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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abbasid state
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arabic- common language
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Muslim women
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men resposible for women, position defined by relationship with male, fobid killing of female infants, 4 wives treated equally, controlled/ inherited property, teachers/ leaders, lives revolved around household
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Muslim men
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politics and army, public baths, chess and gynastics, age 7- mosque school: poor no pay-wealthy pay,
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Muslim education
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speak and write Arabic, little more than read and write, Madrasas- theological schools
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Muslim cities
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Damascus- trading center, Kufa- military town, districts-business/residential, houses- few windows and courtyards, governement and relgious buildings at center,
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mosques
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prayer halls, mihrab- niche, direction of mecca, gardens and water, courtyards, Kabah
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trade
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caravans, Indian ocean, Damscus and Macca and Baghdad
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bazaar
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marketplaces, mazes of shops and stalls, warehouses
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farming
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scarce water, irrigation, rotation, fertilization, large estates, figs and beans, flowers for perfume, Spain
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House of Wisdom
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Ma'mun, translated scientific texts, experiements, calculations, place to go and works and study
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Math, Science and Medicine
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adopted Arabic numerals from Gupta India, place value system where place of number indicates value, algebra, trigonometry, observatory in Baghdad, solar eclipses, moon affects oceans, positions of stars, direction and time, maps of continents, alchemy,
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Al- Razi
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clasification system, medicle encyclopedia, origin of disease smal pox and measles,
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Ibn Siha
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doctor, wrote Canon of Medicine, summarized medicle knowledge,
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ibn Al-Hytham
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founded optics, light comes into eye from object instead of out of eye to object
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art and architecture
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opposed idol worship, no people or animals, geometric designs, mosques
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caligraphy
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elegant handwriting, decorate walls of maoques, passages fo Quran, arabic, arabesques
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literature
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poetry, religion influenced, non-religious texts, Quran, Kalila and Pimna- animals that tought moral lessons, elegants speech and wordplay, reading- good upbringing, libraries- Cordoba, Perisian- 2nd literary language, epics
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Omar Khayyam
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wrote Rubaiyat- epic, The Arabian nights
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Philosophy
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based on Greek, logic, transalated into Latin
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Ibn Sina
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Aricenna- books on logic
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Ibn- Rushd
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Cordoban judge, wrote Averroes
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Moses Maimonides
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Spanish Jew, fled opression, leader of Jewish community, reconcile faith with Aristotles teafchings, Mishne Torah- JEwish law and tradition, GUide to the Perplexed, one of the greatest philosopers
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History
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chronicles, lives of rulers
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tabari and Ibn al-Athir
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great historians
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Ibn Khaldun
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north african diplomat, cause-effect relationships, people shaped by climate, geography, moral and spiritual forces
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arabian penisula
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south asia minor, semantic tribes, smoewhat isloated, b/w Red sea and Persian Gulf, southwaest- valleys, water, mountains, rest- arid plains and deserts
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oases
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fertile areas around springs and watering holes
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arab lifestyle
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lived in tents, nomads and herders, ate dates, milk , and mutton, tribes of families- lead by seikh, warefare life, sommon language, no unity, monothestic religions, search for new religion
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bedouin
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nomads who herded sheep, camels, and goats
Name for arabs in the arabian peninsula |
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Makkah/ Mecca
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market town, commerce crossraods, 50 miles form Red Sea, trade by caravans, Kaba- holy shrine for idols, wealthy, Kaba- turned into a holy place of worship- destroyed idols, spiritual capital of Islam,
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hanifs
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holy men
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Islam
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"submission to the will of Allah",one god, worship and obey him, equality, devotion and good deeds, final judgement, Muslims- followers, no images or idols,
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Muhammad
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born in Mecca, orphan at early age, teen- caravan leader, Khadija- married later, reflected on meaning, of life, greed, worship of idols, and poor mistreatment troubled bim, prayed and fasted, revelation, apostle of Allah- ANgel Gabrial, "Recite!", returned to Mecca,shared news, new religion, Islam, slow folllowers, upset leaders, attacks on images, persecuted, forced to leave, went to Yathrib, changed name to Madinah, mecca invaded, Muslims won, returned to Mecca, death- formed a religious community , example of his life as guide for followers
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Yathrib/ Madinah
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center of Islam, Muhammad ruled as god's prophet and leader, political capital,
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Hijrah
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departure/ immigration of Muhammad to Yathrib, beginning of the Islamic era, first year of the Muslim calander- 622
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Madinah compact
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foundation of Islamic state , loyalty to Islamic community above layalty to their tribe, Muhammad settled disputes- decdlared cities judge and commander in chief, all areas of life placed under divine law, recorded in the Quran, extended protection to Jews and Christians who accepted Islam's poitical authority,
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Quran
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"recital", Gabriel's messages compile dinto a book after death of Muhammad, final authority, writtne in Arabic, not allowed ot be translated, god's message- stories and teachings, moral values: honor parents, kindness, generosity, specific rules- no eating pork or drinking alcohol, law and religion together,
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Abu-Bakr
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successor to Muhammad, ordered collection of writings,
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Shari'an
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body of law, linked to religion, covers all aspects of daily and relgious life, Quran and Hadith- sayings of Muhammad, 5 pillars
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faith
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submit to god, Muhammad was a last great prophet, Allah, Christians, Jews and Zoorostrians- People of the Book, arabs-> abrahams through Ismall, Jews-> Abraham through Isaac
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prayer
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5 times a day: noon, dawn, midday, dusk, evening; face Mecca; always knwwling and bowing; everywhere; in mosques;
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imam
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prayer leader, Male Muslim
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Alms
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charity; wealthy assist poor and weak; privatly and publicly, taxes
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Fasting
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Ramadan- 9th month of Muslim year, 1st revelation, sunrise to sunset- neither eat nor drink, seunset prayer, 3 day celebration at end
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pilgrimige
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hajj to Mecca, at least once in lifetime, 3 day ceremony and prayer, Ka'aba, expression of unity, all white robes, when old enough go, Considered great honor
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caliphs
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"successor", were successors to Muhammad
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Rightly guided caliphs
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Abu- Bakr, uther, uthman, ali, close in touch with the people, protect an spread Islam, attacke Persian and Byzantine empires, Perisna completly under Persian control,
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Arab military sucess
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highly mobile and organized military, united in belief that need to spread Islam- Jihad,
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jihad
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holy struggle bring Islam to other lands, weakened empires, other empires imposition of religious unity so they readily accepted Muslims,
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Mu'awiyah
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Ali's rival, weakened Ali hold on caliph, conquests of egypt and Iraq, Ali murdered by disillusioned follower,
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Umayyad dynasty
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Mu'awiyah- 1st caliph;
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Husayn
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Ali's son, sitll fough murdered in battle of Karbala,
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Sunni
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beliec that caliph was leader only, any devout muslim could hold office with agreement of people, no religious authority,
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Shiite
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Followers of ALi and Husayn only descendantsof Muhammad could serve as caliph, spiritual islamic leadership, sufffering symbol of devotion to islam
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division
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lasted until modren times, 90 % sunni; Shiites-> Iran
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Sufism
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mystical form of islam; direct contact with god, missionary work; fasting and meditation; spread Islam
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Umayyad Dynasty 662-750
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moved capital from Madinah to Damascus,expansion, India and China; North Africa and Spain; halfway into France, Charles Martel- defeated the Muslims in the battle of tours, stopped westward expansion; state- political over religious, ruled more like kings, helped untie ruled lands, arabic became official language, minted arabic currnecy and built roads and established postal services; civil service; improved conditions- special tax and belief in one god
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Damascus
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centrally located
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Khalid ibn al- walid
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Arab vcommander, led conquest of Syria and persia,
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Umayyad downfall
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disatifcation by no arab muslims- higher taxes and lower wages and socially discriminated, anti-Umayyads and non arab muslims banded together- army; 3 years battles overwhelmed Umayyads
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Abbasid dynasty 750-1258
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Abul'l abbas was first caliph, Almansur- built Baghdad
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Baghdad
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banks of Tigris River, trade routes, Medd. Sea and East Asia, circular city with walls, districts, center mosque and caliph palace, center wealthy, outskirt commoners
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Harun al- Rashid
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empire height, sophisticated urban civilization, equality, new ruling group; Persians- dominant- gov., Arabs, religion, Turks- Army
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Abbasid fall
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land broke free of Baghdad, Central Asis: Persian muslims- Sumanid dynasty, Bukhara,Samarkand and Tashkent- commercial, religious, and education centers; Independant states; last Umayyad new dynasty in Spain; Fatimids- Egyptian dynasty, rivaled baghdad, Seljuk Turks, Mongols- burned and slaughtered, last abbasid caliph
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