History Terms

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Agricultural Revolution

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When Agriculture and Settlement began to take precidence over Hunting and Gathering. Societies, villages and towns begin. labor diversification. Irrigation and granaries.

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Hunting and gathering

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A nomadic way of life that still exists today

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Pastoralism

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Animal Husbandry, raising of livestock. Goats. SHeeps, Yaks, Horses

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Alluvial Loess/Loes

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FLoods make very rich top soil, like at the nile. Very good to farm on

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Development of Cities

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Needs water, soil, availability of animals, and a place to keep animals. Generally by water sources because people moved to water. Happened around 3500 B.C.

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Urban-Rural Divide

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Urban prayed to kings and priests, rural prayed to anthropomorphic gods. New technologies developed in cities.

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Down the line trade

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Trade to get stuff to make stuff, selling the made stuff to get stuff.

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Mesopotamia

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NO NATURAL RESOURCES, HAD TO TRADE. Grew millet, barley, wheat, rye. First settlement in Zagros Mountains, known as the fertile crescent.

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Eridu

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Early Major city, houses sacred water god, Temples built on top of self. Rebuilt over 20 times

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Epic of Gilgamesh

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Ancient Mesopotamian poem. Written on twelve tablets. First Epic. First known poem. Very Long. Ekindu and Gilgamesh go on adventures.

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Ziggurat

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Tall tower in middle of mesopotamian cities with an altar in it. Built for local religions, believed to have housed a god.

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King Sargon of Akkad

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known as the true king. sponsored art, and influential people. Capital conquered in 2190 BC

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Rebus

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Precursor to formal writing that uses the sound of a certain object, like drawing an eye for the world I.

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Cuneiform

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Earliest known writing. They are dashes made on clay tablets, imprints as opposed to ink.

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Territorial state

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Sargon of Akkad made the first ones. Egypt had some, Southwest Asia had some.

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Indus Valley

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Housed a bronze age civilization. Where Harappa is located. Mohenjo-daro was a city in it. Wrote in Indus Script.

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Harappa

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Major city of the INdus Valley Civilization. Spoke Harappan language. Located in modern afghanistan

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Harappan language

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Unknown language of the Harrappan people

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Nile

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Major River of Egypt. Longest River in the world, all the Egyptian cities were built around it. Has GREAT farming land. 2 branches, blue nile and white nile

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Cataract

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Spots in the nile where there are a bunch of rocks and islets. The nile has 6 cataracts.

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Ma'at

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THe norm of nature as according to the Egyptians. The pharoah was to provide for this. Ma'at later became personified as a Goddess.

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Old Kingdom

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The first major kingdom of egypt. THe first pyramid was built during this time. 3rd millenium BCE. The sphinx and great pyramid of giza were built during this time.

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Middle Kingdom

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2nd Major Kingdom of Egypt. 11th-14th dynasties of Egypt. Ha d a provincial government, and a centralized authority.

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New Kingdom

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Final Major Kingdom of ancient Egypt. Egypt's most prosperous time, marked the zenith of ancient egyptian power. King TUt, and Hatshepsut.

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Pyramid

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138 Pyramids in Egypt. Mostly used as a burial for old kingdom and middle kingdom Tombs for pharoahs and their consorts. Started by stacking Mustabas on top of each other.

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Imhotep

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Designed the first major pyramid. That being the pyramid of Djoser. Was Chancellor for Djoser.

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Hierogyphs

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A picturesque Egyptian alphabet.

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Demotic writing

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An egyptian writing used in the Nile Delta. It was a development of the Third Kingdom

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Yellow River

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China's sorrow. THe Second biggest river in China. THe Cradle of Chinese life. It frequently had devistating floods. Carries lots of silt to the Loess Plateau

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Yangzi River

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Longest River in asia. Floods often, Is a greshwater source.

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Wang'guo – Era of Ten Thousand States

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dunno fill in later

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Barbarians

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Outsiders of major cities that were sometimes still nomadic, they were considered BAD and city people were afraid of them and considered them horrible

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Troy

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an ancient greek city-state.

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Megalith

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A Large Stone or collection of stones used to construct some sort of structure or monument, like stonehenge.

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Ritual objects

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Objects used in rituals or religious ceremony, like a scarab. The majority of surviving historical artifacts are ritual objects, much of what we know about many ancient civilizations comes from the ritual objects we have.

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Amulet

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An object that is believed to hold some sort of power or protection, often worn around the neck. THe Egyptians had lots of them

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Steppes

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A semi-arid grassland with no trees. Many are found around modern china. Mongolia is known for their steppes. Many of the people who live in the steppes have remained tribal to this day

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Nomads

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Hunter and gatherers who constantly travel in search for food and only make temporary camps. They move to their food, as opposed to making their food come to them

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Transhumant Migrations

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Nomadic Pastoralism

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Chariots

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In ancient Europe and Asia, Horse-drawn chariots were revolutionary and could trump any on foot soldiers. They were one axel 2 wheel carts they usually contained a driver and an archer as passengers.

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Territorial State

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King Sargon of Akkad was known to have the first ones. These usually retained local power and local religion but would occasionally have to submit to their empires.

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Amun/Amun-re

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A god of new kingdom Egypt who represented the essential and hidden. He was self-created and had no mother or father. He was transcendental.

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Temple at Thebes

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In modern day Luxor, it was built in the new kingdom for Amun. Hatshepsut began the building of the earliest parts of the temple.

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Hyksos

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A people who appeared during the second intermediate period of Egypt and attempted to invade Egypt. At one point they controlled the Nile Delta, they disappeared during the new kingdom

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Hatshepsut

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The only Woman Pharoah of Egypt. She is often considered the most successful pharoah. She is a pharoah of the new Kingdom. She began Construction of the Temple at Thebes.

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Hittites

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Forerunners of Iron, they were among the first people to use iron for tools and weaponry which gave them a tactical advantage. Famous for their construction of Chariots as well

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Amorite

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An ancient people who occupied part of mespatamia during the 3rd millenium bce. THey eventually acquired Babylon

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babylon

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At first a small town that built up into the largest city-state of mesopatamia. It was ruled by Hamurabi. The Amorites did acquire this town however.

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Hammurabi

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king of babylon, began the babylonian empire. He created one of the earliest written codes of law (code of hammurabi)

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Hammurapi

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king of babylon, began the babylonian empire. He created one of the earliest written codes of law (code of hammurabi)

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Code of Hammurapi

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1790 BC, law of ancient babylon. Among the oldest written codes of law ever. One nearly complete copy still survives on a diorite stele. It says on there that the gods of babylon named Hammurapi the king, by name.

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Tell el-'Amarna

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Captial city of the new kingdom of ancient egypt. during the eightennth fynast and was shortly abandoned after construction. It is the only ancient egyptian cities that we have found plans for.

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Vedic people

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the people who lived in the northern area of modern day india and wrote the veda, the hindu religious text.

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Indra

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The king of the gods in hindu mythology. He is also the god of war. He is the slayer of Vrtra

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Letters of Tell el-'Amarna

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Letters between Egypt and their diplomatic representatives in Canaan and Amurru. Written in Cuneiform the writing of mesopotamia, as opposed to the writing of Ancient Egypt. There are 350+ letters. Babylonia, Assyria, the Mitanni, the Hittites, Syria, Canaan, and Alashiya (Cyprus).

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Aegean

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Bronze age civilizations of Greece around the Aegean sea. The minoans and Myceneans are the main two

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Palace at Knossos

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A palace by the minoan civilization that is designed in a labyrinth type fashion. It is possible this is where the greeks got their idea for the labyrinth. Restored by Sir Arthur Evans.

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Minoans

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Minoans wrote in LInear A. Located near the Aegean sea. Built the palace of knossos. No indication of any sort of defense.

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Linear A

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Minoan script

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Linear B

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Mycenean script

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Bull leaping

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A figurative art where acrobats would use the momentum given by bulls to do tricks. It is notable in minoan art, and figureines. It is also found in the indus valley

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Labyrinth

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A giant maze built in grekk mythology by Daedeulus for King minos. The minoans are known for their labyrinth esque palace

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Myceaneans

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People who lived in the 2nd millenium BCE in modern day Greece, about 90 km from athens.
It is the last Bronze Age Greek Civilization. name after Mycenae, one of their military strongholds

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Empire vs Terr State

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An empire enforces full control to make their controlled lands conform to their way of life. A Territorial state used the people and land for resources, and often let them keep their own laws, religions, etc.

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Iron

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More powerful, more durable and more useful than bronze. Gave people a tactical advantage if they used iron for weaponry and armor.

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Camels – Dromedary and Bactrian

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One hump vs two hump. Bactrian can last longer due to two humps.

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Neo-Assyrian empire

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A period of mesopotamian history where the assyrians were the most powerful nation on earth. The empire reached it's zenith under the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III. 984 BCE - 630 BCE

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Tiglath Pleser III

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Considered one of the greatest military leaders in history. He brought the Neo-Assyrian empire to the pique of it's power and made it the most powerful nation on earth. He conquered most of the world known to the Assyrians prior to his death. Brought conquered peoples into his army, removed much of the power of high assyrian officials.

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Ashur

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biblical grandson of noah. believed to have built several cities in assyria. City state, had an oligarchy.

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Annals

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A form of historical writing that records events chronologically, year by year. The assyrains kept military annals.

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Veiling in Assyrian empire

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it is where islamic veiling began. It showed, class and gender.

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Persians

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a multicultural empire, began by benevolent king Cyrus, who would often liberate his subjects from corrupt kings.

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Cyrus the Great

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The persian ruler who ended up taking over most of the near east. He even took over babylon

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Darius I

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Darius held the emprie at it's pique which included egypt, and parts of greece. He divided the empire into provinces and placed governors over each. carved the Behistun Inscription

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Zororastrianism

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A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster. Ahura Mazda is all good, no evil comes from him. Evil tries to destroy the creations of Mazda. Good tries to sustain it.

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Ahura Mazda

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all good, no evil comes from him. Evil tries to destroy the creations of Mazda. Angra Mainyu was evil

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Zoroaster

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Founder of Zoroastrianism. Saw a messenger of Ahura Mazda and who told him that AHura Mazda was the only true god, the others were evil.

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Avesta

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A collection of texts of zoroastrianism written in the avestan language.

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Ahiram

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Phonecian king from aroun 1000 BC. His sarcophagus was found

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Royal Road

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A persian highway rebuilt in 5th century BCE by DARIUS I. He wanted to increase communication across his empire.

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Perespolis

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Capitol city of ancient persia. A palace built by Darius I is still there.

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Agni

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The vedic god of fire and acceptor of sacrifices. He is a messenger to and from other gods.

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Mahabharata

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One of two epics of ancient India, written in Sanskrit. narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kauravas and the Pandavas. COntains much philosophical and devotional material.

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Ramayana

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The Ramayana (Devanāgarī: रामायण, Rāmāyaṇa) is an ancient Sanskrit epic. It is ascribed to the Hindu sage Valmiki and forms an important part of the Hindu canon (smṛti). The Ramayana is one of the two great epics of India, the other being the Mahabharata.[1] It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife and the ideal king.

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Varna

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hindu caste system * the brahmins: scholars and clergy;
* the kshatriyas: warriors and administrators;
* the shudras: laborers ;
* the vaishyas: agriculturists, artisans and merchants

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Atman

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The Ātman (IAST: Ātman, sanskrit: आत्मन्) is a philosophical term used within Hinduism, especially in the Vedanta school to identify the soul whether in global sense (world's soul) or in individual sense (of a person own soul). It is one's true self (hence generally translated into English as 'Self') beyond identification with the phenomenal reality of worldly existence.

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Israel

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Northern kingdom