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26 Cards in this Set
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Justinian
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Eastern Roman emperor between 527 and 565. He tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire in which he built nicer buildings such as the Hagia Sofia. He issued most famous compilation of Roman law known as Justinian Digest.
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Theodora
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Born into a low class family in the Byzantine society, she worked her way up in society through males lovers to have a higher stance politically. She eventually became the mistress of Justinian and soon became his wife was empress of the Byzantine Empire. She had a great influence on Justinian and was said to be the “brains” behind Justinian that allowed her to pass laws, make political decisions, and increase the rights of women in the Byzantine empire.
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Nika Riots
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took place over the course of a week in Constantinople in 532. It was the most violent riot that Constantinople had ever seen to that point, with nearly half the city being burned or destroyed and tens of thousands of people killed.
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5 pillars of islam
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- is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. These duties are Shahadah (profession of faith), Salat (prayers), Zakat (giving of alms), Sawm (fasting, specifically during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). These five practices are essential to Muslims.
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medina
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a Holy city in western Saudi Arabia to which prophet Muhammud and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. Also the site of the tomb of Muhammad.
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ali abn abi talib
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He was also Muhammad's cousin, and, after marrying Fatima, his son-in-law as well. There is still a dispute to this day between the Sunnis and Shiits in that Ali is seen by the Sunni Muslims as the fourth and last of the caliphs while the Shiites Muslims see him as the first rightful caliph.
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abu bakr
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ruled as the first of the Muslim caliphs (632–634). He was outside of Muhammad’s family but his first major follower. He was very rich and the father of Muhammads 2nd wife, Aisha. He was very successful and had many followers and by beating Ali in becoming the first caliph, there was a permanent division in the Muslim world between the Sunnis and Shiits.
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umma
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The whole community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventeenth century Arabia where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.
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caliph
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Means successor, one level below profit Muhammad, to lead Islamic empire after Muhammad died.
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shi'it
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Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad’s son in law, Ali. Shi’ism is the state religion of Iran.
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sunni
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- muslims beloning to the branch of Islam believing that a community should select its own leadership. The majority religion of most Islamic communities. They accepted Abu Bakr as the first caliph.
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charlemagne
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King of Franks. emperor 800-814. Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival.
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3 field system
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A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced the two-field system in medieval Europe. This advanced technique in farming contributed to the rise of Europe’s population recovery from the crash of the middle ages.
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manor
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in medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord’s residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. The wealthiest of england who were at the top of the feudal system owned manors. the owner was dependent on the villagers within the manor worked the farm for the manor.
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vasel
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in medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or a lord commited to rendering specific military service to that king or lord.
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pope formosos
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was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church for a short time in which he was forced into making the mistake into giving 2 kings the title of holy roman emperor. Six months after he had died, his successor Stephen VI had his body dug up and put on trial; found guilty, it was stripped of the papal vestments and the fingers used by Formosus to bless others were removed. The body was drug through the streets and dumped in the Tiber river.
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william of normandy
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(William the conqueror) King of England from 1066 until his death and also Duke of Normandy, from 1035 until his death. He got the title of king through his victory over the English forces of King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. Before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard” because of the illegitimacy of his birth.
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pope gregory VII
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One of the most important of popes, tried to get independence for church from secular movements and claimed secular movements should be vassels of the church. When the king appointed a bishop, Gregory claimed it wasn’t allowed and excommunicated the king from the church.
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pope urban II
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chief advisor to previous pope Gregory 7th and argued Christian world is above kings. He excommunicated the german and French kings and claimed their vassels no longer had to follow them and persuaded knight vassels to devote themselves to Christian allience. Explains that the greatest feudal lord is Jesus and we are all Jesus’ vassels and therefore obligated to save Jeruselum, thus starting the first crusade.
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lay investure
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The appointment of church leaders by secular rulers. Within the church, some feel strongly that all clerics should be appointed only by the church itself. However, in many cases, other bodies, that is, lay (non-ecclesiastical) bodies have taken it upon themselves to appoint church ministers and officials causing controversy.
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council of clermont
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a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held from November 18 to November 28, 1095 at Clermont, France. Pope Urban II's speech on November 27 was the starting point of the First Crusade.
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saledin
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First Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, and famous for having conquered Jerusalem from the Crusaders. He overthrew the shiit royal family with his position and military army tomake Egypt Sunni.
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eleanor of aquitaine
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An extremely educated, wealthy, and attractive woman who was left with the title of duchess of Aquitaine after her father died making her appealing to many male suitors. She first married King Louis VII making her queen of France and insisted to accompany him when he went on the crusade, but had many conflicts with him since she was unable to have a son with him. She divorced Louis VII and later became queen of England when she married King Henry II giving him 5 sons, which contributed to the rivalry between France and England at the time.
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henry II of england
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King of England that was successful for the most part during his reign and tried to strengthen the power of the crown and weaken the nobility he did this by reinventing the law code, replaced local duties such as investigating crime by having his royal sheriffs do so instead, increased english revenue with new tax system, and engage with bankers in Europe for loans to strengthen the monarchy. However he faced problems when he tried to control the church by appointing his seemingly trustworthy friend becket as the head bishop. Becket instead tried to make a campagn against henrys centralism when he was bishop which angered the king which eventually caused henrys knights to kill becket leading to henrys excommunication from the church.
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john of england
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son of henry who became king when brother, Richard died. Known as weak and cowardly when it came to war and didn’t do anything to try to cease phillipe from taking over Normandy. When Normandy was captured by france, john tried to fix this by stealing from nobles for money and invade Normandy himself, both of which only made matters worse, leading his nobles to revolt forcing john to sign the magna carta taking away his rights.
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magna carta
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a document the nobles of England forced king john to sign due to his failures as king. In this document, king john was bound by law, and in it he was now obligated to ask permission from the nobles, church, and townspeople for tax permissions as well as giving the English people the right to a fair trial by jury with the right of what is known as habeus corpus. The magna carta was ultimately the foundation for the English parliament and even influenced American law.
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