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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Locke's "Tabula Rosa"
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-Human mind is a clean slate at birth
-Humans could be made virtuous -With a good enough environment, humans can be made into anything Significance -Base for communism, socialism, and liberalism |
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Intelligentsia
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-Opposed to the political and social order in Russia during the rule of the tsar
-Very educated but had no power so they knew that their lives sucked -Russian class Significance: -Education can hurt some -Led to the decline of the tsars |
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Bolshevik and Menshevik
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-B = majority
-M = minority -Both parties were destroyed after voting against war credits in Parliament - Bolsheviks overthrew provisional government Significance: -Next 10 years were full of squabbles -Thought that revolution want had to be brought in from the outside -Peasants were promised land by Lenen |
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The Purges and the Great Terror
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-Created by Stalin to get rid of any of his opposition and to scare people
-All old Bolsheviks were killed and replaced by new ones -Result of his paranoia Significance -1.5 million killed, hard labor,or exile - Split the government apart |
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Collectivization of Agriculture
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-Stalin's "five year plan"
-Pushed peasants to be industrial workers in the cities -Peasants created "Kulaks," who protested and destroyed own livestock -Stalin eliminated them, which brought famine and 6 million dead peasants Significance -First step in 5 year plan -Many turned against Stalin -Led to the mobilization for industrialization |
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Khrushchev's "thaw"
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-De-Stalinization and infuse new life into the communist system
-Eased Soviet life -Freed concentration camp inmates -More visitors from abroad were allowed Significance -Marked end of Stalin's rule -Got the change STARTED -Led to the success of Gorbachev |
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Brezhnev
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-Secretary in Soviet Union
-Economy stagnated -Missed many innovations such as plastic, synthetic fibers, and computers -1/2 of USSR citizens earned less than $10 a month Significance -Time holder between Khruschev and Gorbachiv -Replaced by Gorbachev |
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Nazi/Soviet Pact of 1939
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-Hitler threatened Poland, GB backed up Poland, Soviet's backed up Nazis
-Non-aggression pact (Stalin and Hitler) -Hitler allowed Stalin to reannex territories in Eastern Europe that Russia lost in WW1 Significance -Right after Munich's "settlement" -Created tensions -WW2 on its way |
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The Comintern
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-Also called "General Staff of the World Revolution"
-Revolutionaries prepared to break w/ modern socialists and follow the leadership of the Russian Bolsheviks -Comintern declared war on B-viks Significance - Soviet diplomacy began to run on two separate tracks (diplomatic and subversive) |
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Nomenklatura
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-Stalin organized them
-Registers of Communist officials with good jobs and lots of power -Rewaded w/ privelages such as access to special food stores, hospitals, resorts, etc. -Bought off with state property later Significance -Went from just Stalin to more spread out power -Stalin dies after formed, only group left -Not how communism was supposed to work (they liked it though because they had everything) |
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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-Task was to reanimate the systew w/ out upsetting its foundations
-Couldn't reform Communism so went after a democratic socialist state -Nation given a voice in elections -Communism ended Significance -Saved the USSR from Stalin -Failed in initial goal, but bettered life -Ended Communism |
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Contradictions to Marxism
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-Communism was doomed to fail
-People ALWAYS want more than others (primarily land) -People forget what they have learned and go back to their old behavior -Communism defeated by its inability to refashion human nature Significance -Communism WILL NOT work -Isn't natural to humans -Violence was needed to keep power afterward |
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The Treaty of Versailles
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-Near Paris in January 1919
-Took 6 months -Slightly a victor's peace -"guilt clause" for Germany Significance -Signals true end of WWI -Need one extreme or the other (either real harsh or real helpful) -Germany regained power soon |
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Dix, Metropolis
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-Painting describing culture in Europe and US in 1920s
-Jazz and parties -"Roaring" or "Anxious" twenties -Live your life, but still worried Significance -Started to just have fun while they could -Didn't know what was gonna happen next -More freely about sex |
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The Weimar Republic
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-In Germany soon after WWI
-Moderate Social Democrats led it -Economic and international crises hurt Weimar -Responded to challenges with repression |
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The Great Depression
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-Started in US in 1929 and dominoed to Europe
-Causes: Postwar economic order was built on a fragile foundation of international credit, reparations payments, and foreign trade -US demanded repayments of loans to get out of it Significance -Nazism formed -West proved to be key economy |
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The Beer Hall Putsch of 1923
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-Hitler's first ambitious grab for power
-From Munich, Nazis marched on the local government -Republican troops put it down -Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, a work that set the core of his Nazi doctrine Significance -Hitler's first real attempt for power -Led to more attempts -Led to domination |
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Hitler becomes Chancellor
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-1933 offered chancellorship
-Nazis used propaganda and terror to confuse and frighten voters -Hitler had Reichstag quickly pass an enabling act, granting him the power to make laws on his own -Outlawed all other political parties -Became sole leader Significance -First big step in government -Shows his ability to work the system -Led to dictator |
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Principles of Nazism
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-View was that chosen people should dominate the weaker
-Leadership principle- best get to top -Hitler was to be worshipped and supported by all -Aim was to tear down old loyalties and replace with Nazi loyalties Significance -Laid the basis for Nazism -Changed throughout Nazi rule -People died later |
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Nazi Propaganda
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-One of the Nazi's ultimate techniques
-Used for persuading and indoctrinating all Germans -Permeate every possible communications media from the press and radio to film and arts -Lie when necessary -Brianwash Germans by controlling ALL communication Significance -Got supporters -Proved to play an everlasting role in Nazi rule -People supported ALL they did after they were brainwashed |
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The Four Year Plan
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-Hitler wanted country ready for war in 4 years
-Economy -German armed forces -Goring placed in charge -Didn't say war was going to break out, said to be ready Significance -Production problems were answered -Shows that Hitler is anticipating war -WWII |
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Nazi and German Youth
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-Kids should be tough as leather
-95% of youth backed Nazis -Appointed a former general as the head of the school system to make sure the ideas of Nazi party would be taught -Hitler Youth formed (B & G) Significance -Children grew up knowing the "Nazi way" -Shows that Nazis NEED physically fit -Prepared everyone for their different types of roles |
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Women
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-Function as wives and mothers (cooking, cleaning, children)
-Weren't considered inferior but should stick to natural abilities -Promoted birth so they could get more Aryans by making divorce easier and abortion harder and payments for different amounts of children -Women were needed in work force Significance -Went from moms to workers -Aryans shows that they were picky -Gotta take over men's jobs |
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Remilitarization of the Rhineland
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-Hitler did it against Treaty of Versailles
-Turning point cause people started thinking about war Significance -Showed aggression by Hitler -Broke TOV -WWII |
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The Munich Conference
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-Leaders of Germany, Italy, France, and Britain to resolve issue of Sudetenland
-B and F chose appeasement and gave in to Hitler in hopes to satisfy him -Hitler gets what he wants of Czechoslovakia -Takes over the rest of it Significance -Crucial decision on how to handle Hitler -Broke treaty -WWII began |
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The Battle of Stalingrad
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-Germany VS Soviet Union
-Germany stabs SU in the back after realizing they couldn't beat GB -Bloodiest battle of the war -6 months long -Stalin used women and harsh Russian winter came and Hitler had to retreat Significance -Biggest battle in the war -First German "defeat" -Turned tables slightly |
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Resistance to Hitler
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-Not many of Germans did; Unsafe
-Didn't think it would work anyway -Youth did (college students) -Some military was most successful -Never enough people to create a large enough uprising Significance -Hitler had been gaining power -Shows Hitler is the #1 -Couldn't be beat -Continued on his horrible ways later |
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The Blitzkrieg
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-"Lightening war" of highly coordinated air strikes and rapid deployment of tanks
-Germans beat polish forces with it -British blockaded them by sea -6 month stalemate -British ultimately fought them off Significance -WWII was indeed underway -Way of fighting in early WWII -Germans were defeated when their method was defeated |
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D-Day
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-1944 American forces assaulted German forces holding France
-Hitler established an "Atlantic Wall" -Allies pushed Germans out of most of France -Major turning point Significance -Germany was dominating before -Turning point for USA -Allies continued to win |
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The Berlin Blockade
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-1948 US and Britain tried to spur economic recovery in Germany by introducing a new currency
-Stalin countered by blockading the three main western zones of Berlin -West did an airlift -Stalin gave in Significance -Germany had been divided up earlier -Could've led to a large growth of communism -Stalin sucks in the end |
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The Marshall Plan
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-Created by Truman's secretary, George Marshall
-A package of massive economic aid to European countries to strengthen them and tie them to US influence -Soviets created COMECON in return -Eventually led to welfare Significance -Followed the Truman Doctrine -US getting in other peoples' business -Welfare began |
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1956 in Hungary and 1968 in Czechoslovakia
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-Demands for political changes in 1956 with no Stalin
-Soviet tanks finished them -"Prague Spring" uprisin in 1968 the Dubcek government initiated economic decentralization -Many more reforms, went to far, and crushed Significance -Shows what it was like after the Cold War -Hope in people is shown -People hate government -Government isn't messing around |
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Existentialism
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-Idea that there is no meaning to existence
-People are born and must do things for themselves -Created by the Cold War because it left an atmosphere of despair Significance -Shows the effects of the Cold War -Shows everyone felt worthless -Led to movements for new rights |
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Paris in 1968
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-Large group of college students rampaged through the streets of Paris
-Didn't think they would get a job so they wouldn't be able to experience what could be offered -Teamed up w/ workers, stopped police brutality, demanded higher wages Significance -Started w/ zero hope -Shows the power groups CAN have -Led to more protesting |
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Ottoman Empire
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-Ottoman Sultanate, last great Muslim empire, was defeated in 1918
-Provinces were divided into 3 new sections -Two under Britain, one under France Significance -Shows Muslim struggles -Sets stage for US conflicts -Leads to ongoing tensions with west |
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Islam and History
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-14 centuries of history
-Prophet Muhammad -Islam has lost dominance over past 3 centuries Significance -Explains the Islamic view -Sets stage for why Muslims hate Americans |
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Religion and Politics in Islam
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-No church
-Priests can only spread religion, not lead it -Church and state aren't separated, Prophet = head of state -Qur'an Significance -Readers understand the Islamic faith -Shows many differences and similarities between the two religions -Religion is HUGE for Muslims |
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Iranian Revolution
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-Lacked means, resources, and skills to become a world threat
-Muslims feel superior and that they are the only ones doing "right" Significance -Gave Muslims a new sense of power -Show how they stick together |
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Jihad
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-"Striving in the path of God"
-Duty of Jihad will continue until everyone is Muslim -No suicide, no killing women, old, or children, give a warning Significance -Explains Muslim "beliefs" -Makes things "right" in their eyes -9-11 |
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The Crusades
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-Captured Jerusalem but sparked little interest
-Raiding Islamic caravans and bucaneering led to a Counter-Crusade -Islam organized a jihad against Christians Significance -First contact between the two religions -Tensions ever since |
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Napoleon 1798
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-Napoleon landed in Egypt
-Everyone was amazed that such a small western force was able to invade one of the heartlands of Islam -British Navy had to get French out Significance -Only west could control the west -Shows how weak Islamic countries are |
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Islam and The end of the Cold War
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-American troops moved into Muslim countries to defend the Soviet invasion
-After job was done, they stayed -Muslims started to get mad -Tensions rose Significance -Tensions grew -US proves too friendly and nosey -Shows Cold War effects |
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Sayyid Qutb
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-Anti-American egyptian (Muslim)
-Openly opposed all American culture -Churches = businesses -Materialist West VS Spiritual East Significance -Gave US terrible reputation -Makes everyone think USA is trying to go after the Muslims -It was America that he went to, but he would've felt the same in any non-Muslim country |
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Mossadeq and the Shah
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-Shah of Iran started to Westernize and partner through oil w/ USA and GB
-Iranians revolted -Shah fled -US and GB overthrew Mossadeq government Significance -Shows that US only wants to help US -Makes Muslims hate US more -US later became known as "Great Satan" -9-11 |
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"Great Satan" and "Little Satan"
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-USA = "Great Satan"
-Israel = "Little Satan" -Satan is a seducer, so is USA -Nicknames were shouted in the anti-American demonstrations of 1979 Significance -Result of Qutb -Displayed just how much Muslims hated the United States of America -Led to 9/11 |
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Double Standards
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-West judges Middle Easterners by different and lower standards
-Western spokesmen overlook or even defend actions and support rulers that they would not tolerate in their own countries -America: "We don't care what you do to your own people at home, so long as you are cooperative in meeting our needs and protecting our interests" Significance -Muslims got more mad -Led to even more conflict -True though... |
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Book Sales in the Muslim World
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-Present a dismal picture
-Arab world translates only 330 books annually -Out of a list of 27 countries, not a single Muslim state is on it -VERY few books sold Significance -Shows how terrible their economy is -Poor position to make a difference in the world |
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Wahhabism
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-Campaign of purification and renewal with a declared aim to return to the pure and authentic Islam
-Wahhabis made $ from oil -Sponsored schools and colleges which were often times the only available education -Organized Muslim life, education, and worship -Focussed primarily against those that degraded Islam from within -Violent when necessary Significance -Shows that the Wahhabi influence is dominant -Shows how important the true religion is to many Muslims |
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The Assassins
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-Muslim group that wanted to rid the Islamic world of tyrants
-Predecessors of modern terrorists -ONLY Targets- highly placed leaders seen as evil -Never used long distance weapons -Never expected to survive Significance -It is "OK" in God's eyes -Led to all out terrorism |
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The "Clash of Civilizations"
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-Theory that main dividing issue in the future will be primarily cultural
-Countries will choose sides based on civilizations -Lack of problems will give countries the luxury of realizing their differences -Wars will take place on Fault Lines Significance -Introduces a liable futuristic idea -Signals the end of what they actual believe |
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Kin-Country Syndrome
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-Align themselves based on the civilization they belong to
-Countries will rally to support another country of the same civilization from invasion -Example: Muslims and Iraq VS US -Civilization against civilization Significance -Shows the increasing importance of similarities -Balance of power will go away -Shows how much changes throughout history |
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Torn Countries
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-Countries that are divided over whether their society belongs to one civilization or another
-Usually torn between the West or their traditional civilizations -Torn countries will eventually separate into different countries -Example: Soviet Union and Turkey Significance -West is problematic to East -Countries can even separate w/ differences |
