinism] is a system of theology framed to exalt the honour and glory of God and does so by acutely minimizing the moral and spiritual responsibility of sinners . . . It emphasizes irresistible grace to such an extent that there appears to be no real need to _____.

Back 354

evangelize

Front 355

So stresses the sovereignty of God by over-emphasizing the secret over the revealed will of God and eternity over time, that it minimizes the responsibility of sinners, notably with respect to the denial of the use of the word "offer" in relation to the preaching of the gospel; thus it undermines the universal duty of sinners to believe savingly in the Lord Jesus with the assurance that Christ actually died for them; and it encourages introspection in the search to know whether or not one is elect.

Back 355

Hyper-Calvinism

Front 356

Is someone who either: 1. Denies the gospel call applies to all who hear, OR 2. Denies that faith is the duty of every sinner, Or 3. Denies that the Gospel makes any "offer" of Christ, salvation, or mercy to the non-elect (or denies that the offer of divine mercy is free and universal), OR 4. Denies that there is such a thing as "common grace," OR 5. Denies that God has any sort of love for the non-elect.

Back 356

hyper-Calvinists

Front 357

In practical terms, their "gospel" often reduces to the message that God simply and single-mindedly hates those whom He has chosen to damn, and there is nothing whatsoever they can do about it.

Back 357

hyper-Calvinists

Front 358

Deliberately excluded from hyper-Calvinist "evangelism" is any pleading with the sinner to be _____.

Back 358

reconciled with God

Front 359

An event that results in a significant change in the progress of a company, industry, sector, economy or geopolitical situation.

Back 359

Inflection Point

Front 360

A turning point after which a dramatic change, with either positive or negative results, is expected to result.

Back 360

Inflection Point

Front 361

"from what is said"

Back 361

De dicto

Front 362

"about the thing"

Back 362

de re

Front 363

(Logic) logic philosophy (of a belief, possibility, etc) relating to the individual rather than to an expression, as the necessity of the number of wonders of the world is prime since that number, seven, is necessarily prime.

Back 363

de re

Front 364

(Logic) logic philosophy relating to the expression of a belief, possibility, etc, rather than to the individuals mentioned, as in the number of the planets is the number of satellites of the sun, the truth of which is independent of what number that is.

Back 364

De dicto

Front 365

The concepts of de dicto and de re refer to two general ways in which one can believe the ____.

Back 365

truth of a proposition

Front 366

f you believe something de dicto (of what is said), then you believe it because it was _____.

Back 366

said

Front 367

If you believe something de re (of the thing), then you believe it because of the _____.

Back 367

facts of the case

Front 368

As used in philosophy, is an attribute which may or may not belong to a subject, without affecting its essence.

Back 368

Accident

Front 369

An accident is a property which has no necessary connection to the essence of the thing _______.

Back 369

being described

Front 370

To make (something, such as a problem) better, less painful, etc.

Back 370

ameliorate

Front 371

The Indian Ocean tsunami happened in what year?

Back 371

2004

Front 372

The Huang He floods happened in what year?

Back 372

1938

Front 373

The Bhola cyclone hit the coast of East Pakistan in the year _____.

Back 373

1970

Front 374

The 7.0 magnitude earthquake rocked Haiti on Jan 12, _________.

Back 374

2010

Front 375

Typhoon Nina hit China on August 5, ________.

Back 375

1975

Front 376

The Tangshan earthquake rocked China in July of ______.

Back 376

1976

Front 377

The Haiyuan earthquake (China's largest in the 20th century) rocked China in December of ______.

Back 377

1920

Front 378

The China floods caused damage across central China during the summer of _____.

Back 378

1931

Front 379

The Great Kanto earthquake changed the lives of the people in Tokyo and Yokohama on September 1, ______.

Back 379

1923

Front 380

The Yangtze river flood took place in _______.

Back 380

1935

Front 381

Hurricane Galveston took place in September of ____.

Back 381

1900

Front 382

Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in August of _____.

Back 382

2005

Front 383

The Dust Bowl took place in the _____.

Back 383

1930s

Front 384

is an attempt to articulate the theology that the Bible contains as its writers addressed their particular settings.

Back 384

Biblical Theology

Front 385

labors to arrive at a coherent synthetic overview without denying the fragmentary nature of the light the Bible sheds on some matters, and without glossing over tensions that may exist as various themes overlap (e.g., God's mercy and God's judgment; law and grace).

Back 385

Biblical Theology

Front 386

is focused on studying a portion of the Bible and how that relates to the rest of the Bible.

Back 386

Biblical Theology

Front 387

focuses on different topics and studies what the Bible says about that topic.

Back 387

Systematic Theology

Front 388

may give you insight into a specific portion of scripture, it may not be the best way of building a doctrine since it may not give you all that scripture says on a specific topic.

Back 388

Biblical Theology

Front 389

can give you a very detailed view on a topic, but that view can be enhanced by providing even more context to the specific scripture which discusses a view.

Back 389

Systematic Theology

Front 390

commences on the 15th of the Hebrew month of Nisan and lasts for either seven days (in Israel) or eight days (in the diaspora).

Back 390

Passover

Front 391

For the duration of this commemoration no leavened bread is eaten, for which reason IT was called the feast of unleavened bread in the Torah or Old Testament.

Back 391

Passover

Front 392

It is one of the three pilgrimage festivals (Shalosh Regalim) during which the entire population of the kingdom of Judah made a pilgrimage to the Temple in Jerusalem. Samaritans still make this pilgrimage to Mount Gerizim, but only men participate in public worship.

Back 392

Passover

Front 393

Says that their worship is the true religion of the ancient Israelites prior to the Babylonian Exile, preserved by those who remained in the Land of Israel, as opposed to Judaism, which they say is a related but altered and amended religion, brought back by those returning from the Babylonian exile.

Back 393

Samaritanism

Front 394

claim descent from the Israelite tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh (the two sons of Joseph (son of Jacob)) as well as from the priestly tribe of Levi.

Back 394

Samaritans

Front 395

The split between them and their brothers; the children of Judah (the Jews) began during Eli the priest, and the culmination was during the Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah when the THEY (then Kingdom of Israel) refused to accept Jerusalem as the elect, and remained on Mount Gerizim.

Back 395

Samaritans

Front 396

THEY say that Mount Gerizim was the original Holy Place of Israel from the time that Joshua conquered Israel. The major issue between Jews and THEM has always been the location of the chosen place to worship God; Jerusalem according to the Jewish faith or Mount Gerizim according to the THEIR version.

Back 396

Samaritans

Front 397

John Frame appears to oppose it because of its Two Kingdoms theology and its radical distinction between law and gospel.

Back 397

Escondido Theology

Front 398

the First Temple

Back 398

Solomon's Temple

Front 399

During the kingdom of Judah, the IT was dedicated to Yahweh, and is said to have housed the Ark of the Covenant.

Back 399

Temple

Front 400

According to the biblical sources, the IT was constructed under King Solomon during the united monarchy of Israel and Judah.

Back 400

Temple

Front 401

The Mishkan (dwelling place) of the god of Israel was originally the portable shrine called the Ark of the Covenant, which was placed in the ____________.

Back 401

Tabernacle tent.

Front 402

Having unified all Israel, brought the Ark to HIS new capital, Jerusalem, intending to build there a temple in order to house the Ark in a permanent place.

Back 402

King David

Front 403

is a term in the Hebrew Bible which refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle and later the Temple in Jerusalem where the Ark of the Covenant was kept during the First Temple, which could be entered only by the High Priest on Yom Kippur.

Back 403

Holy of Holies

Front 404

is said to have contained the Ten Commandments, which were given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai.

Back 404

The Ark of the Covenant

Front 405

The accession of ___________ of Persia in 538 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible.

Back 405

Cyrus the Great

Front 406

According to the Bible, when the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great (Ezra 1:1-4, 2 Chron 36:22-23), construction started at the original site of _______.

Back 406

Solomon's Temple

Front 407

The contruction of the second Temple was completed in 516 B.C. during the reign of the Persian emperor _________.

Back 407

Darius the Great

Front 408

Flavius Josephus records that ______________ completely rebuilt the Temple in 20-18 BCE, even going so far as to replace the foundation stones and to smooth off the surface of the Temple Mount.

Back 408

Herod the Great

Front 409

wavering in mind

Back 409

Double Minded

Front 410

Short-lived shocks can have long-run consequences when they affect the level or timing of critical investments in human development.

Back 410

Locust Effect

Front 411

a Canadian American astrophysicist, Christian apologist, and old earth creationist.

Back 411

Hugh Ross

Front 412

He accepts the scientific age of the earth and the scientific age of the universe, however he rejects evolution and abiogenesis as explanations for the history and origin of life.

Back 412

Hugh Ross

Front 413

These 90 essays were written by 64 English and American pastors and theologians, most of them denominational evangelicals, setting forth what they agreed were the “fundamentals” of the faith. Between 2 to 3 million copies were distributed.

Back 413

The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth

Front 414

Baptist journalist Curtis Lee Laws wrote in 1920 “that those who [1] still cling to the great fundamentals and who [2] mean to do battle royal for the fundamentals shall be called _________."

Back 414

Fundamentalists.

Front 415

Can be defined as conservative Protestant dissent against progressive (or revisionist, or Modernist, or Liberal) doctrine and mores.

Back 415

Fundamentalism

Front 416

Those in the crossfires of fundamentalist so-called militancy were those who advocated: ______.

Back 416

progressivist beliefs or progressivist values.

Front 417

Undermined the fundamentals doctrines (e.g., naturalistic evolution, biblical criticism, later neo-orthodoxy)

Back 417

progressivist beliefs.

Front 418

Undermined the fundamentalist understanding of the Christian life (e.g., dancing, drinking, gambling for some; others would focus more upon political movements like communism in the 1950s, or upon sexual mores, especially into the 1960s).

Back 418

progressivist values

Front 419

From 1919-1937 a series were fought in the northern states for control of the Northern Baptist and the Northern Presbyterian denominations.

Back 419

Denominational Battles

Front 420

Referring to himself as an evangelical, in 1922, he sounded a warning against the anti-modernistic obscurantism and anti-intellectualism of the fundamentalists.

Back 420

Harry Emerson Fosdick

Front 421

Brilliant Reformed New Testament professor at Princeton Theological Seminary, left the school, in 1929, after it reorganized its curriculum, having opened the door (in his view) to modernist compromise.

Back 421

J. Gresham Machen

Front 422

He would then found Westminster Theological Seminary (1929) and later The Orthodox Presbyterian Church (1936)

Back 422

J. Gresham Machen

Front 423

He was tried and found guilty for continuing his Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions (IBPFM), designed so that money contributed by orthodox Presbyterians would end up going to support likeminded orthodox Presbyterian missionaries rather than modernist Presbyterians like Pearl Buck.

Back 423

J. Gresham Machen

Front 424

After being tried and found guilty by the he northern Presbyterian church (PCUSA) J. Gresham Machen founded the ________.

Back 424

The Orthodox Presbyterian Church

Front 425

He wrote, that the “Church of Rome may represent a perversion of the Christian religion; but naturalistic liberalism is not Christianity at all”

Back 425

J. Gresham Machen

Front 426

In 1941 THIS, pastor of Park Street Church in Boston and a former student of Machen’s, issued the call for “neo-evangelicalism,” and the National Association of Evangelicals was formed that year.

Back 426

Harold John Ockenga

Front 427

Founded Fuller Theological Seminary.

Back 427

Harold John Ockenga and Charles E. Fuller

Front 428

The initial faculty, of Fuller Theological Seminary including Carl F. H. Henry (1913-2003)—were evangelical intellectuals who wanted to write a new chapter in confessional Christian _______.

Back 428

higher education

Front 429

Author of "The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism", which argued against both fundamentalists and liberals who were obscuring the gospel by focusing upon secondary issues.

Back 429

Carl F. H. Henry

Front 430

In 1956 HE founded Christianity Today, designed to be a forward-looking, positive alternative to The Christian Century.

Back 430

Billy Graham

Front 431

Was tapped to be Christianity Today's first editor.

Back 431

Carl F. H. Henry

Front 432

Separated from Billy Graham because of his willingness to work with modernists in his crusades and to even have some of them on stage.

Back 432

Bob Jones Jr. and Bob Jones Sr.

Front 433

Whereas “fundamentalism” had originally been a conservative dissent movement within the denominations (working for their reform), a new segment of it defined faithfulness as leaving compromising denominations that had become apostate in their view—and also rejecting any fellowship and partnership with those who refused to do the same.

Back 433

“secondary separationists”

Front 434

Leaders of the "secondary separationist" movement in the fundamentalist-evangelicalism.

Back 434

Bob Jones Jr. and Bob Jones Sr.

Front 435

The "secondary separationist" movement in the fundamentalist-evangelicalism started in the year ___.

Back 435

1957

Front 436

Believed they should stay within a denomination and fight for its doctrinal and moral purity.

Back 436

denominational reformers

Front 437

Believed that faithful Christians should extricate themselves from denominations and professing Christians influenced by modernism and therefore apostasy.

Back 437

denominational separatists

Front 438

were also secondary separationists, refusing to have fellowship with fellow conservative dissenters who did not withdraw from apostate denominations.

Back 438

ecclesiastical separatists

Front 439

Original fundamentalists were denominational reformers, and sometimes denominational separatists. But ecclesiastical separatists were largely the result of _________________ and represents a new phase of development.

Back 439

post-1957 fundamentalism

Front 440

Divided over the issue of inerrancy in 1962. (Black Sunday)

Back 440

Fuller Seminary

Front 441

His nuanced view sought to retain the term “inerrancy” because he thought every word of Scripture was inspired by God and inerrant in its purposes, but it was clear he was breaking with the historic Warfieldian-Princetonian understanding.

Back 441

Daniel Fuller

Front 442

In the English-speaking world, however, the modern term usually describes the religious movements and denominations which sprung forth from a series of revivals that swept the North Atlantic Anglo-American world in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Back 442

Evangelicalism

Front 443

By the 1820s evangelical Protestantism was by far the dominant expression of Christianity in the overwhelmingly _________.

Back 443

Protestant United States

Front 444

By the decades prior to the Civil War, a largely-evangelical “Benevolent Empire” (in historian Martin Marty’s words) was actively attempting to reshape American society through Bible and tract distribution, the establishment of Sunday Schools and through such reforms as temperance, the early women’s movement, various benevolent and betterment societies, and—most controversial of all __________.

Back 444

—the abolition movement

Front 445

Going into the 20th century __________ still held the status of a pervasive American “folk religion” in many sectors of the United States, particularly the South and certain areas of the Midwest.

Back 445

evangelicalism

Front 446

The movement was a response among orthodox evangelical Protestants to the separatism of fundamentalist Christianity beginning in the 1930s.

Back 446

Neo-Evangelical

Front 447

The term was coined by Harold Ockenga in 1947, to identify a distinct movement within the broader evangelical fundamentalist Christianity of that day.

Back 447

Neo-Evangelical

Front 448

urged that fundamentalists must engage the culture directly and constructively, and they began to express embarrassment about being known to the world as fundamentalists.

Back 448

Neo-Evangelical

Front 449

These opponents of the new evangelicals, on the other hand, saw themselves as more willing to publically confront Church apostasy and personal immorality than neo-evangelicals; and they believed this to have its proper and constructive place. In short, they saw the neo-evangelicals as often being too concerned about social acceptance and intellectual respectability, and being too accommodating to a perverse generation that needed correction.

Back 449

Fundamentalists.

Front 450

In addition, they saw the efforts of Billy Graham, who worked with more liberal mainline denominations (and especially with Roman Catholicism), as a mistake and they tended to support their own evangelists.

Back 450

Fundamentalists.

Front 451

Held the view that the modernist and liberal parties in the Protestant churches had surrendered their heritage as Evangelicals by accommodating the views and values of the world. At the same time they criticized their fellow Fundamentalists, for their separatism, and their rejection of the Social gospel as it had been developed by Protestant activists of the previous century.

Back 451

Neo-Evangelical

Front 452

They charged the modernists with having lost their identity as Evangelicals, and attacked the Fundamentalists as having lost the Christ-like heart of Evangelicalism.

Back 452

Neo-Evangelical

Front 453

As part of this renewal of Evangelicalism, THEY sought to engage the modern world and the liberal Christians in a positive way, remaining separate from worldliness but not from the world a middle way, between modernism and the separating variety of fundamentalism.

Back 453

Neo-Evangelical

Front 454

They believed that in doing so, they were simply re-acquainting Protestantism with its own recent tradition. The movement's aim at the outset was to reclaim the Evangelical heritage in their respective churches, not to begin something new; and for this reason, following their separation from Fundamentalists, the same movement has been better known as merely, "Evangelicalism".

Back 454

Neo-Evangelical

Front 455

In more recent times the Neo-Evangelical movement has come to be known simply as _____.

Back 455

Evangelicalism

Front 456

As both Neo-Evangelicals and Fundamentalists themselves began to use the term Fundamentalist, to describe those with in the evangelical fold, that advocated separation and confrontation, as the proper response to an unbelieving culture, the Neo-Evangelicals were able to regain the name ______.

Back 456

Evangelical

Front 457

The term no longer has any reliable meaning except for historical purposes. It is still self-descriptive of the movement to which it used to apply, to distinguish the parties in the developing fundamentalist split prior to the 1950s.

Back 457

Neo-Evangelical

Front 458

Neo-orthodoxy teaches that the Bible is a medium of revelation, while orthodoxy believes it is ______.

Back 458

revelation

Front 459

The neo-orthodox view of sin is that it is a rejection of our responsibility to treat our _________.

Back 459

fellow man well

Front 460

Salvation comes to those who have a subjective encounter with Christ—no acceptance of a set of truths is necessary according to ________.

Back 460

Neo-orthodoxy

Front 461

An ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.

Back 461

Armenians

Front 462

Constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

Back 462

Armenians

Front 463

Due to centuries-long foreign domination, a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry live outside of modern _________.

Back 463

Armenia

Front 464

However, the modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed as a result of the _____________ of 1915,

Back 464

Armenian Genocide

Front 465

When the Armenians living in their ancestral homeland in eastern Turkey—known as Western Armenia to Armenians—were systematically exterminated by the Turkish government.

Back 465

Armenian Genocide

Front 466

It is an important discussion about the relationship between the Church and culture

Back 466

Two Kingdoms doctrine versus Transformationalism

Front 467

Deals with the Church’s responsibility toward politics, freedom, social issues, poverty, justice, education, and many other critical issues.

Back 467

Two Kingdoms doctrine versus Transformationalism

Front 468

Is essentially built upon two ideas: natural law and a clear distinction between redemptive and non-redemptive social spheres.

Back 468

Two Kingdoms doctrine

Front 469

The assumption that moral norms are inscribed on the hearts of all men. These norms are the basis for common society of which both believers and unbelievers are members.

Back 469

Natural Law

Front 470

According to two kingdom advocates the general civic realm is not all that exists, however, since there also exists salvific revelation beyond this common ________.

Back 470

natural law

Front 471

Sharply distinguish between believers and unbelievers and also between the ecclesiastical government and the civic government.

Back 471

Two Kingdoms advocates

Front 472

A believer has dual membership in both kingdoms and thus submits himself to both governments, each of which has been created by God to order the world.

Back 472

Two Kingdoms doctrine

Front 473

These two kingdoms rule their respective spheres separately and do not overlap. Christians, as members of both kingdoms, operate fully under the laws of each. As a member of the heavenly kingdom, a Christian submits to the Word of God; as a member of the earthly kingdom, he submits to human laws.

Back 473

Two Kingdoms doctrine

Front 474

IT has no aspirations to transform society but rather claims to have a more realistic understanding of the fallenness of the world.

Back 474

Two Kingdoms doctrine

Front 475

Also called Neo-Calvinist or Neo-Kuyperian.

Back 475

Transformationalist Approach

Front 476

Appeals to the redemption motif in Scripture, namely that God desires to redeem all of his creation and that the church is already involved in that process through cultural redemption.

Back 476

Transformationalist Approach

Front 477

The Great Commission is essentially a continuation of that original creation mandate, that was interrupted by the fall, this side of the cross.

Back 477

Transformationalist Approach

Front 478

They deny any real sacred/secular distinction; for the THEM, all of life is worship.

Back 478

transformationalist

Front 479

Although they recognize antithesis between the values of Christianity and the values of the world’s system, they nevertheless tend to emphasize common grace, which gives all of culture a neutral, or even positive, framework for engagement.

Back 479

transformationalist

Front 480

The worldviews of believers and unbelievers are at complete odds with one another, but the cultural material they use to express their worldviews is neutral in itself.

Back 480

Transformationalist Approach

Front 481

“All has been created good, including the full range of human cultures that emerge when humans act according to God’s design.”

Back 481

Cornelius Plantinga on the Transformationalist Approach

Front 482

You’ll also see this theology in just about any “New Calvinist” or proponent of the “missional church” you read

Back 482

Transformationalist Approach

Front 483

You can recognize them by any appeal to cultural transformation or a “Creation-Fall-Redemption” motif in which the Church participates today.

Back 483

Transformationalist Approach

Front 484

The strength of this model is that it recognizes the inherent goodness of God’s original creation as well as the mandate for God’s people to be active in his world, cultivating what he has given them and actively living out their faith in every sphere of life.

Back 484

Transformationalist Approach

Front 485

Is one of the Semitic languages, an important group of languages known almost from the beginning of human history and including also Arabic, Hebrew, Ethiopic, and Akkadian (ancient Babylonian and Assyrian). It is particularly closely related to Hebrew, and was written in a variety of alphabetic scripts.

Back 485

Aramaic

Front 486

Displaced Hebrew for many purposes among the Jews, a fact reflected in the Bible, where portions of Ezra and Daniel are in Aramaic. Some of the best known stories in biblical literature, including that of Belshazzar’s feast with the famous "handwriting on the wall" are in this language.

Back 486

Aramaic

Front 487

Survives as a spoken language in small communities in Syria, Iraq, Turkey, and Iran.

Back 487

Aramaic

Front 488

Was the site of a deadly confrontation and siege in northern Idaho in 1992 between Randy Weaver, his family and his friend Kevin Harris, and agents of the United States Marshals Service (USMS) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Back 488

Ruby Ridge

Front 489

It resulted in the death of Weaver's son Sammy, his wife Vicki, and Deputy U.S. Marshal William Francis Degan.

Back 489

Ruby Ridge Incident

Front 490

More than any other issue, though, the deadly standoffs at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, in 1992 and Waco, Texas, in 1993 ignited widespread passion.

Back 490

The Militia Movement

Front 491

He was the leader of a small, anti-government group that occupied a compound near Rulo, Nebraska in the early 1980s. He and his group of followers had loose ties to Posse Comitatus and links to the Christian Identity movement. His teachings included the supremacy of the white race, the inherent evil of Jews, and a distrust of all established earthly authority, including governments.

Back 491

Michael W. Ryan

Front 492

Michael Ryan was arrested in 1982 after reports and a criminal investigation indicated that he had abused and killed 5-year-old Luke Stice and later killed fellow member James Thimm after he had tortured the latter for several days, near _______.

Back 492

Rulo, NE

Front 493

Is a loosely organized, far-right social movement that spreads a conspiracy-minded anti-government and antisemitic message in the name of white male Christians to counter what they believe is an attack on their rights.

Back 493

Posse Comitatus

Front 494

The title, appears for the first time in a letter, probably written by Ambrose, from a Council in Milan to Pope Siricius in about 390.

Back 494

Apostles' Creed

Front 495

The account of the origin of this creed, the forerunner and principal source of the ___________ as having been jointly created by the Apostles under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, with each of the twelve contributing one of the articles, was already current at that time.

Back 495

Apostles' Creed

Front 496

The earliest appearance of what we know as the ____________ was in the De singulis libris canonicis scarapsus ("Excerpt from Individual Canonical Books") of St. Pirminius (Migne, Patrologia Latina 89, 1029 ff.), written between 710 and 714.

Back 496

Apostles' Creed

Front 497

This longer Creed seems to have arisen in what is now France and Spain. Charlemagne imposed it throughout his dominions, and it was finally accepted in Rome, where the old Roman Creed or similar formulas had survived for centuries. It has been argued nonetheless that it dates from the second half of the 5th century, though no earlier.

Back 497

Apostles' Creed

Front 498

Is the profession of faith or creed that is most widely used in Christian liturgy. It forms the mainstream definition of Christianity for most Christians.

Back 498

Nicene Creed

Front 499

IT was adopted in the face of the Arian controversy. Arius, a Libyan presbyter in Alexandria, had declared that although the Son was divine, he was a created being and therefore not co-essential with the Father, and "there was when he was not," This made Jesus less than the Father, which posed soteriological challenges for the nascent doctrine of the Trinity.

Back 499

Nicene Creed

Front 500

The version of 325 explicitly affirms the co-essential divinity of the Son, applying to him the term "consubstantial". The 381 version speaks of the Holy Spirit as worshipped and glorified with the Father and the Son.

Back 500

Nicene Creed

Front 501

The original Nicene Creed was first adopted in 325 at the _______.

Back 501

First Council of Nicea

Front 502

Is a Christian statement of belief focused on Trinitarian doctrine and Christology.

Back 502

Athanasian Creed

Front 503

Athanasius' name seems to have become attached to the creed as a sign of its strong declaration of Trinitarian faith.

Back 503

Athanasian Creed

Front 504

Regularly playing his cello in ruined buildings during the siege of Sarajevo, most notably performing Albinoni's Adagio in G Minor, Smailović caught the imagination of people around the world.

Back 504

Vedran Smailović

Front 505

Vedran Smailović

Back 505

"Cellist of Sarajevo"

Front 506

It states that contradictory statements cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time, e.g. the two propositions "A is B" and "A is not B" are mutually exclusive.

Back 506

law of non-contradiction

Front 507

Aristotle says that without the principle of non-contradiction we could not know anything that we ________.

Back 507

do know

Front 508

It means that a statement is either true or false.

Back 508

The Law of Excluded Middle

Front 509

it excludes a middle ground between truth and falsity.

Back 509

The Law of Excluded Middle

Front 510

So while the law of non-contradiction tells us that no statement can be both true and false, the law of excluded middle tells us that they must all be _____.

Back 510

one or the other

Front 511

It states that for any proposition, either that proposition is true, or its negation is true.

Back 511

The Law of Excluded Middle

Front 512

The law of non-contradiction, the Law of the Excluded Middle, & The Law of Identity.

Back 512

Aristotle’s Three Laws of Thought

Front 513

Nothing can both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect.

Back 513

law of non-contradiction

Front 514

Something either is or is not.

Back 514

The Law of Excluded Middle

Front 515

Something is what it is

Back 515

The Law of Identity

Front 516

It states that “each thing is the same with itself and different from another”

Back 516

The Law of Identity

Front 517

Each thing (be it a universal or a particular) is composed of its own unique set of characteristic qualities or features, which the ancient Greeks called its essence.

Back 517

The Law of Identity

Front 518

Was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I.

Back 518

Thomas Cranmer

Front 519

He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See.

Back 519

Thomas Cranmer

Front 520

He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, a complete liturgy for the English Church.

Back 520

Thomas Cranmer

Front 521

After the accession of the Roman Catholic Mary I, ___________ was put on trial for treason and heresy. Imprisoned for over two years and under pressure from Church authorities, he made several recantations and apparently reconciled himself with the Roman Catholic Church.

Back 521

Thomas Cranmer

Front 522

On the day of his execution, he withdrew his recantations, to die a heretic to Roman Catholics and a martyr for the principles of the English Reformation.

Back 522

Thomas Cranmer

Front 523

Is a fraternal organisation that traces its origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of masons and their interaction with authorities and clients.

Back 523

Freemasonry

Front 524

The basic organisational unit of Freemasonry.

Back 524

Masonic Lodge

Front 525

The idea of __________ brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another.

Back 525

Masonic

Front 526

Is an organization of men based on the "fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man," using builders' tools as symbols to teach basic moral truths generally accepted by persons of good will.

Back 526

Freemasonry

Front 527

Its is to enable men to meet in harmony, to promote friendship, and to be charitable. Its basic ideals are that all persons are the children of one God, that all persons are related to each other, and that the best way to worship God is to be of service to people.

Back 527

Freemasonry

Front 528

Even sees itself as superseding and unifying all religions. (At various times and places, IT has met religious and political opposition).

Back 528

Freemasonry

Front 529

Is defined as "avowed opposition to Freemasonry"

Back 529

Anti-Masonry

Front 530

Anti-Masonry is not a ________.

Back 530

homogeneous movement

Front 531

Was the first "third party" in the United States.

Back 531

Anti-Masonic Party

Front 532

involving or serving as an aid to learning, discovery, or problem-solving by experimental and especially trial-and-error methods

Back 532

heuristic

Front 533

Of or relating to exploratory problem-solving techniques that utilize self-educating techniques (as the evaluation of feedback) to improve performance.

Back 533

heuristic

Front 534

By virtue of or in the exercise of one's office or position

Back 534

ex cathedra

Front 535

The study of the correc methods of interetation. (of the Bible particulary).

Back 535

Hermeneutics

Front 536

The process of interpreting a text of scripture.

Back 536

exegesis

Front 537

Hermeneutics is the study of how you do _____.

Back 537

exegesis

Front 538

the art of preaching

Back 538

homiletics

Front 539

Was a German-language writer of novels and short stories, regarded by critics as one of the most influential authors of the 20th century. Most of his works, such as "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis"), Der Prozess (The Trial), and Das Schloss (The Castle), are filled with the themes and archetypes of alienation, physical and psychological brutality, parent–child conflict, characters on a terrifying quest, labyrinths of bureaucracy, and mystical transformations.

Back 539

Franz Kafka

Front 540

is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

Back 540

University of Oxford

Front 541

While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world, and the world's second-oldest surviving university.

Back 541

University of Oxford

Front 542

Founded in 1209, IT is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's third-oldest surviving university.

Back 542

University of Cambridge

Front 543

It grew out of an association formed by scholars leaving the University of Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk.

Back 543

University of Cambridge

Front 544

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in ______________,

Back 544

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Front 545

was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, philologist and literary critic.

Back 545

Michel Foucault

Front 546

His theories addressed the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions.

Back 546

Michel Foucault

Front 547

Though often cited as a post-structuralist and postmodernist, _________ rejected these labels, preferring to present his thought as a critical history of modernity.

Back 547

Michel Foucault

Front 548

is a late-20th-century movement in the arts, architecture, and criticism that was a departure from modernism.

Back 548

Postmodernism

Front 549

includes skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism.

Back 549

Postmodernism

Front 550

It is often associated with deconstruction and post-structuralism because its usage as a term gained significant popularity at the same time as twentieth-century post-structural thought.

Back 550

Postmodernism

Front 551

The term postmodernism has been applied to a host of movements, many in art, music, and literature, that reacted against tendencies in modernism, and are typically marked by revival of historical elements and techniques.

Back 551

Postmodernism

Front 552

is a label formulated by American academics to denote the heterogeneous works of a series of mid-20th-century French and continental philosophers and critical theorists who came to international prominence in the 1960s and '70s.

Back 552

Post-structuralism

Front 553

A major theme of this thought system is instability in the human sciences, due to the complexity of humans themselves and the impossibility of fully escaping structures in order to study them.

Back 553

Post-structuralism

Front 554

is a response to structuralism.

Back 554

Post-structuralism

Front 555

It argued that human culture may be understood by means of a structure—modeled on language (i.e., structural linguistics)—that differs from concrete reality and from abstract ideas—a "third order" that mediates between the two.

Back 555

Structuralism

Front 556

The author's intended meaning is secondary to the meaning that the reader perceives.

Back 556

Post-structuralism

Front 557

rejects the idea of a literary text having a single purpose, a single meaning, or one singular existence. Instead, every individual reader creates a new and individual purpose, meaning, and existence for a given text.

Back 557

Post-structuralism

Front 558

is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician, political commentator and activist. Sometimes described as the "father of modern linguistics."

Back 558

Noam Chomsky

Front 559

played a major role in the decline of behaviorism, and was especially critical of the work of B.F. Skinner.

Back 559

Noam Chomsky

Front 560

The basis to HIS linguistic theory is that the principles underlying the structure of language are biologically determined in the human mind and hence genetically transmitted.

Back 560

Noam Chomsky

Front 561

He therefore argues that all humans share the same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of socio-cultural difference. In this he opposes the radical behaviourist psychology of B.F. Skinner, instead arguing that human language is unlike modes of communication used by any other animal species.

Back 561

Noam Chomsky

Front 562

refers to the western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century, where religious revivals and the formation of new religious movements of the Second Great Awakening took place.

Back 562

burned-over district

Front 563

Charles Grandison Finney felt that the area had been so heavily evangelized as to have no "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert).

Back 563

burned-over district

Front 564

speak the Albanian language and more than half of ethnic Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo.

Back 564

Ethnic Albanians

Front 565

wrongdoing or misconduct especially by a public official

Back 565

malfeasance

Front 566

having power to compel or constrain

Back 566

cogent

Front 567

appealing forcibly to the mind or reason : convincing

Back 567

cogent

Front 568

a word or suffix that indicates that something is small

Back 568

diminutive

Front 569

an informal form of a name

Back 569

diminutive

Front 570

the branch of metaphysics that studies the nature of existence or being as such.

Back 570

ontology

Front 571

the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, includes ontology and cosmology, and is intimately connected with epistemology.

Back 571

metaphysics

Front 572

philosophy, especially in its more abstruse branches.

Back 572

metaphysics

Front 573

the underlying theoretical principles of a subject or field of inquiry.

Back 573

metaphysics

Front 574

a treatise (4th century b.c.) by Aristotle, dealing with first principles, the relation of universals to particulars, and the teleological doctrine of causation.

Back 574

metaphysics

Front 575

the branch of philosophy dealing with the origin and general structure of the universe, with its parts, elements, and laws, and especially with such of its characteristics as space, time, causality, and freedom.

Back 575

cosmology

Front 576

the branch of astronomy that deals with the general structure and evolution of the universe.

Back 576

cosmology

Front 577

the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity

Back 577

epistemology

Front 578

a chiefly 20th century philosophical movement embracing diverse doctrines but centering on analysis of individual existence in an unfathomable universe and the plight of the individual who must assume ultimate responsibility for acts of free will without any certain knowledge of what is right or wrong or good or bad

Back 578

existentialism

Front 579

also known as sentential logic and statement logic, is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions, statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences, as well as the logical relationships and properties that are derived from these methods of combining or altering statements.

Back 579

Propositional Logic

Front 580

The system is made of a set of propositions. Each proposition has a truth value, it is either true or false. Propositions can be joined together using logical connectives to make new propositions. Examples for logical connectives that are used often are logical and, logical or, logical if, logical if and only if and logical not.

Back 580

Propositional Logic

Front 581

of, relating to, or derived from living matter.

Back 581

organic

Front 582

not using artificial chemicals

Back 582

organic

Front 583

of, relating to, or containing carbon compounds

Back 583

organic

Front 584

relating to, being, or dealt with by a branch of chemistry concerned with the carbon compounds of living beings and most other carbon compounds

Back 584

organic

Front 585

forming an integral element of a whole

Back 585

organic

Front 586

This Islamic branch believes that the first four caliphs--Mohammed's successors--rightfully took his place as the leaders of Muslims.

Back 586

Sunni

Front 587

They recognize the heirs of the four caliphs as legitimate religious leaders.

Back 587

Sunni

Front 588

The heirs of the Rightly Guided Caliphs ruled continuously in the Arab world until the break-up of the___________

Back 588

Ottoman Empire

Front 589

Believe that only the heirs of the fourth caliph, Ali, are the legitimate successors of Mohammed.

Back 589

Shiites

Front 590

Disappeared in 931.

Back 590

Twelfth Imam

Front 591

Believed they had suffered the loss of divinely guided political leadership at the time of the Twelfth Imam's disappearance

Back 591

Shiites

Front 592

Not"until the ascendancy of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1978" did they believe that they had once again begun to live under the authority of a legitimate religious figure.

Back 592

Shiites

Front 593

“the rightly-guided one” whose role is to bring a just global caliphate into being.

Back 593

Mahdi

Front 594

"The major difference is that for Shi`is he has already been here, and will return from hiding; for Sunnis he has yet to emerge into history: a comeback v. a coming out, if you will."

Back 594

Mahdi

Front 595

In 1928, four years after the abolishment of the caliphate, the Egyptian schoolteacher Hasan al-Banna founded the first Islamic fundamentalist movement in the Sunni world, _____________.

Back 595

the Muslim Brotherhood

Front 596

Osama bin Laden was a Sunni Muslim. To him the end of the reign of the caliphs in the 1920s was _________.

Back 596

catastrophic

Front 597

These Muslims are more like traditional Catholics in venerating members of the holy family and attending at their shrines.

Back 597

Shiites

Front 598

These Muslims are more like the militant brand of Protestantism of the late 1500s that denounced intermediaries between God and the individual and actually attacked and destroyed shrines to saints and other holy figures, where pleas for intercession were made.

Back 598

Contemporary Salafi Sunni

Front 599

Al Qaeda is _______ Muslim.

Back 599

Sunni

Front 600

Hezbollah is ________ Muslim.

Back 600

Shiite

Front 601

Hamas is __________ Muslim.

Back 601

Sunni

Front 602

The group now known as ________ chose Abu Bakr, the prophet’s adviser, to become the first successor, or caliph, to lead the Muslim state.

Back 602

Sunnis

Front 603

They favored Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law to be the first Caliph.

Back 603

Shiites

Front 604

Ali and his successors are called _____.

Back 604

imams

Front 605

They not only lead the Shiites but are considered to be descendants of Muhammad.

Back 605

Imams

Front 606

After the 11th imam died in 874, and his young son was said to have disappeared from the funeral, Shiites in particular came to see the child as a _________.

Back 606

Messiah who had been hidden from the public by God

Front 607

The largest sect of Shiites,” have been preparing for the Twelfth Imam's return ever since he was hidden by God.

Back 607

“twelvers”

Front 608

In 656, the third caliph Uthman was killed by some Egyptians and HE was approached by the people and was made the fourth caliph.

Back 608

Ali

Front 609

Moved the Muslim capital to Kufa in Iraq.

Back 609

Ali

Front 610

After the third caliph Uthman, a struggle for succession ensued between Caliph Ali and _________, the governor of Syria and cousin of Uthman, in league with a variety of other opponents.

Back 610

Muawiyah

Front 611

In 657, Alī's forces met Muʿāwiyah's at the Battle of Siffin. Initially, the battle went against Muʿāwiyah but on the brink of defeat, Muʿāwiyah directed his army to hoist __________.

Back 611

Qurans on their lances

Front 612

When Mu'awiyah's Syrian soldiers tied Qurans on their lances __________.

Back 612

Ali backed down

Front 613

Was killed by Khawarij.

Back 613

Ali

Front 614

Initially supported Ali over Muawiyah but came to oppose both the Shiites and Sunnis. Did not survive as a group.

Back 614

Kharijites

Front 615

When Muawiyah died the Shiites claimed the Caliphate for Ali's grandson ________.

Back 615

Husayn

Front 616

Massacred Husayn his family and followers.

Back 616

Umayyad soldiers

Front 617

When Muawiyah succeded Ali he founded the _____.

Back 617

Umayyad dynasty

Front 618

They are on intimate terms with their saints, holding feast days as commemoration, and making pilgrimages to shrines in cities like Damascus, Najaf and Masshad.

Back 618

Shiites

Front 619

For THEM, pilgrimage is reserved for Mecca and the sect frowns on over-preoccupation with Islamic figures besides the Prophet Muhammad.

Back 619

Sunnis

Front 620

Sunni Islam's most orthodox strain.

Back 620

Wahabbism

Front 621

Considers images of religious figures, and indeed any representations of human and animal form, as idolatry.

Back 621

Wahabbism

Front 622

Arguably the most significant difference between the two sects is that Shiites are able to "follow" senior clerics of their choosing, shaping their practices and behaviors around particular _____.

Back 622

ayatollahs' edicts

Front 623

________ clerics can issue innovative religious rulings around controversial, modern practices.

Back 623

Shiite

Front 624

In many respects, Shiite reading of sacred history has been precisely the opposite of the ______.

Back 624

Sunni reading

Front 625

The partisans of Ali also believed that he had been designated as successor by the Prophet himself, who earlier had given _________, his only daughter, to Ali in marriage.

Back 625

Fatima

Front 626

To mourn _________ was also to grieve for Islam, whose adherents had gone astray before the body of the Prophet had gone cold.

Back 626

Shiite Martyrs

Front 627

Those who claimed to walk only the Prophet’s path.

Back 627

Sunnis

Front 628

The Prophet's path.

Back 628

Sunna

Front 629

In Shiite Islam the lines of Husayn’s descendants came to be regarded as _________—leaders of the spirit, carriers of the divine spark, infallible.

Back 629

Imams

Front 630

But the Shiite tradition has it that none died a natural death. All were ultimately murdered (usually by poison) for posing a legitimist challenge to the rule of Sunni usurpers.

Back 630

Imams

Front 631

This branch of Shiism, which prefered a particular line of Imams who numbered twelve, eventually became the predominant school of Shiite Islam.

Back 631

Imami or Twelver Shiism

Front 632

The pursuit of justice in the world was deferred to a point in eschatological time when the Twelfth Imam, having disappeared into occultation in 873, would return as messianic savior, _____________.

Back 632

as Mahdi, to do final justice

Front 633

These Shiites therefore deferred the obligation to wage jihad “in the path of God” to the day when the hidden Imam would reappear as redeemer and raise God’s banners.

Back 633

Imami or Twelver Shiism

Front 634

Shiism was redeemed by the _________, a mystical order whose leaders established themselves as the uncontested rulers of Iran in the early 1500′s.

Back 634

Safavids

Front 635

Immediately set about transforming Shiite Islam into state orthodoxy—something Shiism, in its quietest variety, had never been.

Back 635

Safavids

Front 636

_________came to be defined in large measure by its Iranian adherents, who today constitute about half of all Shiites.

Back 636

Twelver Shiism

Front 637

The second implication, of the rise of the Safavids in Iran was the rise of a clercal estate, formed by a powerful body of Shiite clerics, or _______.

Back 637

ulama

Front 638

The influence of the religious scholars found doctrinal expression in the eighteenth-century triumph of certain ulama who claimed exceptional powers for Shiite expounders of Islamic law.

Back 638

mujtahids

Front 639

Began to claim an authority unparalleled among Sunni ulama.

Back 639

mujtahids

Front 640

It became obligatory for each Shiite to follow the rulings of a living ________.

Back 640

mujtahid

Front 641

Ineffective as the shahs' reforms were in staving off foreign control, they quite effectively undermined the standing of the ________.

Back 641

ulama

Front 642

From the outset in Iran, then, it was the impact of Western imperialism which had the effect of mobilizing _____________.

Back 642

traditional religion

Front 643

In 1921, a military strongman emerged as savior of Iran. Reza Khan (later, Reza Shah) seized power from the tottering _______.

Back 643

Qajars

Front 644

sSet Iran on an accelerated course of Westernization.

Back 644

Reza Shah

Front 645

In the radical new interpretation, of Shiite Islam in response to the oppression of the West, the Imam ___________ emerged as a modern revolutionary, leading the struggle of the oppressed against impossible odds

Back 645

Husayn

Front 646

In response to Westernization and the rule of Reza Shah and his son Mohammad Reza Shah, there was a radical reinterpretation of the role of the ulama, that the clerics themselves should rule, that they should struggle to implement God’s law here and now, that they should leave their dry books and lead the people to __________________.

Back 646

anti-imperialist revolution and justice

Front 647

Concepts of Shiite Islamic government reached their furthest refinement after the arrival in Najaf in 1965 of ________________, who spent fourteen years of exile in Najaf and there formulated his intellectual case for Islamic government.

Back 647

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Front 648

Fundamentalists are nostalgic for a lost “Golden Age,” although the meaning of this “Golden Age” is not the same for the Sunnis and the Shiites. For the Sunnis, the aim is to return to the glorious period of the _________.

Back 648

caliphate

Front 649

The Shiite fundamentalist are hoping for the realization of the Imamate system.

Back 649

Imamate system

Front 650

in religious use is often translated as 'tradition', meaning a report of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Back 650

Hadith

Front 651

Was compiled from oral reports that were present in society around the time of their compilation, well after the death of Muhammad.

Back 651

Hadith

Front 652

These hadith narrations have formed the controversial basis of the Shariah models of ______.

Back 652

"Islamic law"

Front 653

As the application of deductive reasoning in deriving laws directly from the Quran was sidelined, the arbitrary authority of the hadith was used to replace the Quran in forming the basis of ________.

Back 653

'Shariah' Law

Front 654

Means the moral code and religious law of a prophetic religion.

Back 654

Sharia

Front 655

There are two primary sources of _________: the precepts set forth in the Quranic verses (ayahs), and the example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah.

Back 655

Sharia Law

Front 656

Is the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and interpretations of the Quran.

Back 656

Sunnah

Front 657

Denotes the practices of Muhammad that he taught and practically instituted as a teacher of the sharī‘ah and the best exemplar.

Back 657

Sunnah

Front 658

Sunnah, which consists of what Muhammad believed, implied, or tacitly approved, was recorded by his companions in ________..

Back 658

Hadith

Front 659

Is the foundation of Islamic Law. It is the miraculous speech of God that was revealed to the Messenger.

Back 659

Quran

Front 660

it is everything besides the Quran that came from God’s Messenger. It explains and provides details for the laws found in the Quran.

Back 660

Sunnah

Front 661

is a practical expression of what is in the Quran. This expression takes many forms. Sometimes, it comes as an action performed by the Messenger. At other times, it is a statement that he made in response to something. Sometimes, it takes the form of a statement or action of one of the Companions that he neither prevented nor objected to.

Back 661

Sunnah

Front 662

The precepts set forth in the Quranic verses (ayahs), and the example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah.

Back 662

Sharia Law

Front 663

is a narration about the life of the Prophet or what he approved - as opposed to his life itself, which is the Sunnah as already mentioned.

Back 663

Hadith

Front 664

The Quran and the Sunna are the sources of Sharia Law, the Sunna is discovered in the _______.

Back 664

Hadiths

Front 665

Gaza and the West Bank.

Back 665

Two Palestinian territories

Front 666

In the Gaza Strip, the government is led by the radical Islamist movement ________.

Back 666

Hamas

Front 667

In the West Bank,_________ is in power.

Back 667

Fatah

Front 668

A political party formerly known as the Palestinian National Liberation Movement

Back 668

Fatah

Front 669

Israel considers the leadership of the West Bank to be its legitimate negotiating partner for the ______________________.

Back 669

Palestinian territories

Front 670

Fatah has accepted the existence of Israel, but Hamas ________.

Back 670

hasn't

Front 671

Israel refuses to consider Hamas a legitimate government, and Hamas refuses to acknowledge the ___________.

Back 671

State of Israel

Front 672

Hamas and Fatah split violently in _______.

Back 672

2007

Front 673

Palestinian Authority President in August of 2014.

Back 673

Mahmoud Abbas

Front 674

Prime Minister of Israel August 2014.

Back 674

Benjamin Netanyahu

Front 675

Among other territory, Israel then occupied the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem, as well as the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. Palestinians had lived on much of the land taken by Israel.

Back 675

1967 Six Day War

Front 676

One of the accord’s conditions was that an autonomous government be set up in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Once that was established, Israeli troops had to leave the territories. Israel returned the Sinai to Egypt and left the Gaza Strip.

Back 676

Camp David Accords 1978

Front 677

A Palestinian uprising against Israel’s occupation, began at the end of 1987.

Back 677

First Intifada

Front 678

Were similar to the Camp David Accords as they called for removal of Israeli forces almost completely from Gaza and from sections of the West Bank.

Back 678

Oslo Accords 1993

Front 679

Were a series of agreements that created the Palestinian Authority, which would establish the West Bank and Gaza as one geopolitical unit.

Back 679

Oslo Accords 1993

Front 680

Essentially, required that Israel recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization as a legitimate negotiating partner and that, in turn, the Palestinian Authority recognize the state of Israel.

Back 680

Oslo Accords 1993

Front 681

In 2001 the ___________ began, this one much bloodier than the first. After heavy casualties on both sides, Ariel Sharon in 2005 decided Israel would leave the Gaza Strip permanently and build a wall to protect itself.

Back 681

Second Intifada

Front 682

The West Bank and the Gaza Strip were established, as one geopolitical unit by the Oslo Accords, called the _____.

Back 682

Palestinian Authority

Front 683

Palestinians held an election, in 2005, and Mahmoud Abbas was sworn in as the head of the Palestinian Authority. A month later, Abbas and Sharon declared a truce between Israel and the__________ .

Back 683

Palestinian Authority

Front 684

In 2006, Hamas won the Palestinian legislative elections when it ran as the Change and Reform Party. Fatah backed a move against the new government. By June 2007, Abbas had dissolved the government and dismissed Hamas. Hamas rejected the ouster and remained in control of Gaza, effectively ________________.

Back 684

splitting the territories

Front 685

Hamas and the Palestinian Authority refused to recognize each other as legitimate governments until ___________.

Back 685

April of 2014

Front 686

After Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip, Israel reacted. Palestinians from Gaza who were living in the West Bank were forced to go back, while leaving Gaza was restricted to ________________

Back 686

“exceptional humanitarian cases.”

Front 687

The Gaza Strip has been periodically subjected to an air, land and sea blockade by Israel and Egypt since _______.

Back 687

2007

Front 688

The blockade led Hamas to build smuggling tunnels to Israel, and these tunnels are now targets of the _____________ Israel launched in July of 2014.

Back 688

ground invasion

Front 689

Israel’s offensive against increasing rocket attacks from Gaza.

Back 689

Operation Protective Edge,

Front 690

Is the unorthodox belief that God is one person who has revealed himself in three forms or modes in contrast to the Trinitarian doctrine where God is one being eternally existing in three persons.

Back 690

Modalism

Front 691

Is a Doctor of the Church. He was sometimes referred to as the "Hammer of the Arians" and the "Athanasius of the West."

Back 691

Hilary of Poitiers

Front 692

It was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001. It gave authorization of indefinite detentions of immigrants; the permission given law enforcement officers to search a home or business without the owner’s or the occupant’s consent or knowledge; the expanded use of National Security Letters, which allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to search telephone, e-mail, and financial records without a court order; and the expanded access of law enforcement agencies to business records, including library and financial records.

Back 692

Patriot Act

Front 693

The legislation would grant additional sweeping powers to the government, eliminating or weakening remaining limits on government surveillance, wiretapping, detention and prosecution.

Back 693

Patriot Act II

Front 694

Is an activist and former United States military analyst who, while employed by the RAND Corporation, precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

Back 694

Daniel Ellsberg

Front 695

Describes a collection of ancient religions whose adherents shunned the material world created by the demiurge and embraced the spiritual world.[

Back 695

Gnosticism

Front 696

A philosophy which says that thought and spiritual things are more real than ordinary human experience and material things.

Back 696

transcendentalism

Front 697

A philosophy that emphasizes the a priori conditions of knowledge and experience or the unknowable character of ultimate reality.

Back 697

transcendentalism

Front 698

emphasizes the transcendent as the fundamental reality

Back 698

transcendentalism

Front 699

a philosophy that asserts the primacy of the spiritual and transcendental over the material and empirical

Back 699

transcendentalism

Front 700

going beyond the limits of ordinary experience

Back 700

transcendent

Front 701

was an American author, poet, philosopher, polymath, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.

Back 701

Henry David Thoreau

Front 702

He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Resistance to Civil Government (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.

Back 702

Henry David Thoreau

Front 703

A religious and philosophical movement that was developed during the late 1820s and 1830s in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality and, in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School.

Back 703

transcendentalism

Front 704

Among its core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both people and nature.

Back 704

transcendentalism

Front 705

Believe that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupt the purity of the individual. They have faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.

Back 705

transcendentalism

Front 706

First arose among New England congregationalists, who differed from orthodox Calvinism on two issues. They rejected predestination, and they emphasized the unity instead of the trinity of God.

Back 706

transcendentalism

Front 707

Following the skepticism of David Hume, they took the stance that empirical proofs of religion were not possible.

Back 707

transcendentalism

Front 708

Developed as a reaction against 18th century rationalism, John Locke's philosophy of Sensualism, and the predestinationism of New England Calvinism. It is fundamentally composed of a variety of diverse sources, including Hindu texts like the Vedas, the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita, various religions, and German idealism.

Back 708

transcendentalism

Front 709

His 1836 essay Nature is usually considered the moment at which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement.

Back 709

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Front 710

He wrote in his 1837 speech "The American Scholar": "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds... A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men."

Back 710

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Front 711

was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

Back 711

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Front 712

He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society,

Back 712

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Front 713

The use of reasoning or arguments that sound correct but are actually false

Back 713

sophistry

Front 714

a reason or argument that sounds correct but is actually false

Back 714

sophistry

Front 715

subtly deceptive reasoning or argumentation

Back 715

sophistry

Front 716

The practice of charging money for education and providing wisdom only to those who could pay led to the condemnations made by Socrates, through Plato in his dialogues, as well as Xenophon's Memorabilia. Through works such as these, the teachers were portrayed as "specious" or "deceptive", hence the modern meaning of the term.

Back 716

Sophism

Front 717

also known as stacking the deck, ignoring the counterevidence, slanting, and one-sided assessment[

Back 717

Special pleading

Front 718

is a form of spurious argument where a position in a dispute introduces favourable details or excludes unfavourable details by alleging a need to apply additional considerations without proper criticism of these considerations.

Back 718

Special pleading

Front 719

Essentially, this involves someone attempting to cite something as an exception to a generally accepted rule, principle, etc. without justifying the exception.

Back 719

Special pleading

Front 720

The lack of criticism may be a simple oversight (e.g., a reference to common sense) or an application of a double standard.

Back 720

Special pleading

Front 721

also known as Day of Atonement, is the holiest day of the year for the Jewish people.

Back 721

Yom Kippur

Front 722

Its central themes are atonement and repentance. Jewish people traditionally observe this holy day with an approximate 25-hour period of fasting and intensive prayer, often spending most of the day in synagogue services.

Back 722

Yom Kippur

Front 723

completes the annual period known in Judaism as the High Holy Days or Yamim Nora'im ("Days of Awe") that commences with Rosh Hashanah.

Back 723

Yom Kippur

Front 724

You presented a circular argument in which the conclusion was included in the premise.

Back 724

begging the question

Front 725

"assuming the conclusion (of an argument)", a type of circular reasoning.

Back 725

begging the question

Front 726

This is an informal fallacy where the conclusion that one is attempting to prove is included in the initial premises of an argument, often in an indirect way that conceals this fact.

Back 726

begging the question

Front 727

is widely known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics and Christian apologetics. He is the author of numerous books including God and Other Minds (1967), The Nature of Necessity (1974), and a trilogy of books on epistemology, culminating in Warranted Christian Belief (2000).

Back 727

Alvin Plantinga

Front 728

the idea that belief in God is a "properly basic belief": it does not need to be inferred from other truths in order to be reasonable.

Back 728

Reformed epistemology

Front 729

Because there is an epistemically possible model according to which theistic belief is properly basic—i.e. the one on which God has designed our cognitive faculties such as to be disposed to form belief in God—theistic belief is warranted apart from theistic argument.

Back 729

Reformed epistemology

Front 730

are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system.

Back 730

Basic beliefs

Front 731

sorts of beliefs can be justifiably held without the justification of other beliefs.

Back 731

Basic beliefs

Front 732

In classical foundationalism, beliefs are held to be properly _______ if they are either self-evident axiom, or evident to the senses (empiricism)

Back 732

basic

Front 733

A ___________ proposition is one that is known to be true by understanding its meaning without proof.

Back 733

self-evident

Front 734

A logical argument for a self-evident conclusion would demonstrate only an ignorance of the purpose of persuasively arguing for the conclusion based on one or more premises that differ from it

Back 734

self-evident

Front 735

is a premise or starting point of reasoning. As classically conceived, an IT is a premise so evident as to be accepted as true without controversy.

Back 735

Axiom

Front 736

the relative truth of an _________ is taken for granted within the particular domain of analysis, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferring other relative truths.

Back 736

Axiom

Front 737

What is right is that a proposition is ______________ true, then it cannot be demonstrated from some other premises nor arrived at through generalizations — it is not grounded in either deduction or induction, one might say.

Back 737

self-evidently

Front 738

Platinga argues, as did Calvin, that belief in God is properly ________, that is, foundational to all other beliefs, and therefore is a defeater of the claim of irrationality by the non-believer.

Back 738

basic

Front 739

Has been the foremost philosopher to argue that belief in God is “properly basic,” i.e., that it does not need some other foundation to be considered rational.

Back 739

Alvin Plantinga

Front 740

_______________ shows, among other things, that everyone holds to many beliefs without proof (e.g., most of us believe in the existence of other minds, and in the continued existence of the world even when we are not perceiving it).

Back 740

Alvin Plantinga

Front 741

if someone argues that it is immoral to believe anything without _____________, we may well ask what adequate evidence supports that view.

Back 741

evidence

Front 742

"we argue for the truth of the Christian worldview from the impossibility of the contrary."

Back 742

Greg Bahnsen presuppositional apologist

Front 743

_____________is one of those that you cannot pigeon hole into a single camp. His epistemology relies heavily on presuppositional thinking, Scottish Common Sense Philosophy, and Reformed Thought. His free-will defense against the problem of evil relies on a Molinist position of Divine sovereignty (at best). His ontological argument employs modal logic. His default writing style is Analytic Philosophy. He teaches at a Catholic University (Notre Dame).

Back 743

Alvin Plantinga

Front 744

is a professor of philosophy at Boston College and The King's College. He is the author of numerous books as well as a popular writer of Christian philosophy, theology and apologetics. He also formulated, together with Ronald K. Tacelli, SJ, "Twenty Arguments for the Existence of God".

Back 744

Peter Kreeft

Front 745

Christian philosopher converted from Calvinism to Catholicism.

Back 745

Peter Kreeft

Front 746

too important and respected to be changed, criticized, etc.

Back 746

sacrosanct

Front 747

treated as if holy : immune from criticism or violation

Back 747

sacrosanct

Front 748

were seven defendants—Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, John Froines, and Lee Weiner—charged with conspiracy, inciting to riot, and other charges related to countercultural protests that took place in Chicago, Illinois, on the occasion of the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

Back 748

Chicago Seven

Front 749

On February 18, 1970, all seven defendants were found not guilty of conspiracy. Two (Froines and Weiner) were acquitted completely, while the remaining five were convicted of crossing state lines with the intent to incite a riot, a crime instituted by the anti-riot provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. On February 20, they were sentenced to five years in prison. In addition, they were fined $5,000 each.

Back 749

Chicago Seven

Front 750

On November 21, 1972, all of the convictions were reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit on the basis that the judge was biased in his refusal to permit defense attorneys to screen prospective jurors for cultural and racial bias. The Justice Department decided not to retry the case. During the trial, all the defendants and both defense attorneys had been cited for contempt and sentenced to jail, but all of those convictions were also overturned.

Back 750

Chicago Seven

Front 751

refers to various organisations which claim or are purported to have links to the original Bavarian group or similar secret societies, though these links are unsubstantiated. They are often alleged to conspire to control world affairs, by masterminding events and planting agents in government and corporations, in order to gain political power and influence and to establish a New World Order.

Back 751

Illuminati

Front 752

Central to some of the most widely known and elaborate conspiracy theories, they have been depicted as lurking in the shadows and pulling the strings and levers of power in dozens of novels, movies, television shows, comics, video games and music videos.

Back 752

Illuminati

Front 753

Was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. In 1308, he married Isabella of France, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV, as part of a long-running effort to resolve the tensions between the English and French crowns.

Back 753

Edward II

Front 754

showing or suggesting a lofty and courageous spirit

Back 754

magnanimous

Front 755

showing or suggesting nobility of feeling and generosity of mind

Back 755

magnanimous

Front 756

very generous or forgiving, especially toward a rival or someone less powerful than oneself.

Back 756

magnanimous

Front 757

the leader or chief official of a political district under Nazi control.

Back 757

gauleiter

Front 758

self-restraint or abstinence, especially in regard to sexual activity; temperance; moderation.

Back 758

continence

Front 759

The main language used for communication among Israeli citizens is ___________________.

Back 759

Modern Hebrew and Arabic

Front 760

dates back to the days of the Talmud (2nd to 5th Centuries). It was the only form of Jewish practice prior to the 18th century

Back 760

Orthodox Judaism

Front 761

today seeks to preserve classical or traditional Judaism.

Back 761

Orthodox Judaism

Front 762

emerged in 19th century Germany as a reaction to the extreme assimilationist tendencies of reform Judaism.

Back 762

Conservative Judaism

Front 763

It tried to be a middle ground, attempting to maintain basic traditions with adopting to modern life.

Back 763

Conservative Judaism

Front 764

emerged following the emancipation from ghetto life in the late 18th century.

Back 764

Reform Judaism

Front 765

It sought to modernize Judaism and thus stem the tide of assimilation threatening German Jewry.

Back 765

Reform Judaism

Front 766

Traditional or Torah Judaism

Back 766

Orthodox Judaism

Front 767

Historical Judaism

Back 767

Conservative Judaism

Front 768

Liberal or Progressive Judaism

Back 768

Reform Judaism

Front 769

About 14% of U.S. practicing Judaism.

Back 769

Orthodox Judaism

Front 770

About 40% of U.S. practicing Judaism.

Back 770

Conservative Judaism

Front 771

About 35% of U.S. practicing Judaism.

Back 771

Reform Judaism

Front 772

Torah is truth, and man must have faith in its essential, revealed character. A true Jew believes in revelation and the divine origin of the oral and written Torah.

Back 772

Orthodox Judaism

Front 773

The Bible is the word of God and man. It is not inspired in the traditional sense, but rather dynamically inspired. Revelation is an ongoing process in the evolutionary sense. Form of Judaism

Back 773

Conservative Judaism

Front 774

Revelation is a continuous process. Torah is a human document preserving the history, culture, legends, and hope of a people. It is valuable for deriving moral and ethical insights.

Back 774

Reform Judaism

Front 775

God is spirit rather than form. He is a personal God: omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, eternal and compassionate. (form of Judaism)

Back 775

Orthodox Judaism

Front 776

The concept of God is non-dogmatic and flexible. There is less atheism in Conservative Judaism than in Reform, but most often God is considered impersonal and ineffable. (form of Judaism)

Back 776

Conservative Judaism

Front 777

This form of Judaism allows a varied interpretation of the “God concept” with wide latitude for naturalists, mystics, supernaturalisms or religious humanists. It holds that “the truth is that we do not know the truth.”

Back 777

Reform Judaism

Front 778

Man is morally neutral, with good and evil inclinations. He can overcome his evil bent and be perfected by his own efforts in observance of the law. (form of Judaism)

Back 778

Orthodox Judaism

Front 779

This group tends toward the Reform view, though it is not as likely to espouse humanism. Perfectibility can come through enlightenment. Man is “in partnership” with God. (form of Judaism)

Back 779

Conservative Judaism

Front 780

Man’s nature is basically good. Through education, encouragement and evolution he can actualize the potential already existing within him. Mankind may be God.m(form of Judaism)

Back 780

Reform Judaism

Front 781

do not believe in “original sin.” Rather one commits sin by breaking the commandments of the Law. (form of Judaism)

Back 781

Orthodox Judaism

Front 782

do not believe in a sin nature. The individual can sin in moral or social actions. (form of Judaism)

Back 782

Conservative Judaism

Front 783

do not believe in “original sin.” Sin is reinterpreted as the ills of society. (form of Judaism)

Back 783

Reform Judaism

Front 784

The law is the essence of Judaism. It is authoritative and gives structure and meaning to life. The life of total dedication to Halakhah leads to a nearness to God.

Back 784

Orthodox Judaism

Front 785

Adaptation to contemporary situations is inevitable. The demands of morality are absolute. The specific laws are relative. (form of Judaism)

Back 785

Conservative Judaism

Front 786

The law is an evolving, ever-dynamic religious code that adapts to every age. They maintain, “If religious observances clash with the just demands of civilized society, then they must be dropped.” (form of Judaism)

Back 786

Reform Judaism

Front 787

The Messiah is a personal, superhuman being who is not divine. He will restore the Jewish kingdom and extend his righteous rule over the earth. He will execute judgment and right all wrongs.

Back 787

Orthodox Judaism

Front 788

hold much the same view as the Reform Judaism in reference to the Messiah.

Back 788

Conservative Judaism

Front 789

Instead of belief in Messiah as a person or divine being, they favor the concept of a Utopian age toward which mankind is progressing.

Back 789

Reform Judaism

Front 790

There will be a physical resurrection. The righteous will exist forever with God in the Garden of Eden. The unrighteous will suffer, but disagreement exists over their ultimate destiny. (form of Judaism)

Back 790

Orthodox Judaism

Front 791

Tend toward the Reform view, but are less influenced by Eastern thought about life after death. (form of Judaism)

Back 791

Conservative Judaism

Front 792

This form of Judaism has no concept of personal life after death. They say a person lives on in the accomplishments or in the minds of others. There is some influence of Eastern thought, where souls merge into one great impersonal life force.

Back 792

Reform Judaism

Front 793

The synagogue is a house of prayer; study and social aspects are incidental. All prayers are recited in Hebrew. Men and women sit separately. The officiants face the same direction as the congregants.

Back 793

Orthodox Judaism

Front 794

The synagogue is viewed as the basic institution of Jewish life. Alterations listed under Reform are found to a lesser degree in this form of worship in Judaism.

Back 794

Conservative Judaism

Front 795

The synagogue is known as a “temple.” the service has been modernized and abbreviated. English, as well as Hebrew, is used. Men and women sit together. Reform temples use choirs and organs in their worship services.

Back 795

Reform Judaism

Front 796

Former name for Covenant Theology.

Back 796

Federalism

Front 797

the whole history of the Bible was divided into two major covenant relationships: the covenant of works and the covenant of grace.

Back 797

Covenant Theology

Front 798

Refers to the arrangement God made between himself and Adam before humanity's fall into sin.

Back 798

Covenant of Works

Front 799

It does not refer to the covenant made with Moses at Sinai, as other Christian traditions tend to use the term.

Back 799

Covenant of Works

Front 800

In the covenant of works with Adam, God promised blessings to Adam if he obeyed the command of God (Gen. 1:28-30), but judgment if he disobeyed (Gen. 2:15-17). The determining factor was ________.

Back 800

Adam's works

Front 801

the Scriptures indicate that Adam failed to keep God's command. So God made a second covenant arrangement, the ____________________.

Back 801

Covenant of Grace

Front 802

IT is used to describe God's relationship with his people throughout the rest of Scripture. Properly speaking, this covenant was ultimately made with Christ as the last Adam, the representative of redeemed humanity.

Back 802

Covenant of Grace

Front 803

It is designated a _____________________ because it operates on the basis of divine grace offered through Christ's death and resurrection to all who believe in him.

Back 803

Covenant of Grace

Front 804

Some Reformed theologians have spoken of a heavenly, eternal covenant between the Father and the Son, which they have called the _________________.

Back 804

covenant of redemption

Front 805

The covenant of grace is the historical expression of the eternal ____________________.

Back 805

covenant of redemption

Front 806

began with the promise made after the fall that the seed of the woman would one day crush the seed of the serpent (Gen. 3:15).

Back 806

Covenant of Grace

Front 807

unfolded in five major stages of Biblical history. None of these covenant stages opposes any other. On the contrary, each subsequent stage builds upon the previous ones.

Back 807

Covenant of Grace

Front 808

After its initiation with God's grace offered to Adam (Gen. 3:15), the covenant of grace developed through the covenant of nature's preservation given to __________.

Back 808

Noah

Front 809

God's covenant with ______________ (Gen. 15; 17) began several stages of covenants made with the nation of Israel as God's special chosen people.

Back 809

Abraham

Front 810

God promised that Abraham's descendants would receive great blessings and would be the instrument of blessing to the entire ____________.

Back 810

human race

Front 811

Following the Covenant of Abraham, the nation of Israel received Moses' _______________ (Exod. 19-24) during the exodus from Egypt, in order to guide the nation toward greater blessings in the land of promise.

Back 811

covenant of law

Front 812

When David became king, God then made a ________________ with him (2 Sam. 7; Psa. 89; 132), in which he promised to bless David's faithful sons and never to take the throne of Israel away from David's family.

Back 812

royal covenant

Front 813

Finally, the climax of the covenant of grace came through the ______________ established by Christ

Back 813

new covenant

Front 814

comes in three stages: the first coming of Christ, the history before his return and the consummation of his kingdom.

Back 814

new covenant

Front 815

As the covenant of grace unfolded in this manner, the various stages did not differ in substance but were "___________________________."

Back 815

one and the same under various dispensations

Front 816

As Hebrews 7-10 explains, the new covenant is the supreme expression of God's one eternal _______________ with sinners

Back 816

covenant of grace

Front 817

Author of the "Quest for the Historical Jesus."

Back 817

Albert Schweitzer

Front 818

"The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly as the Messiah, who preached the ethic of the kingdom of God, who founded the kingdom of heaven upon earth and died to give his work its final consecration never existed. He is a figure designed by rationalism, endowed with life by liberalism, and clothed by modern theology in a historical garb. This image has not been destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces ." Author of the Quote.

Back 818

Albert Schweitzer

Front 819

"True philosophy must start from the most immediate and comprehensive fact of consciousness, and this may be formulated as follows: 'I am life which wills to live, and I exist in the midst of life which wills to live.'" Author of the Quote

Back 819

Albert Schweitzer

Front 820

Was an American Catholic writer and mystic. A Trappist monk of the Abbey of Gethsemani, Kentucky, he was a poet, social activist, and student of comparative religion. In 1949, he was ordained to the priesthood and given the name Father Louis.

Back 820

Thomas Merton

Front 821

his bestselling autobiography The Seven Storey Mountain (1948), sent scores of World War II veterans, students, and even teenagers flocking to monasteries across the US.

Back 821

Thomas Merton

Front 822

Was an American journalist, social activist, and devout Catholic convert. She advocated the Catholic economic theory of distributism.

Back 822

Dorothy Day

Front 823

worked closely with fellow activist Peter Maurin to establish the Catholic Worker Movement, a pacifist movement that continues to combine direct aid for the poor and homeless with nonviolent direct action on their behalf.

Back 823

Dorothy Day

Front 824

property ownership is a fundamental right and the means of production should be spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state (state socialism), a few individuals (plutocracy), or corporations (corporatocracy). IT therefore advocates a society marked by widespread property ownership.

Back 824

Distributism

Front 825

IT has often been described in opposition to both socialism and capitalism, which IT sees as equally flawed and exploitative.

Back 825

Distributism

Front 826

began to be used as a polemic term-of-retort to "moral relativism", which had been gaining use as an indictment against political foreign policy that appeared to use only a situation-based application of widely held ethical standards.

Back 826

Moral equivalence

Front 827

This fallacy compares minor misdeeds with major atrocities.

Back 827

Moral equivalence

Front 828

is a form of equivocation often used in political debates. It seeks to draw comparisons between different, often unrelated things, to make a point that one is just as bad as the other or just as good as the other.

Back 828

Moral equivalence

Front 829

It may be used to draw attention to an unrelated issue by comparing it to a well-known bad event, in an attempt to say one is as bad as the other. Or, it may be used in an attempt to claim one isn't as bad as the other by comparison.

Back 829

Moral equivalence

Front 830

Israel disengaged from the Gaza strip in 2005. However, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are still considered to be _____________ according to the international community. As of August 2014.

Back 830

occupied by Israel

Front 831

is an attribute which may or may not belong to a subject, without affecting its essence.

Back 831

Accident

Front 832

is a property which has no necessary connection to the essence of the thing being described.

Back 832

Accident

Front 833

The Romance languages are occasionally called the______.

Back 833

Latin Languages

Front 834

are a group of languages descended from Vulgar Latin. They form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family.

Back 834

Romance Languages

Front 835

evolved from Latin from the sixth to the ninth centuries.

Back 835

Romance Languages

Front 836

Of or relating to a group of languages that includes many of the languages spoken in Europe, in the parts of the world colonized by Europeans, and in parts of Asia

Back 836

Indo-European

Front 837

a member of the people speaking an unrecorded prehistoric language from which the Indo-European languages are descended

Back 837

Indo-European

Front 838

was a movement within Lutheranism that began in the late 17th century, reached its zenith in the mid-18th century, and declined through the 19th century, and had almost vanished in America by the end of the 20th century.

Back 838

Pietism

Front 839

While declining as an identifiable Lutheran group, some of its theological tenets influenced Protestantism and Anabaptism generally, inspiring Anglican priest John Wesley to begin the Methodist movement and Alexander Mack to begin the Brethren movement.

Back 839

Pietism

Front 840

shares an emphasis on personal behavior with the Puritan movement, and the two are often confused, there are important differences, particularly in the concept of the role of religion in government.

Back 840

Pietism

Front 841

combined the Lutheranism of the time with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life.

Back 841

Pietism

Front 842

a 17th century religious movement originating in Germany in reaction to formalism and intellectualism and stressing Bible study and personal religious experience

Back 842

Pietism

Front 843

emphasis on devotional experience and practices

Back 843

Pietism

Front 844

marked by overly sentimental or emotional devotion to religion

Back 844

pietistic

Front 845

a statement that is not connected in a logical or clear way to anything said before it

Back 845

Non sequitur

Front 846

a conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement.

Back 846

Non sequitur

Front 847

Latin for "it does not follow"

Back 847

Non sequitur

Front 848

in formal logic, is an argument in which its conclusion does not follow from its premises.

Back 848

Non sequitur

Front 849

is a pattern of reasoning that is always wrong. This is due to a flaw in the logical structure of the argument which renders the argument invalid.

Back 849

Formal fallacy

Front 850

is an argument whose stated premises fail to support its proposed conclusion.

Back 850

Informal fallacy

Front 851

often stems from a flaw in reasoning that renders the conclusion unpersuasive, the error is not merely a flaw in logic.

Back 851

Informal fallacy

Front 852

______________of deductive reasoning fail to follow the rules of logic that guarantee a true conclusion follows given the truth of the premises. This is said to render the argument invalid.

Back 852

Formal fallacy

Front 853

may have a valid logical form and yet be unsound because one or more premises are false.

Back 853

Informal fallacy

Front 854

often used generally to mean an argument that is problematic for any reason, whether it is formal or informal.

Back 854

fallacy

Front 855

The presence of a ____________ in a deductive argument does not imply anything about the argument's premises or its conclusion. Both may actually be true, or even more probable as a result of the argument, but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises in the manner described.

Back 855

formal fallacy

Front 856

Top down logic.

Back 856

Deductive reasoning

Front 857

bottom-up logic

Back 857

Inductive reasoning

Front 858

were a nomadic people or peoples, who are known to have lived in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia between the 1st century AD and the 7th century.

Back 858

Huns

Front 859

Huns appeared on the borders of __________ in the 4th century.

Back 859

Europe

Front 860

was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist.

Back 860

Che Guevara

Front 861

A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of rebellion and global insignia in popular culture.

Back 861

Che Guevara

Front 862

in Mexico City, he met Raúl and Fidel Castro, joined their 26th of July Movement, and sailed to Cuba aboard the yacht, Granma, with the intention of overthrowing U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.

Back 862

Che Guevara

Front 863

left Cuba in 1965 to foment revolution abroad, first unsuccessfully in Congo-Kinshasa and later in Bolivia, where he was captured by CIA-assisted Bolivian forces and summarily executed

Back 863

Che Guevara

Front 864

Is a religious movement that began after World War I as a reaction against the failed ideas of liberal Protestantism.

Back 864

Neo-orthodoxy

Front 865

It was developed primarily by Swiss theologians Karl Barth and Emil Brunner.

Back 865

Neo-orthodoxy

Front 866

Others called it “neo-orthodoxy” because they saw it as a revival of the old_________.

Back 866

Reformation Theology

Front 867

Differs from “old” orthodoxy in its views of the Word of God and sin.

Back 867

Neo-orthodoxy

Front 868

Defines the Word of God as Jesus (John 1:1) and says that the Bible is simply man’s interpretation of the Word’s actions.

Back 868

Neo-orthodoxy

Front 869

Neo-orthodoxy believes God spoke through "redemptive history," and He speaks now as people "encounter" Jesus, but the Bible itself is not ___________.

Back 869

objective truth

Front 870

Though a Kurdish sect and religion, THIS faith has borrowed from multiple traditions. It was founded in the 11th century by a sheik from the major Islamic dynasty, the Umayyad.

Back 870

Yazidi

Front 871

“They are a secretive community who pass on oral traditions—much of which is unknown to outsiders,” said Hayder al-Khoei, an associate fellow at Chatham House’s Middle East and North Africa Program. Intermarriage with non-Yazidis is forbidden, and it is impossible to convert to their religion. “To be a Yazidi ____________”

Back 871

one must be born into a Yazidi family.

Front 872

“They have borrowed from the Persian tradition, Zoroastrianism (a pre-Islamic religion), Christianity—they believe that Jesus was one of the most important prophets—and Islam,” Gerges said. “It is one of the most complex religions in the world.” They believe in reincarnation, perform baptisms, circumcisions and animal sacrifices.

Back 872

Yazidi

Front 873

The sect is tiny. There are just 700,000 of THEM worldwide. Of this number, 600,000 are concentrated in northern Iraq, with their heartland in the town of Sinjar.

Back 873

Yazidi

Front 874

An ethnic group in Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which spans adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.

Back 874

Kurds

Front 875

The Kurdish people's region Kurdistan, is split up between the countries of _________.

Back 875

Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey

Front 876

They have had partial autonomy in Iraqi Kurdistan since 1991.

Back 876

Kurds

Front 877

Kurds are predominantly _____________, with an estimated 75% of Kurds adhering to this sect.

Back 877

Sunni Muslim

Front 878

Historically known as Afghans in Persian and Pathans in Hindi-Urdu are an Indo-European ethnicity from the subgroup of Eastern Iranians, with populations primarily in Afghanistan and northwestern and western parts of Pakistan.

Back 878

Pashtuns

Front 879

IT is the term used by Kurds to refer to armed Kurdish fighters.

Back 879

Peshmerga

Front 880

These forces of Kurdistan have been in existence since the advent of the Kurdish independence movement in the early 1920s, following the collapse of the Ottoman and Qajar empires which had jointly ruled over the area.

Back 880

Peshmerga

Front 881

Is also the official name of the armed forces of the Kurdistan Regional Government in the autonomous Kurdistan Region.

Back 881

Peshmerga

Front 882

For THEM the law is the most essential component of Islam, leading to an overwhelming emphasis upon jurisprudence, usually narrowly conceived.

Back 882

Islamic Fundamentalists

Front 883

One of the most defining features of _____________ is belief in the "reopening" of the gates of Ijtihad.

Back 883

Islamic fundamentalism

Front 884

Is an Islamic legal term that means "independent reasoning" or "the utmost effort an individual can put forth in an activity." As one of the four sources of Sunni law, it is recognized as the decision-making process in Islamic law (sharia) through personal effort (jihad) which is completely independent of any school of jurisprudence.

Back 884

Ijtihad

Front 885

Thus, a ___________ is recognized as an Islamic scholar who is competent in interpreting sharia by ijtihad.

Back 885

mujtahid

Front 886

Today, there are many different opinions surrounding the role of ijtihad in modern society, and whether or not the "doors of ijtihad are _____________."

Back 886

closed

Front 887

______________ being the subset of Muslims "with political goals ... within" the "broader fundamentalist revival".

Back 887

Islamism

Front 888

Still another, Martin Kramer, sees little difference between the two terms: "To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become _____________ in contemporary American usage."

Back 888

synonyms

Front 889

Ira Lapidus distinguishes between mainstream Islamists and Fundamentalists, saying a fundamentalist is "a political individual" in search of a "more original Islam," while the Islamist is pursuing a political agenda.

Back 889

Islamist

Front 890

It appears that the terms Islamism and Islamic Fundamentalism are sometimes used synonymously and other times used to make ________________.

Back 890

Distinctions

Front 891

An ancient Iranian religion and a religious philosophy. It was once the state religion of the Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires. Estimates of the current number of THEM worldwide vary between 145,000 and 2.6 million

Back 891

Zoroastrianism

Front 892

Zoroastrianism Arose in the eastern region of the ancient Persian Empire, when the religious philosopher Zoroaster simplified the pantheon of early Iranian gods[3] into _________________: Spenta Mainyu (Progressive mentality) and Angra Mainyu (Destructive Mentality) under the one God, Ahura Mazda (Illuminating Wisdom)

Back 892

two opposing forces

Front 893

Was a Persianized native Iranian royal family of Turkic origin, which ruled Persia (Iran) from 1785 to 1925.

Back 893

Qajar dynasty

Front 894

For more than two centuries, ____________ has been Saudi Arabia's dominant faith. It is an austere form of Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the Koran.

Back 894

Wahhabism

Front 895

Strict _____________ believe that all those who don't practice their form of Islam are heathens and enemies.

Back 895

Wahhabis

Front 896

The leading stream of Islam in Sunni Saudi Arabia, is extremely anti-Shiite, since certain Shiite practices conflict with THEIR Islamic practice.

Back 896

Wahhabism

Front 897

Were Christian hermits, ascetics, and monks who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt beginning around the third century AD.

Back 897

Desert Fathers

Front 898

The desert monastic communities that grew out of the informal gathering of hermit monks (Desert Fathers) became the model for __________.

Back 898

Christian monasticism

Front 899

Describes a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Many religious traditions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Christianity advocate restraint with respect to actions of body, speech, and mind.

Back 899

Asceticism

Front 900

In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus.

Back 900

Nazareth

Front 901

It was the home of Joseph and Mary ( Luke 2:39 ), and here the angel announced to the Virgin the birth of the Messiah ( 1:26-28 ).

Back 901

Nazareth

Front 902

Here Jesus grew up from his infancy to manhood ( 4:16 ); and here he began his public ministry in the synagogue ( Matthew 13:54 ), at which the people were so offended that they sought to cast him down from the precipice whereon their city was built ( Luke 4:29 ).

Back 902

Nazareth

Front 903

Is situated among the southern ridges of Lebanon, on the steep slope of a hill, about 14 miles from the Sea of Galilee and about 6 west from Mount Tabor.

Back 903

Nazareth

Front 904

This name, which in the Roman age was applied to a large province, seems to have been originally confined to a little "circuit" of country round Kedesh-Naphtali, in which were situated the twenty towns given by Solomon to Hiram king of Tyre as payment for his work in conveying timber from Lebanon to Jerusalem.

Back 904

Galilee

Front 905

In the time of Jesus all Palestine was divided into three provinces,________________.

Back 905

Judea, Samaria and Galilee

Front 906

In the time of Christ, included all the northern part of Palestine lying west of the Jordan and north of Samaria.

Back 906

Galilee

Front 907

Jesus resided here from infancy till he was thirty years of age, and during much of his public ministry; and the cities of his public ministry; and the cities of Nazareth, Nain, Cana, Capernaum.

Back 907

Galilee

Front 908

Nazareth was a city in _______.

Back 908

Galilee

Front 909

As most of the Israelites returning from the captivity belonged to the tribe of Judah, they came to be called Jews and their land _______.

Back 909

Judea

Front 910

___________ was, in strict language, the name of the third district, west of the Jordan and south of Samaria.

Back 910

Judea

Front 911

Jesus was born in Bethlehem in the province of __________.

Back 911

Judea

Front 912

In Jesus time it was the southern province in Israel.

Back 912

Judea

Front 913

In Jesus time just north of Judea was _____.

Back 913

Samaria

Front 914

In Jesus time north of Samaria was _______.

Back 914

Galilee

Front 915

Jews despised the ____________ so much that when they were walking to Galilee from Judea, they would go out of their way to cross over to the east side of the Jordan River and go all the way around ______________ until they were far enough north to cross over into Galilee.

Back 915

Samaritans/Samaria

Front 916

Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes were factions that developed under _______________.

Back 916

Hasmonean rule

Front 917

The ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during classical antiquity. Between c. 140 BC and c. 116 BC, the dynasty ruled semi-autonomously from the Seleucids in the region of Judea.

Back 917

Hasmonean

Front 918

They are the spiritual fathers of modern Judaism.

Back 918

Pharisees

Front 919

Their main distinguishing characteristic was a belief in an Oral Law that God gave to Moses at Sinai along with the Torah.

Back 919

Pharisees

Front 920

They also maintained that an after-life existed and that God punished the wicked and rewarded the righteous in the world to come. They also believed in a messiah who would herald an era of world peace.

Back 920

Pharisees

Front 921

They were elitists who wanted to maintain the priestly caste, but they were also liberal in their willingness to incorporate Hellenism into their lives.

Back 921

Sadducees

Front 922

They rejected the idea of the Oral Law and insisted on a literal interpretation of the Written Law; consequently, they did not believe in an after life, since it is not mentioned in the Torah.

Back 922

Sadducees

Front 923

The ancient Jewish court system.

Back 923

The Sanhedrin

Front 924

Was the supreme religious body in the Land of Israel during the time of the Holy Temple.

Back 924

The Great Sanhedrin

Front 925

A kind of Jewish Supreme Court made up of 71 members whose responsibility was to interpret civil and religious laws.

Back 925

The Great Sanhedrin

Front 926

The Pharisees and Sadducees were two parties that served in the _________.

Back 926

The Great Sanhedrin