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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reasons for the rise of the West and when
(5) |
Between 16th/19th C
European dominance could only occur because Europeans were able to take advantage of slave labor and silver mines in the Americas. Europeans could then put the profits to use in global trade networks.
Establishment of connections between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas via European voyages of discovery. These new links allowed the transfer of diseases, plants, animals, and humans across the seas, with devastating demographic consequences for the peoples of the Americas.
The East stops innovating (Landes)
Diffusion of superior European technologies, ideologies, and institutions to the rest of the world
Second, they argue that Europeans-especially the British-were able to industrialize early, primarily because they were fortunate enough to have a ready supply of coal deposits near large populations.
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(The Islamic World)
Ottoman Empire in decline post-1600
(6) |
The stagnation and decline, Stephen Lee argues, was relentless after 1566, interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery.
Empire in 1699 was, "a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566."
The main cause was a failure of leadership, as Lee argues
Secondly the military strength of European enemies grew stronger and stronger, while the Ottoman armies and arms scarcely improved.- e.g. devshirme decreased
Berkes: inability of the ruling class to make a clear choice between war and the more conventional types of capital formation
Trade- competition from trade from the Americas and c ompetition from cheap products from India and the Far East, and development of other trade routes
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(The Scientific Revolution)
There WAS a Scientific Revolution
(3) |
Radical new developments changed the scope in which the world was viewed. New mechanical devices included telescopes and barometers
Paradigm shift- radical change of ideas, e.g. Newton's ideas of gravity
Clairaut wrote that "Newton was said in his own lifetime to have created a revolution" |
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(The Scientific Revolution)
There was NOT a Scientific Revolution
(2) |
Revolution or Evolution? Did not move fast enough to be called a revolution; was gradual change and cannot be compared for example to the French Revolution which impacted everyone (APART FROM PARADIGM SHIFT)
Shapin: "no such thing as a scientific revolution"
No radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the Middle Ages and the developments in the Renaissance and early modern period. Thus the idea of an intellectual or scientific revolution following the Renaissance is—according to the continuity thesis—a myth.
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(The Scientific Revolution)
The Scientific Revolution WAS influential in European modernisation
(3) |
Modernised ideas as forced a reconsideration of previous ideas- e.g. Galen
It was essential to the subsequent Industrial Revolution that there was open minded examination of nature and actual thinking beyond the restrictions of the entrenched dogmatic Catholic Church. Once men were free to do their own thinking, advances proceeded with increasing rapidity.
New inventions and Scientific Method helped the Agricultural movement
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(The Scientific Revolution)
The Scientific Revolution WAS NOT influential in European modernisation
(2) |
Despite the breakthroughs made in astronomy and physics, most Europeans retained a belief in astrology, mystical processes, ghosts, and magic. German princes often relied on court astrologers as their closest advisers. Indeed, even Johannes Kepler sought to confirm the power of astrology with the results of his work, though he proved unable to do so.
Church imprisoned Galille for example
Not a revolution
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(Slavery)
Most important factor/s in abolition of slavery
(4) |
Economic motivation: had ceased to be of economic advantage to many, so this is when the critiques started to emerge. America could trade directly with the French and Dutch in the West Indies so not needed. Cotton, rather than sugar, became the main produce of the British economy and English towns, such as Manchester and Salford, became industrial centres of world importance- due to INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
hen parliament was finally reformed in 1832, two-thirds of those who supported slavery were swept from power. The once powerful West India Lobby had lost its political strength.
Religion (e.g. Quakers) and Religious fundamentalists (e.g. Wilberforce) a driving force with viable in a world where religion was the basis of society (however religion was also what had permitted slavery in first place)
Britain employed large scale slave labour in two main areas: the US colonies & the Caribean. So once the US gained it's independence, the demand for British slaves substantially reduced.
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(European Expansion)
Significance of Columbus voyage |
Brought Americas to the attention of western European countries that were interested in conquest and colonization. It was solely because of Columbus's discoveries that England, Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands all established footholds here. |
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(Slavery)
What was impact of slavery on British economy
(2) |
Historian Eric Williams in 1944 argued that the profits that Britain received from its sugar colonies, or from the slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean, was a major factor in financing Britain's industrial revolution
David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain.
Economic historian Stanley Engerman finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to less than 5% of the British economy during any year of the Industrial Revolution
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(European Expansion)
Importance of germs and disease in European expansion |
Killing off the native people made it easier to invade and takeover |
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(Body)
There WAS a one sex understanding of the human body
(3) |
Inverted Penis- Galen
Until the beginning of the eighteenth century, Laqueur claims, the one sex model dominated medical and philosophical literature and there was a web of knowledge to support it
Laqueur believes that men and women were seen as comparable variations of one type of sex; that there were many genders at this time, but there was only one sex. |
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(Body)
There WAS NOT a one sex understanding of the human body |
According to Laqueur, prior to the eighteenth century it was acknowledged that there were physical differences between the sex organs of men and women, but these differences were never made to be of significance
Only emerges once anatomy investigated 18C
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(The Chinese World)
How did Opium War affect relations between East and West? |
The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the British East India Company and the Qing Dynasty of China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to allow free trade, particularly in opium. The Treaty of Nanjing, first of the unequal treaties, granted an indemnity to Britain, opening of five Treaty Ports, and the cession of Hong Kong, ending the monopoly of trading in the Canton System. The wars are often cited as the end of China's isolation and the beginning of modern Chinese history.
The first opium war 1838 - 42 was a reaction by the British when the Chinese Qing Dynasty banned the trade and smoking of opium. The tightly controlled Canton sytem of trading only allowed the west to trade in one port undr strict standards. The British smuggled opium in and in 1838 war broke out between the Qing and the British Empire, the Qing lost and the treaty of Taiping was written this allowed the British to have control of the trading system, set up embassies in Chinese cities and the control of Hong Kong was given to the British for 300 years. The Qing dyansty was humiliated by the British.
TREATY OF NANJING |
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(Printing Press and Reformation)
Was printing press responsible for the religious reformation?
(3) |
Allowed for broadsheets/caricatures of the pope to be distributed- central to Calvin and Luther.
Luther wanted religion to be accessible to all, so the production of texts outside of church control/censor made this possible
Previous Hussite etc movements, e.g/ 1424 Pavo-Siena and Hus/Wyclife failed to prosper, so it is not insignificant that the Reformation occurred at same time as Printing Press
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(Printing Press)
How did ancient texts change as a result of the print revolution |
Forced a reconsideration of previous canonical greats such as Aristotle and Plato; replaced with Shakespeare.
Challenged ideas previously accepted: e.g. physiognomy disproved |
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(Printing Press)
YES the printing press was an agent of change
(5) inc. some quotes |
Democratisation of knowledge; key in this. E.g. for lower classes, chapbooks available with relevant knowledge. Provided MOTIVATION for literacy, would this have occurred without?
Relationship between educator and student. E.g. greater scrutiny of old texts of Plato etc. E.g. physiognomy proved false. "Print allows the formation of the genius"
Leeds: "change is significant if people are affected by it- significance of print is literacy rates". Social structure Europe changed as a result of the literacy rates. E.g. standardisation of texts and spelling/syntax
Aided fundamental undermining of religious texts in Europe. E.g. broadsheets and caricatures of Pope spread. "First propaganda campaign through medium of the press".
Prior to Press, religious movements developed but did not spread. E.g. Hussite movement or 1424 Pavia-Siena. Church found it hard to censor large scale works, even struggled with small e.g. Hus and Wycliffe
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(Printing Press)
NO the printing press was NOT an agent of change
(3) |
China had moveable type around 400 years before Europe and no similar revolution occurred.
Hand printing "fails to decay" (Trimethius) manuscripts etc are more durable
Religious reform was inevitable, print merely sped up the process |
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Why at this time did Europeans begin to think of themselves as superior to other peoples? |
This was linked both to contact with other peoples, and also with the view that the 'modern' world was outpacing the greatest achievements of classical Greece and Rome. The short Keller reading is interesting in this light. |
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(Body)
How were patriarchal systems justified without recourse to hard biological boundaries? |
The change from the one sex model to the two sex model helped to create a new understanding of gender in the meaning of human history. There is an "increasing differentiation of male and female social roles; conversely, a greater differentiation of roles and a greater female 'delicacy and sensibility' are [seen as] signs of moral progress.
If men and women are seen as being physically different, then they must be treated differently as well. |
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Define the Scientific Revolution (who/what did it start and end with) |
By tradition, the "Scientific Revolution" refers to historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700; beginning with Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), who asserted a heliocentric (sun-centered) cosmos, it ended with Isaac Newton (1642-1727), who proposed universal laws and a Mechanical Universe |
