.history (Test #1)

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Chapter 5 – Reform, Resistance, Revolution

A. Imperial Reform and Colonial Protest. Colonists hoped that the removal of French power would open new lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Disappointment followed. England wanted to pay the war debt incurred from the French and Indian War. It also wanted to preserve peace with the Indians. Both policies affected the colonies. Tensions flared between colonies and Mother Country.

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Know

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Ch. 5

1. Ottawa chief __________, resisting white encroachment into the Ohio Valley and angry that the British government would make the tribes ___ for goods, led to war, May-November 1763. At the Battle of __________, Colonel Henry Bouquet broke through an Indian blockade and rescued Fort __________. [161]

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Ottawa chief (Pontiac), resisting white encroachment into the Ohio Valley and angry that the British government would make the tribes (Pay) for goods, led to war, May-November 1763. At the Battle of (Bushy Run), Colonel Henry Bouquet broke through an Indian blockade and rescued Fort (Pitt). [161]

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Ch. 5

2. To divide Indians from colonists and thus prevent war while regulating trade with the tribes, the British government decreed the ____________ ____ of ____. [Map 162]

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To divide Indians from colonists and thus prevent war while regulating trade with the tribes, the British government decreed the (Proclamation Line) of (1763). [Map 162]

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Ch. 5

3. The intent of the __________ Act (1764) was to raise a “just and necessary” __________ for “defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing” the colonies. [163]

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The intent of the (Sugar) Act (1764) was to raise a “just and necessary” (Revenue) for “defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing” the colonies. [163]

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Ch. 5

B. The Stamp Act Crisis. The countdown to revolution began with the Stamp Act crisis (1st imperial crisis). From there it proceeded to the Townshend Crisis, and it ended with the battles at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.

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Know

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Ch. 5

1. A total of _ colonies sent representatives to the Stamp Act Congress to condemn the Stamp Act. [165]

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A total of (9) colonies sent representatives to the Stamp Act Congress to condemn the Stamp Act. [165]

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Ch. 5

2. Daniel __________, a Maryland delegate, denies the theory of “__________ representation,” noting that an American, no matter how wealthy, could ever vote for a member of Parliament. [165]

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Daniel (Dulaney), a Maryland delegate, denies the theory of “(Virtual) representation,” noting that an American, no matter how wealthy, could ever vote for a member of Parliament. [165]

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Ch. 5

3. In 1765 the ____ __ _______ organized to promote inter-colonial unity and to terrorize stamp act collectors. [165]

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In 1765 the (Sons of Liberty) organized to promote inter-colonial unity and to terrorize stamp act collectors. [165]

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Ch. 5

4. Out-of-work people trashed the mansion of Lieutenant-Governor __________ of Massachusetts because he was perceived to be in collusion with the royal Stamp Act collectors. [165]

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Out-of-work people trashed the mansion of Lieutenant-Governor (Thomas Hutchinson) of Massachusetts because he was perceived to be in collusion with the royal Stamp Act collectors. [165]

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Ch. 5

5. Was the London able to distribute the stamps in the face of colonial opposition? [165]

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No – Boycott and Intimidation

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Ch. 5

6. Prime Minister Rockingham repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 but Parliament replaced it with the __________ Act, a face-saving act that reserved Parliament’s right to pass any act it wanted to with regards to Britain’s colonies. [166]

Back 11

Prime Minister Rockingham repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 but Parliament replaced it with the (Declatory) Act, a face-saving act that reserved Parliament’s right to pass any act it wanted to with regards to Britain’s colonies. [166]

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Ch. 5

C. The Townshend Crisis. The 2nd imperial crisis began when new duties levied on imported goods angered the colonists.

Back 12

Know

Front 13

Ch. 5

1. In 1766, Prime Minister ___ _______ ____ slid into another bout of depression and accepted peerage in the House of Lords, removing his powerful speaking skills from the House of Commons, thus clearing the way for Chancellor of the Exchequer _______ _________ to ram his new revenue acts through parliament. [168]

Back 13

In 1766, Prime Minister (Sir William Pitt) slid into another bout of depression and accepted peerage in the House of Lords, removing his powerful speaking skills from the House of Commons, thus clearing the way for Chancellor of the Exchequer (Charles Townshend) to ram his new revenue acts through parliament. [168]

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Ch. 5

2. What British military policy in North America heightened fears that London was conspiring to rob the American provinces or their “liberties?” [169]

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British troup; Re-deployment from frontier to sea port cities agitates Americans; Many believed Cabinet and Parliament determined to reduce American liberties thrash program of taxation.

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Ch. 5

3. In protest of the Townshend revenue acts, the colonies adopted __________ in a largely successful attempt to hurt British exporters and pro-British import houses. [170 - 171]

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In protest of the Townshend revenue acts, the colonies adopted (Non-Importation or Boycott) in a largely successful attempt to hurt British exporters and pro-British import houses. [170 - 171]

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Ch. 5

4. The same day Prime Minister Frederick North asked Parliament repeal the Townshend Duties, 5 March 177_, except the tax on ___, an event occurred known as the “Boston __________.” [173]

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The same day Prime Minister Frederick North asked Parliament repeal the Townshend Duties, 5 March 177(0), except the tax on (Tea), an event occurred known as the “Boston (Massacre).” [173]

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Ch. 5

5. To what degree did external taxes on the colonies threaten their economic condition? [L]

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3% of total annual income – British government unnecessarily antagonized colonists, but economic grievances don’t totally explain causes of Revolution.

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Ch. 5

D. Internal Cleavages: The Contagion of Liberty. The Revolutionary War was more than a war against the British crown, parliament, and redcoats. Americans warred against each other.

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Know

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Ch. 5

1. A loyalist (Tory) was loyal to the __________. A __________ supported the Continental Congress and/or Independence. [175]

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A loyalist (Tory) was loyal to the (King). A (patriot) supported the Continental Congress and/or Independence. [175]

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Ch. 5

2. Identify four tensions within colonial society that might point to civil war along with revolution. [L, 175-178]

a.

b.

c.

d.

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A: The Feudal Revival 1730 – 1750 (charging rents).
B: South Carolina Regulator Movement 1760 – 1769 (lack of law and order).
C: North Carolina Regulator Movement 1768 – 1771 (political corruption).
D: Class Tension – Seaport Cities post 1763 – 1775.

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Ch. 5

3. In what way was the American Revolution a religious “cousins’ war?” [L]

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Pitted Presbyterians, Puritans and Low Church Anglicans against High Church Anglicans and Catholics.

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Ch. 5

4. Benjamin Lay, Anthony Benezet, and John Woolman were of the __________ religion encouraging members to free their slaves during the 1760’s and 1770’s. [178]

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Benjamin Lay, Anthony Benezet, and John Woolman were of the (Quaker) religion encouraging members to free their slaves during the 1760’s and 1770’s. [178]

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Ch. 5

5. The __________ case was a celebrated 1771 English court decision that freed a West Indian slave and opened the way for __________ thousand blacks to claim freedom who were living in England. [178]

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The (Somerset) case was a celebrated 1771 English court decision that freed a West Indian slave and opened the way for (15,000) thousand blacks to claim freedom who were living in England. [178]

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Ch. 5

6. How did Sarah Osborn and Phyllis Wheatley contribute to the growing anti-slavery movement? [179]

a. Wheatley:

b. Osborn:

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A. Wheatley: Black woman – could write well, impressed George Washington.
B. Osborn: White woman – Rhode Island.

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Ch. 5

7. The __________ of Boston pledged pro-crown support to the last royal governor of Massachusetts General Sir Thomas __________, if he would free them? [180]

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The (Slaves) of Boston pledged pro-crown support to the last royal governor of Massachusetts General Sir Thomas (Gage), if he would free them? [180]

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Ch. 5

E. The Last Imperial Crisis. Closure of the port of Boston under the Coercive Acts was the last straw. The 3rd imperial crisis would not be resolved until 1783, when America won its independence.

Back 26

Know

Front 27

Ch. 5

1. Parliament bailed out the _______ ____ _____ Company, Which company triggering the Boston Tea Party of 1773. [180]

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Parliament bailed out the (British East India) Company, Which company triggering the Boston Tea Party of 1773. [180]

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Ch. 5

2. The Intolerable Acts of 1774 – 1775 (1) closed the port of __________, (2) made Massachusetts into a common __________ colony, (3) permitted the governor to use __________ to suppress insurrection, (4) threatened to quarter __________ at public expense, and for good measure, (5) the __________ Act restored French influence in Canada and the __________ Valley. [181 - 182]

Back 28

The Intolerable Acts of 1774 – 1775 (1) closed the port of (Boston, Boston Port Bill), (2) made Massachusetts into a common (Royal) colony, (3) permitted the governor to use (Force) to suppress insurrection, (4) threatened to quarter (Troops) at public expense, and for good measure, (5) the (Quebec) Act restored French influence in Canada and the (Ohio) Valley. [181 - 182]

Front 29

Ch. 5

3. Did royal prestige in Massachusetts weaken or strengthen in response to London’s crackdown on Boston? [182]

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Weaken

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Ch. 5

4. The First Continental Congress (met September 1774) adopted non-importation and denied Parliament’s right to levy external taxes on the colonies, but recognized Parliament’s right to __________ trade. [184]

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The First Continental Congress (met September 1774) adopted non-importation and denied Parliament’s right to levy external taxes on the colonies, but recognized Parliament’s right to (Regulate) trade. [184]

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Ch. 5

5. The mission objective of the grenadiers and light infantry of the Boston garrison when they marched toward into the countryside 19 April 1775 was to (1) capture John __________ and Samuel __________ and (2) seize __________ in Concord. [185]

a. What happened?

Back 31

The mission objective of the grenadiers and light infantry of the Boston garrison when they marched toward into the countryside 19 April 1775 was to (1) capture John (Hancock) and Samuel (Adams) and (2) seize (Lexington) in Concord. [185]

What happened?

Hancock was almost captured; Rebel leaders were captured; British destroyed ammunition in Concord.

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Ch. 5

1. Did either side have a war winning strategy in 1775? [185]

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No – Came suddenly (improvised).

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Ch. 5

2. New England militia repelled a British assault in the Battle of __________ Hill, __ June 177_. [185]

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New England militia repelled a British assault in the Battle of (Bunker) Hill, (15) June 177(5). [185]

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Ch. 5

3. On __ June 1775, the Second Continental Congress appointed ______ __________ to take command of the American militia besieging Boston. [186]

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On (15) June 1775, the Second Continental Congress appointed (George Washington) to take command of the American militia besieging Boston. [186]

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Ch. 5

4. General Richard __________ and Benedict __________ attacked __________ December 1775. Did the attack succeed? [186 - 187]

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General Richard (Montgomery) and Benedict (Arnold) attacked (Quebec) December 1775. Did the attack succeed? (No) [186 - 187]

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Ch. 5

5. The _____ ______ Petition rejected by King George III strengthened radicals who now wanted total separation from England. [185]

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The (Olive Branch) Petition rejected by King George III strengthened radicals who now wanted total separation from England. [185]

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Ch. 5

6. The British Army evacuated Boston about _ months before the Declaration of Independence. [187]

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The British Army evacuated Boston about (3) months before the Declaration of Independence. [187]

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Ch. 5

7. In which colonies was the Declaration of Independence least supported? [187]

Back 38

Mid-Atlantic Colonies (from NY, NJ, PA, MD) none of the 5 Mid-Atlantic assemblies repudiated the crown.

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Ch. 5

8. In his tract ______ _____, author Thomas __________ drew from the natural world to justify American independence by observing that: “In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet.” [188]

Back 39

In his tract (Common Sense), author Thomas (Paine) drew from the natural world to justify American independence by observing that: “In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet.” [188]

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Ch. 5

9. Read the Declaration of Independence. What group(s) of people seem to be ignored in the discussions about “liberty”? [see text appendix A-6]

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African Americans (slaves), Women, and Indians

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Ch. 5

10. ______ _______, the hard-line British secretary of the colonies, angered the colonists by hiring ___________ from Germany to augment the British Army getting ready to set sail for America. [188]

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(George Germain), the hard-line British secretary of the colonies, angered the colonists by hiring (Mercenaries) from Germany to augment the British Army getting ready to set sail for America. [188]

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Chapter 6 – The Revolutionary Republic
A. Hearts and Minds: The War in the Northern States, 1776 – 1777. Massachusetts was the hotbed of rebellion. Loyalism was strong in NY. The British returned in great strength to crush the colonial revolt.

Back 42

Know

Front 43

Ch. 6

1. What was British strategy for 1776? [L]

Back 43

Led rebels into defensive battle and destroy them.

Front 44

Ch. 6

2. How were 18th-Century battles fought and why in this manner?

Back 44

Warfare of the 18th Century reflects state of weapons technology and social values.

Tactics:

1. Close order drill
2. No individual action
3. Fire on command
4. Close range
5. Open field battle

Weapons Technology:

1. Smoothbore muskets
a. Short Range = 200 yards
b. Rate of fire (3 shots per minute)
c. Mass men to mass fire

Social Values:

1. Reaction against religious war of 1618 – 1648
2. Followed by enlightenment make warfare useful by limiting the violence
3. Military command in upper class
a. Washington
b. Howe
4. Continental Army = European Army (we followed the “rules” of war to avoid gorilla warfare)

Front 45

Ch. 6

3. Lord Howe __________ Washington’s army defending ____ ______, ___ August 1776 at the battle of ____ Island. [195]

Back 45

Lord Howe (Outflanked) Washington’s army defending (Long Island, NYC) August 1776 at the battle of (Long) Island. [195]

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Ch. 6

4. General George Washington revived American hopes with 2 small victories at _______, __ in December 1776 and _________, __ in January 1777. [195 - 196]

Back 46

General George Washington revived American hopes with 2 small victories at (Trenton, NJ) in December 1776 and (Princeton, NJ) in January 1777. [195 - 196]

Front 47

Ch. 6

B. The Campaigns of 1777 and Foreign Intervention. Aid from France and the bungling of British generals saved the colonial revolt from collapse.

Back 47

Know

Front 48

Ch. 6

1. What was British strategy for 1777? [L, 197]

Back 48

3 pronged attack to cut off NE (from middle Atlantic states) and capture the rebel capital.

Front 49

Ch. 6

3. Lord Howe whipped Washington again this time in front of Philadelphia, at the Battle of __________, __ 11 September 177_. [198]

Back 49

Lord Howe whipped Washington again this time in front of Philadelphia, at the Battle of (Brandywine, PA), 11 September 177(7). [198]

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Ch. 6

4. At __________, New York, a British army under General Burgoyne surrendered to American general Horatio _____ in October 1777, making it the turning point of the war. [map 196, 199]

Back 50

At (Saratoga), New York, a British army under General Burgoyne surrendered to American general Horatio (Gates) in October 1777, making it the turning point of the war. [map 196, 199]

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Ch. 6

5. Why did France aid the American cause? [199 - 200]

Back 51

Restore the balance of power last in 1763 (using the principle, the enemy of my enemy is my ally).

Front 52

Ch. 6

6. Which hurt the British cause more, military stalemate or diplomatic blundering? [200] Explain:

Back 52

They allowed France, Holland, and Spain to ally/aid the American War.

Front 53

Ch. 6

7. Baron von Steuben trained the __________ Army during the winter of 1777 – 1778 at a place called ______ _____, Pennsylvania. [198]

Back 53

Baron von Steuben trained the (Continental) Army during the winter of 1777 – 1778 at a place called (Valley Forge), Pennsylvania. [198]

Front 54

Ch. 6
C. The Reconstruction of Authority. The war broke the legitimacy of the crown in the colonies. What forms of power would replace it? Pennsylvania and Massachusetts offered precedents.

Back 54

Know

Front 55

Ch. 6

1. Did the Pennsylvania radicals who overthrew the pro-crown government in 1776 remain in power after the Revolutionary War? [202]

Back 55

No – Replaced by Quakers

Front 56

Ch. 6

2. As royal authority melted down in 1775 – 1776, Massachusetts returned power as close as possible to the people by convening a __________ to form a new government. [203]

Back 56

As royal authority melted down in 1775 – 1776, Massachusetts returned power as close as possible to the people by convening a (Convention) to form a new government. [203]

Front 57

Ch. 6

3. The Articles of _____________ were ratified in 1781, but who actually had more authority by that time, the states or Congress? [204]

Back 57

The Articles of (Confederation) were ratified in 1781, but who actually had more authority by that time, the states or Congress? [204] (States)

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Ch. 6
D. The Crisis of the Revolution, 1779 – 1783. With neither side able to win the war quick, the crucial role of loyalists, Blacks, and Indians increased. Society on both sides of the Atlantic began to show the strains of war economy.

Back 58

Know

Front 59

Ch. 6

1. ___% of America’s white population chose the British side during the war. [205]

Back 59

(1/6 - 16)% of America’s white population chose the British side during the war. [205]

Front 60

Ch. 6
2. What percentage of the total number of slaves in North America was evacuated from America by the British and given their freedom? [205]

Back 60

20,000

Front 61

Ch. 6

3. About __________ thousand Loyalists abandoned their property and moved to England or Canada during the war. [206]

Back 61

About (4/5’s) thousand Loyalists abandoned their property and moved to England or Canada during the war. [206]

Front 62

Ch. 6

4. To which side did most Indian tribes gravitate, Britain or Congress? [206]

Back 62

Britain

Front 63

Ch. 6

5. What examples show that Indian-white racism escalated frontier violence? [206 - 207]

Back 63

a. Backcountry settlers from Carolina – NY refused to accept neutral Indians on their terms.
b. Male Indian warriors believed that whites, blacks and Indians are separate people and should remain apart.
c. White hunters proved their worth as “whites” by killing Indians.
d. Whites massacred 100 unarmed Moravian Indians, causing the Indians to go back to torturing rituals of prisoners, burning known leaders of the massacre alive.

Front 64

Ch. 6

6. What examples illustrate that the war of attrition was taking its toll on both England and the 13 states? [207 – 209, 213 - 214] (13 States)

Back 64

a. In America:
1. Indian raids reduced harvests; military levies kept thousands of men away from productive work.
2. Loyalist raids in Connecticut and JF destroyed a lot of property; merchants lost most of their European and Indian market.
3. Burgoyne’s surrender left Americans having to feed his army for the rest of the war.
4. As the war went on, the value of Continental Currency fell to less than a penny on the dollar in 1779.

Front 65

Ch. 6

6. What examples illustrate that the war of attrition was taking its toll on both England and the 13 states? [207 – 209, 213 - 214] (England)

Back 65

b. In Great Britain:
1. King George III’s determination to continue the war divided his kingdom (many British citizens doubted they could win the war).
2. Trade was disrupted; Thousands of ships were lost to privateers; Taxes and national debt soared; Military recruits became harder to find; French invasion a serious threat.
3. The House of Commons tried to abolish Lord George Germain’s office (trying to stop the American war) but failed by the vote of 208 to 201.
4. People started rioting (Protestants) leading to the Gordon riots, which lasted a week in London; They freed prisoners and attacked the bank of England.

Front 66

Ch. 6

E. British Offensive in the South, 1779 – 1781. After 1778 the British played a southern strategy, believing that loyalism was stronger in the Carolinas and Virginia. In the South the genteel expectations of Washington devolved into a series of massacres, raids, ambushes, and reprisals.

Back 66

Know

Front 67

Ch. 6

1. What was British strategy after 1778? [L, 204, 210]

Back 67

a

Front 68

Ch. 6

2. After 1778, Washington’s strategy was to avoid major __________ and keep the army __________ in the hopes of wearing out British endurance. [L]

Back 68

a

Front 69

Ch. 6

3. American forces suffered their worst defeat when General Benjamin Lincoln surrendered 5,000 men and the city of __________, South Carolina, to the British in May 1780. [210]

Back 69

American forces suffered their worst defeat when General Benjamin Lincoln surrendered 5,000 men and the city of (Charlston), South Carolina, to the British in May 1780. [210]

Front 70

Ch. 6

4. General Nathaniel __________ was sent to the southern colonies to restore the patriot cause. He never won a battle but his strategy of __________ his forces, forcing the British to do the same, paid off. [212, L]

Back 70

General Nathaniel (Greene) was sent to the southern colonies to restore the patriot cause. He never won a battle but his strategy of (dividing) his forces, forcing the British to do the same, paid off. [212, L]

Front 71

Ch. 6

5. The fighting ended at the siege of __________, Virginia, 19 October 178_. [214]

Back 71

The fighting ended at the siege of (Yorktown), Virginia, 19 October 178(1). [214]

Front 72

Ch. 6

6. What were the terms of the 1783 Treaty of Paris? [215, L]

a.
b.
c.
d.

Back 72

a

Front 73

Ch. 6

Σ. Describe the role loyalists played during the Revolutionary War, 1775 – 1783. How is loyalism in North America a “study in failure”? Expansion of [6.d..l; 6.d.3; 6.e.1]

Σ. Compare the strategy adopted by General George Washington in 1776 – 1777 against the strategy he invoked after 1778. What challenges did Washington face? [6.a, 6.b, 6.e]

Back 73

Research and study for these essay questions!!!

Front 74

Ch. 6

A. A Revolutionary Society
1. Who said that “God hath created the mind free” and that efforts to use coercion in matters of religion “tend only to beget habit of hypocrisy and meanness?” [217]

Back 74

Thomas Jefferson

Front 75

Ch. 6

2. The __________ Ordnance of 1787 act set5 the precedent for the organization of lands into territories before they were divided into __________. [220]

Back 75

The (Northwest) Ordnance of 1787 act set5 the precedent for the organization of lands into territories before they were divided into (states). [220]

Front 76

Ch. 6

G. A More Perfect Union. In 1781, the states officially formed a confederation. Domestic and foreign threats revealed, however, that a stronger union was needed. The 1787 constitutional convention in Philadelphia resulted.

Back 76

Know

Front 77

Ch. 6

1. Name the 1786 rebellion in Massachusetts that convinced the Founders that the confederation had to be transformed into a more powerful national government. [223]

Back 77

Shays’ Rebellion

Front 78

Ch. 6

2. What did Spain do that threatened American unity? [224 - 225]

Back 78

a

Front 79

Ch. 6

3. _________ ________ proposed life terms for the president and senators, revealing his aristocratic nature. [226]

Back 79

(Alexander? Hamilton) proposed life terms for the president and senators, revealing his aristocratic nature. [226]

Front 80

Ch. 6

4. How did the convention delegates resolve the representation problem of big and small states? The solution became known as the __________ Compromise. [226]

Back 80

How did the convention delegates resolve the representation problem of big and small states? The solution became known as the (Connecticut) Compromise. [226]
(Proportional representation in 1 house (House of Representatives) and state equality in the other (Senate).)

Front 81

Ch. 6

5. How were slaves counted for taxation and representation purposes? [See Constitution, Article I, Section II in text Appendix A-5]

Back 81

3/5’s Compromise – every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 “regular” people.

Front 82

Ch. 6

6. Name the 1788 collection of essays written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison that proved crucial in prompting the states to ratify the constitution. [227]

Back 82

Federalist Papers

Front 83

Ch. 6

7. According to James Madison, did republics like the new America have a better chance of surviving if it stayed small or grew larger? [227]

Back 83

A large republic would be far more stable than a small one.