History-Rome Vocabulary (Jan.-Feb. 2011)

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aqueducts

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a canal or passage through which liquids pass

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attila

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( “Scourge of God” ), a.d. 406?–453, king of the Huns who invaded Europe: defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451 at Châlons-sur-Marne in France.

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Augustus (Octavian)

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Also called Octavian (before 27 b.c.). ( Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus; Augustus Caesar ), 63 b.c.–a.d. 14, first Roman emperor 27 b.c.–a.d. 14: reformer, patron of arts and literature; heir and successor to Julius Caesar.

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bishops

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a spiritual supervisor, overseer-a member of the highest order of the ministry

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Cleopatra

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?69--30 bc , queen of Egypt (51--30), renowned for her beauty: the mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony. She killed herself with an asp to avoid capture by Octavian (Augustus)

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Constantine

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Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus; “the Great” ), a.d. 288?–337, Roman emperor 324–337: named Constantinople as the new capital; legally sanctioned Christian worship.

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consuls

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an official appointed by the government of one country to look after its commercial interests and the welfare of its citizens in another country.

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dictator

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(in ancient Rome) a person invested with supreme authority during a crisis, the regular magistracy being subordinated to him until the crisis was met.

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gladiators

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(in ancient Rome) a person, often a slave or captive, who was armed with a sword or other weapon and compelled to fight to the death in a public arena against another person or a wild animal, for the entertainment of the spectators

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goths

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1. one of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.
2. a person of no refinement; barbarian.

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Hannibal

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A general from the ancient city of Carthage. During the second of the Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome, Hannibal took an army of more than 100,000, supported by elephants, from Spain into Italy in an effort to conquer Rome. The army had to cross the Alps, and this troop movement is still regarded as one of the greatest in history. Hannibal won several victories on this campaign but was not able to take Rome.

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Huns

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a barbarous, destructive person; vandal

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Ides of March

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March 15 on the Roman calendar, the date of Julius Caesar's assassination in 44 BC; also the eighth day after the nones in the ancient Roman calendar (the 15th day of March, May, July, October, the 13th of other months)

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Julius Caesar

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A Roman general and dictator in the first century b.c. In military campaigns to secure Roman rule over the province of Gaul

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Legionnaires

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1. ( often initial capital letter ) a member of the American Legion.
2. a member of any legion; legionary.

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Marc Antony

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?83--30 bc , Roman general who served under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars and became a member of the second triumvirate. He defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, but having repudiated his wife for Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, he was defeated by his brother-in-law Octavian (Augustus) at Actium

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Martyrs

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a person who is put to death or endures great suffering on behalf of any belief, principle, or cause

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Messiah :)

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1. the promised and expected deliverer of the Jewish people.
2. Jesus Christ, regarded by Christians as fulfilling this promise and expectation. John 4:25, 26

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Patricians

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1. a person of noble or high rank; aristocrat.
2. a person of very good background, education, and refinement.
3. a member of the original senatorial aristocracy in ancient Rome.
4. (under the later Roman and Byzantine empires) a title or dignity conferred by the emperor.

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Pax Romana

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1. the terms of peace imposed by ancient Rome on its dominions.
2. any state of peace imposed by a strong nation on weaker or defeated nations.
3. an uneasy or hostile peace.

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Plebeians

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1. belonging or pertaining to the common people.
2. of, pertaining to, or belonging to the ancient Roman plebs.

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Pope

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1. ( often initial capital letter ) the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.
2. a person considered as having or assuming authority or a position similar to that of the Roman Catholic pope.

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Punic Wars

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Three wars between ancient Carthage and Rome in the third and second centuries b.c. Hannibal led the forces of Carthage in the second Punic War. Carthage was destroyed after the third Punic War.

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Rabbis

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a sleeveless, backless, vestlike garment extending to the waist, worn by a cleric beneath the clerical collar, esp. in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches.

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Republic

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a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them.

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Spartacus

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died 71 bc , Thracian slave, who led an ultimately unsuccessful revolt of gladiators against Rome (73--71 bc )

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Tribunes

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1. any of various administrative officers, esp. one of 10 officers elected to protect the interests and rights of the plebeians from the patricians.
2. any of the six officers of a legion who rotated in commanding the legion during the year.

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Vandals

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A people of northern Europe, known for their cruelty and destrutiveness, who invaded the Roman Empire and plundered Rome itself in the fifth century.

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Veto

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the power or right vested in one branch of a government to cancel or postpone the decisions, enactments, etc., of another branch, esp. the right of a president, governor, or other chief executive to reject bills passed by the legislature.