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218 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How many acres were in the Livingstone Manor?
150,000
What was it about the Livingstone Manor that was so memorable?
most of the violent riots occured here
Tenants of Livingstone Manor were pretending that they were...
not tenants
a ________ breaks out on Livingstone Manor
mini civil war
When did the Livingstone Manor thing end?
In 1757, once the crown stepped in
Who was David Ingersoll?
He lived in Sheffield and was engaged in contests against NY authorities
What did Ingersoll try to prove?
that there was a shaded region that was not NY or Livingston Manor, He tried to claim that many tenants were living on unclaimed land
Was the Livingstone Manor issue a class one?
No, it was more about colonial borders
Who were the Algonquin?
speaking people of far eastern canda and maine, begininning around 1530 seemingly went on a rampage to kill animals almost wastefully (beavers, mink, moose, antelope, deer) killed of a lot of fur
How much fur did the Algonquin kill off?
killed off so many animals that the presense of the people that their lifestyle had been underminded
Why would they go about killing these animals and undermine their lifestyles?
Europeans commented that it must be insensitive to the Native and had a passiomn to deprive the animal kingdom of life whether they needed it or not
Some europeans ssaid they couldn't unconvince the indians...
not to kill
Scholars offered a better awnser to why the indian did so much hunting.

What is the conventional explanation?
technological-natives were incompetent and had no means for overkill before the europeamns came over (spears, bow, and) after the europeans gave them a musket they kill more than before
Scholars offered a better awnser to why the indian did so much hunting.

What is the economic motive?
once they saw what the europeans had they wanted what they had, so by collecting more fur, they could trade more things and get more modern objects through the europeans trade
What is the problem with the convenetional explanation as to why the natives were technologically inferiior?
somewhat inferior:

are metal utensils better than stone? yes

Is it better to cross and ocean or a vessel? yes

The europeans were astounded by the fishing technology of the natives.
The natives were amazed at how...
stupid the europeans were at trapping
European adventurers noticed that native americans had higher technology. what were some of those examples?
barchbark canoe, very light, yet it could be carried anyway
Was there a difference between the native and the eurpoean agricultural techniques?
not much different
What is the difference between a gun and a musket?
a rifle puts a spin on a projectile. whhikle when you take it musket, it is not going to be accurate, so the bow and arrow may be more accurate
A bow and arrow could kill as many people...
as a musket
How did the natives used to take out beavers?
They would go into a dam and club a beave to death, but is a gun really faster than clubbing it?
Is the technological inferiority idea somewhat foolish?
yes
Premodern people were not very....
consumer/material
Europeans acted that into the 1600s, into the era of...
the American revoultion
Europeans fought over "just price" like how difficult it was to...
produce
The market economy depends on a price but premodern people didn't understand that concept and they attribute certain prices of certain...
things
In a wilderness societypossessing a lot of )________ is actually a handicap
insturments
For the europeoans, new worls as they have encountered a new geographic area, culturally if not...
geographically
Estimating how many were alive before contact was made, earlier scholars have estimated who lived in North America and the western contact before...
contact was made
What was the scope of death and depopulation precontact?
In all of north america prior to contact, a million people were living in NA and 8-9 million were living in the western hemisphere
WHat were the two main aspects that were in accordance to the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina?
It created a noble class

It was associated with John Locke
Who was Shafestbury and what was his association with the Fundamental Consistution of Carolina?
he was one of the eight propeiters who ran for this grant, personal phsyican, so he was the head of the household
the original draft of the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina was written by who?
It was in Lock's handwriting
The Fundamental Constitution of Carolina provided what?
ideas of what they wanted to do
The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina were adopted in March 1669 by the eight Lords Proprietor of Carolina, which included most of the land in between what is now......
Virgina and Florida
The Fundamental Constitutions are usually attributed to ..........., though the degree to which he actually bears responsibility for their final form is the matter of some dispute.
John Lock
Locke was at the time the secretary of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of ___________, who was one of the Lords Proprietors and had a long-standing interest in colonial affairs
Shaftsbery
Most likely, ______ and _______ collaborated on the document, while the other proprietors made minor contributions.
Locke

Shaftsbery
The Fundamental Constitutions contain an intriguing mixture of ________and ________ideas
liberal

fuedalist
On the one hand, the Fundamental Constitutions aimed to create a _________________could participate.
representative government in which many men
The property requirement for voting was a mere 50 acres (0.2 km²), while the property requirement for holding a seat in the legislature was 500 acres (2 km²). These requirements were both quite modest in a seventeenth-century context

This pertains to what?
the fundamental constitution
The Fundamental Constitutions were unpopular with most of the early settlers in South Carolina, who preferred the ___________________ as a basis for government.
more flexible royal charter
Consequently, the Fundamental Constitutions were never ratified by the assembly, and they were largely abandoned as an instrument of government by _____.
1700
The Fundamental Constitution divided Carolina grant into ___________ with nearly six ____________ acres each. These local nobility would rule the county, and had to accomodate because of the wishes of the _________.
six counties

million
In the fundamantal Constitution propieters from each county formed a _________________ in the Carolina colony and you could elect interest.
grand council
South Carolina was intialally an offshoot of...
the west indies
As a result of the production of sugar....
sugar
If one measure the improtance by wealth, then Barbados was ,,,,
wealthy
In any case, the result of the take off declined, the more wealthier planters drive off the more...
wealthy
Quaint Population declined after 1660 by...
25%
In the period from the 1660s-1690s, a large # of arrivals in SC are from...
the west indies
Who is John Colleton?a
an english nobleman who sees an oppurtiunity for all of this
Sir John Colleton had been a supported of Charles I in the 1640s, will be __________ because of the whole thing
beheaded
The royalists will return to power in the 1660s, they rule largely over...
Oliver Cromwell
Colleton and Royalists have been instrumental in the restoration in ____
1660
The King would have preferred to give to a family almost absolute control, rather then keep _______ under his own hands
control
Representatives must possess ________, a system that was fairly top heavy
500 acres
What were leetmen?
bound to the land and they are bound not only to themselves but all their men were also bound
Since many SC were from the west indies, they may have brought the ________________ over.
slave perspective
In South Carolina, there was competition between local elite and....
government officlas
If they tried immediately, it would fail anyway, grand plan, vision of the future, put into a ___________ until something justifies the fundatmental constituion
temp governement
The propeitary government of South Carolina will collapse after....
1719
Carolina propieters were looking to make......, so the labor force in the first generation is mixed
money
They do have voluntary laboroers, but not enouggh ....
freemen
Serfs and tenants and slaves way you will make __________ is essentiall indentured servants or slave
money
In 1670, the ___________ had been brining in a large # of indentured servants of poor english and those servants were dying
Virginia
The availability of poor young labor is down dramatically since the Chesapeake had their....
large indentured servant market
The price of slaves goes up after ....
1660
In South Carolina, they try to enslave....
indians
By 1700, SC had enslaved 1000 ...
indians
Native Americans ran away, they got away weasily becuas ehtyeknew...
native territory
In South Carolina they tried many different products. What were they?
tabbacco
olives
rice
indigo
cotton

the first time they try all of these, they fail
Carolina planters sell what after all the failed crops?
livestock
By 1700, SC is clearly a .... colony
plantation
------eventually becae the staple crop of Carolina
rice
By 1700, SC is an economy of...
rice
conversion to rice resulted in the conversion of the labor force doesn't seem to be .....
compelling
Some suggested that indians taught them how to...
eat rice
Where did SC colonists learn it grom?
colonists learned how to grow rice from the slaves as they discovered the slave knowledge of this, they brough in more and more slaves
From the 15th century on between Iberia was known as ....
RICE
variety of rice was grown in.... and Carolina was very similar
Africa
All of which seems to be good evidence that the slave brought with them knowledge of how to grow a ...... & carolina took advantage of what the slaves brought
ric
By 1710, the _________is clearly with a majority of slave population, nearly 2/3 black
Carloina
South Carolina is the only _________ colony in the 17th century
black
What does it entail that South Carolina is the only black colonly?
races relations will deteriotate after 1710
Who is Robert Keayne?
some thought he had crossed the line
In 1598, Robert Keayne had been in a ____________ but worked his way up by being a __________
poor family

middling merchange
In 1635, Robert Keayne uproots his whole family and move to _________ at the age of forty
Masssachusettes
Robert Keayne applies himself as a merchant when he moves to mass, and he becomes....
successful
By 1639, Robert Keayne is ____________.
fairly prosperous
Due to Keayne's prosperous nature in the colonies, many people accuse him of...
profiteering
All sort of people were saying he overcharged...
many people
Robert Keayne Brought forward to __________ and condemned and that he has a corrupt heart
congregation
In 1653, more than a dozen years after the thing that happen, Keayne writes his ....
last well
What does Keayne's last will entail?
a shame to brought in front of his neighbors

perhaps God had done that to him to make him humble
How long does it take Robert Keayne to write his final will and testament?
five months
How long is Keayne's final will and testatment?
over 50,000 words and 150 pages
Money had shown that Keayne had found...
his proper calling, that he was also frugal and serious
Why was Keayne singled out?
It was not that he was profiteerting, it was that for the 17th century, he was an unusual businessman
What was Keayne's marketing type?
He was a hard bargainer

He had accounting system, debt book, kept inventory books

inventory told him his prospetive gains
How much was Keayne's estate worth when he died?
4,000 pounds
How much of Keayne's will did he leave to the public?
1/3
Where did the 1/3 of Keane's inheirtance go to the public?
to build a meeting house

a resevior

endowment for Harvard

a free school for Indian children
__________________ was 70 miles SW of Boston and there is no emphasis on subsistence farming from the outest
Springfield
____________ starts as a fur trading and then grows to _____ and______, not for simple consumption but for farming
Springfield


wheat and barley
In 10-15 years, Springfield becomes a ____________ to New England
breadbasket
The __________ dominated Springfield from the very beginning
pynchon family
William and John Pnychon had over ____________
500 acres
Who were the next biggest owners of land next to the Pynchons in Springfield?
The Moxys, who was a minitster, who owned about 67 acres
The Pynchons aquired more land than before and so they take some of the land belonging to their __________
landowners
In 1660, the amount of land in Springfield is even more unqueal. WHy is that?
growing # of landless people in Springfield are now landless residents and they have a tax and ranks of tenants
In other places, tenancy was a stepping stone to land ownership, especially in....
New York
In Springfield, being a Pyhcon tenant was a ......., insisted it was an unequal situation
dead end
Pynchon controls bulk of _______
fur trade
Pyhchon was elected the ...
town moderator
Pynchon was held in the ....
high rankning positions
getting money and goods, town tax revnue of Springfield all depended on ...
the Pynchons
What religion were the Pynchons?
puritans
If there is stability, it is stabilitiy of a ____________, not like heavy handedness
compnay town
In Springfield, Pynchon had an influence over...
the church
During the time of the Pynchon Springfield Domination, how did the purtian community act?
not neighborly!

According to documents from that era, lots of court records of people beating one another

FRAUD

SLANDER

not nice placeA
After 1684, the mass bay colony was revoked. What did the crown not favor?
corporate colonies
In 1684, they try to create on giant colonly called what???


(the glorious reviution ends this idea)
dominion
The government is overthrown and their authority in Springfield/Boston is .....
undermined


Goodbye Pynchons!
___________________ disappeared sooner in the Tidewater Chesapeake, although not until the middle of the eighteenth century
free-range husbandry
After 1700, livestock helped a new national empire to spread across teh continent, much as they had enabled England to establisha foothold on the Atlantic coast nearly two centuries earlier.

What does this pertain to?
"free range husbandry"
Abraham Lincoln thought that if Indians had cows it would what?
Christiainise them
"Indians found room in their land for their livestock, but the colonists found no room for the indians"

What does this pertian to
free range husbandry
It was far easier for livestock to find thier own food, and so the Cheaspeake colonists abandoned ___________ in favor of free-ranging husbandry
English methods
Nothing brought colonists and indians more frequently into contact than...
livestock
When did free-range husbandry stop being used?
In the late 19th century, when there was enough labor force and black to work
Why did colonists abandon english methods of livestock and turn to free-range husbandry?
It was cheaper. Too expenisve to find the resources to keep in livestock
What is the "covenent of grace"?
unlike the covanent of works, human beings did nothing, God identified a few souls, granted a spark of grace, and they would enter heavean

So, essentially, only a few souls would be saved
What is the covenant of grace?
This covenant requires an active faith, and, as such, it softens the doctrine of predestination. Although God still chooses the elect, the relationship becomes one of contract in which punishment for sins is a judicially proper response to disobedience. During the Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards later repudiated Covenant Theology to get back to orthodox Calvinism. Those bound by the covenant considered themselves to be charged with a mission from God.
what is covenant of works?
that humankind only should recieve damnation
What was something that William Penn did which was fundamentally new?
He allowed religious freedom in Pennsylvania. It was the first lace had a constitution which tried to protect the rights of many people
What is the frame of government, 1682?
The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony granted to William Penn by Charles II of England. In 1682 Penn, while still in England, drafted the first version of the Frame of Government to supplement the colony's royal charter. The Frame of Government has lasting historical importance as an important step in the development of American and world democracy.
what is he background of the frame of government?
Penn was a Quaker seeking to construct a new type of society with religious toleration and a great deal of freedom. The Frame incorporated very progressive ideas for its time period. The Frame of Government was only actually in effect for a short period. The legislature did not approve Penn's First Frame, but they finally accepted an amended version in 1693. William Markham, Penn's cousin and appointed deputy governor, drafted his own version, which was approved in 1696.
what is the covenant of grace?
The covenant of grace is God's promise to send his Spirit to the elect so that they believe in Jesus Christ as the Son of God. The basis of this covenant is the frequently repeated statement in the Bible, " I will be your God, and ye shall be my people." This covenant restores man to a normal relation with God. Left to themselves, men and women would continue to reject or rebel against God; their refusing salvation means that Christ died in vain. But since the covenant of redemption promises that Christ's suffering would redeem humanity, God sends the Holy Spirit to the elect to enable them to repent, to have faith, and and to be eligible for eternal life.

The Puritans saw grace as a gift from a kind and loving God; human beings were unworthy to receive salvation because of their depraved natures. As Augustine comments, "You are nothing in yourself, sin is yours, merit God's. Punishment is your due; and when the reward shall come, God shall crown his own gifts, not your merits."
covenant of grace?
his Covenant of Grace, replacing the Covenant of Works entered into with Adam, guaranteed the New Englanders that God would not do anything unexpected, outside the boundaries of the agreement. In turn they served God according to the Scriptures. What this covenant meant, as an agreement entered into freely and voluntarily on the part of both parties, is that God, who is omnipotent, can go anywhere and is capable of anything, has bound himself to the law (Miller, Seventeenth, pgs. 375-380). The Puritan universe was fixed and unchanging, created and completely known by God (Miller, Seventeenth, pg.365-366). This gave the Puritans the assurance that God would not arbitrarily afflict them.
The Fundamental Constitution of Carolina was a mix of what types of ideas?
Imperial and Liberal
How did the Fundamental Constitution offer religious freedom?
although the Church of England was established as the official state church, Dissenters were offered both civil and political rights in the new colony.
How many acres did someone need to vote under the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina?
50
How many acres did someone need to be part of the legislature under the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina?
500
Why did Carolina fall out of favor to the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina
They preferred the royal charter, and by 1700, and they were ready to change the type of government
Who was put in charge of Carolina according to the fundamental consitution
the lords propieter
Irresistible grace: God gives grace __________.
freely
Covenant of Grace:

_______ is irresistible; it cannot be earned
Grace
Covenant of Grace:

Grace is a gift, not a reward for _________.
behavior
Covenant of Grace:

No ______________ is necessary to earn God’s grace. (The puritan Anne Hutchinson believed in the covenant of irresistible grace.)
outward proof
When did the "sugar revolution" happen?
1640s-1660s
What happened in the 1640s pertaining to the "sugar revolution"?
the english colonisers learned how to produce and grow sugar all on their own
Before the 1640 "sugar revolution", what were people on the plantations trying to grow?
tabbacco
Why did the amount of indentured servants decrease as the "sugar revolution" of the 1640s occurred?
Sugar was such a lucrative crop that many of the plantation owners saw slaves as dispensible.
In the democracy of New England, where did they gather to discuss things?
a meeting house
What percentage of males were the ones who participated in town meetings?
70-90%
How many pounds of land did one have in order to participate in a New England ton meeting?
twenty pounds
In the New England democracy, they tended to have elections for which offices?
all of them
When did sons usually get land according to New England democracy
When someone's father usually died, so probably in the sons late 20
WHat is a moderator?
they presided over town meeting electoral yearly in the NE democracy
What was a selectman?
7-9 men board council meets when the town does not meet
What was a constable?
the locale policemen and tax collected
What were some of the elected offices in the NE democracy?
Moderator
Selectman
Constable
Hog reeve
Fence viewer
Chimney View
Did you have to be a full member of the church in orfer to participate in the New England demoracy?
no
What make the New England democracy seem even more like a democracy?
they had secret ballots
What percentage of people in a New England democracy were fence viewers or chimney viewers?
the bottom 40-30%
What were the reasons for participation in a NE demoncracy?
you voted, so you felt the need to obey
What city is an example of the NE Democracy?
Denham, Massachusettes
How big was Denham, Mass?
200 square feet
In 1635, how many signers were there in Denham, MA?
20
In 1686, what percentage of the town of Denham was involved with the church?
70%
How much were the sugar exports from the bardados worth?
more than all the exports from the new england colonies
By 1680, what did the population of Barbados look like?
It was a declining white population and a rising slave population

slaves outnumbered slaves by two to one
According the baptism records, how many more whites died in comparison to the amount born
506 more died than were born
Although in Barbados 7% of the property holders held how much of the property?
54%
What happened in 1622 in Jamestown?
The Indian Confederation attacks Jamestown and kils 300 colonists
What is the signifigance of the Jamestown attack in 1622?
Colony could barely believe what happened, but believed that the negative image of the native could now go unchallenged,
In Cheasapeake massachusettes in the 17th century, what was the ratio of men to woman?
6 men: 1 woman
Most of the immigrant population into the Cheaspeake, mass area is...
poor
When do the death and mortality rates in Chespaeake bay decrease?
1760
Why was exploitation rampant in Chesapeake Bay?
Because all of these young men had signed away their rights in a 6-7 year contract
When is the highest mortality in Virginia?
1624
How many people did the "company" send to Jamestown from 1607-1642?
4300
Why is there such a high mortality rate in the Cheasapeake?
Convention explanation was that mortality rate wasn related to starvation and that the company didn't provide enoouogh to eat for the colonists
Was the Virginia company of London short on food supplies?
Looking at the inventory, there was enough wheat and barley to provide food everyday for all the colinists
What other aspects were not the cause of mortality?
There was many fish around, John Smith said that he saw someone regularly fish 10 foot long fish
There was enough food in the area of Virgina, but why were they starving?
Pierce, a person who had been in charge of one of the posts, died and had been discovered to have 39 servants and a substantial estate, he had been smuggling food for himself and other s all those years
Between 1618-1630, Virgina encoountered a "boom" of what?
tabbacco
How many pounds of tabbacco did Virginia produce during their boom?
over half a million pounds per year
Why is the boom period responsiible for the deaths in Viringia?
Everyone is going over to Viringa to make money

Bulk of people being transported

life was pretty transient

Virgini coloiinal buildings from 17th century
Why would you put up fancy buildings in Virginia?
Young males come over to make money, even if you're not a servant, you don't make a lot of money, put in a long hard day, and at the end of it..
What did many young men decide to do once they were done with work in Virginia?
They dcided to drink, they tended to board floating taverns and spend their money
What percentage of people in the Jamestown colony died every year?
45-55%
What are some other things that could have caused the Jamestown colonists to feel sick?
the salt water
When the flow of the James River was weak in Jamestown, VA, it wouldn't wash out...
human feces
What did people sometimes get from the dirtiness of the water near Jamestown?
typhoid
By the third week of typhoid, you have...what?
a high fever
They knew that if you survived the burning fever in the 3rd week of typhoid...
you would survive
How does one get Dysentary?
water polluted the amoeba, amobeba begins to enter your organs causing internl bleeding, hemrogating, and stools then become blooody
What types of diseases plagued the residents of Jamestown?
dynsentry

typhoid
What percentage of the population is killed by typhoid in Virginia?
25-35%
What is the second town in Virginia to be developed during this time?
Henrico
Where is the population of Jamestown encouraged to move to?
Henrico
In 1617, who comes to Jamestown and thinks of it as a lousy city?
Samuel Argall
Why did Samuel Argall think that Jamestown was a lousy city?
Because even tabbacco was being planted in the street
How many people lived in Jamestown before Argall arrived?
20% lived in the area
When was Virginia established as a royal conlony
1624
What happened after 1624 in the royal colony of virgina?
death rates started to go down
WHo pretty much created Boston?
puritans
The Merhcants of Boston were well known when
in the 1780s
the decline of puritanism meant the rise of what in boston?
commericaism
what is decliision?
the decline from Puritianism into Yankee-dom
What does Springfield start off as?
a fur-trading city, then it begins to grow wheat and barley, not for simple consumption but for farming
Post 1648 in Massacusettes tried to lean toward what?
equality
Where did Carolina colonists learn how to grow rice?
From slaves, as they leared that they had this knowledge they wanted more and more slaves
By 1710, what percentage of the population in the Carolina was black slave?
2/3
South Carolina is the only.... colony is the 17th century
lack
As the amount of slaves were brought in, what happened to the race relations in South Carolina?
they began to deteriote and people started acting worse to each other