History Review - Ch 1

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4 Million - 1 Million Years Ago

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Era of Australopithecus

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3.5 Million Years Ago

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Era of Lucy

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2.5 Million - 200,000 Years Ago

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Era of Homo Erectus

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200,000 BCE

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Early evolution of Homo Sapiens

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200,000 - 35,000 BCE

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Era of Neandertal Peoples

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13,500 - 10,500 BCE

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Natufian society

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10,000 - 8,000 BCE

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Early experimentation with agriculture

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10,000 - 300 BCE

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Jomon society

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8,000 BCE

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Appearance of agricultural villages

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4,000 - 3,500 BCE

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Appearance of cities

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3,000 BCE - 1,850 CE

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Chinook Society

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Evolution of Homo Sapiens

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hom•i•nid: noun Zoology a primate of a family ( Hominidae) that includes humans and their fossil ancestors. ORIGIN late 19th cent.: from modern Latin Hominidae (plural), from Latin homo, homin- ‘man.’

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The Hominid -- “Lucy”

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Australopithecus

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Australopithecus

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Appeared in east Africa about four million to one million years ago

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Australopithecus

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Walked upright on two legs; well-developed hands

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Australopithecus

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Stone tools; fire later

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Homo Erectus

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It is widely accepted that population similar to Homo erectus was directly ancestral to the earliest members of living species Homo sapiens. The exact timing and mode of transformation are still controversial.

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Homo Erectus

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Homo erectus appears to have evolved in Africa about 1.8 million years ago. Migrations first to Asia and then to Europe. The species became extinct sometimes less than .5 million years ago. This timing places Homo erectus between homo habilis and the earliest appearance of Homo sapiens. The time of migration out of Africa is unknown. Most scholars agreed migration occured about 1 million years ago but there is continue debate over how much earlier than this had begun.

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Homo Erectus

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Recently a Homo erectus lower jaw has been found in Georgia and said to be 1.6 million years ago. A number of important firsts were recorded during the Homo erectus’ existence.

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Homo Erectus

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*the first appearance of hominids outside of Africa

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Homo Erectus

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*the first appearance of systematic hunting.

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Homo Erectus

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*tool making and use of fire* tool making and use of fire

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Homo Erectus

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*first indication of extended childhood.

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Homo Erectus

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*homo erectus was capable of a more complex life.

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Homo Erectus

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*Body size also increased. Reaching close to 1.8 meters in male and 1.55 meters in females.

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Homo Erectus

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*the cranium is long and low and somewhat flattened at the front and back

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Homo Erectus

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*the cranial bone being thicker than in earlier hominids

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Homo Erectus

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*the face is short but wide and the nasal aperture projected forward, suggesting the first appearance of the typical human external nose with the nostril facing downward.

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Homo Erectus

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*pronounced brow ridges are present above the orbits.

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Homo Erectus

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*the postcranial skeleton is similar to that of modern man but its robust and was clearly heavily muscled.

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Homo Erectus

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*Homo erectus evidently routinely experienced heavy physical exertion.

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Homo sapiens

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Origin Latin, literally “wise man”

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Homo sapiens

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Evolved as early as two hundred thousand years ago

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Homo sapiens

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brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective thought

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Homo sapiens

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spread throughout Eurasia

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Homo sapiens

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Ice Age enabled travel to other regions otherwise unreachable.

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Paleolithic Society

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Pa•le•o•lith•ic | adjective Archaeology of, relating to, or denoting the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used. • [as n. ] ( the Paleolithic) the Paleolithic period. Also called OLD STONE AGE . The Paleolithic period extends from the first appearance of artifacts to the end of the last ice age (about 8,500 years ago). The period has been divided into the Lower Paleolithic, with the earliest forms of humankind and the emergence of hand-ax industries (ending about 120,000 years ago), the Middle Paleolithic, the era of Neanderthal humans (ending about 35,000 years ago), and the Upper Paleolithic, during which only modern Homo sapiens is known to have existed. ORIGIN mid 19th cent.: from PALEO- [of prehistoric times] + Greek lithos ‘stone’ + -IC.

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Paleolithic Society

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Economic and society of hunting and gathering peoples

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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prevented individuals from accumulating private property

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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lived in an egalitarian existence

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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lived in small bands, about thirty to fifty members in each group

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Big game hunting with special tools and tactics

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Some permanent Paleolithic settlements, if area rich in resources

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Natufians in eastern Mediterranean

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Some permanent Paleolithic settlements, if area rich in resources

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Jomon in central Japan

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Some permanent Paleolithic settlements, if area rich in resources

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Chinook in Pacific northwest area of North America

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Natufians in eastern Mediterranean

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Collected wild wheat and took animals from abundant antelope herds.

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Natufians in eastern Mediterranean

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Natufians burials, often place in close proximity to the homes of the living, contain elaborate jewelry made of bone, shell, and shone. These materials, readily available in the Mediterranean landscape, were fashioned by skilled artists and marked the social standing of the Natufians’ buried ancestors. At Eynan/Ain Mallaha, for example, an exquisite headdress made from hundreds of delicate, tusk-skaped dentalium shells was found in a woman’s burial.

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Jomon in central Japan (Hunter Gathers of Japan)

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Harvested wild buckwheat and developed a productive fishing economy.

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Chinook in Pacific northwest of North America

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Chinook society emerged after 3000 B.C.E. until mid-nineteenth century C.E.

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Paleolithic Society: Economic life

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Chinook in Pacific northwest of North America

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Subsisted on wild berries, acorns, and massive salmon runs in local rivers.

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Paleolithic Society

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Chinook in Pacific northwest of North America

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These settlements had permanent dwellings, sometimes in the form of longhouses that accommodated several hundred people, but often in the form of smaller structures for individual families.

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Paleolithic Society

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Neanderthal peoples

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Europe and southwest Asia between one hundred thousand and thirty-five thousand years ago

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Paleolithic Society

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The creativity of homo sapiens

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Constructed powerful and flexible languages

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Paleolithic Society

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The creativity of homo sapiens

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Accumulate and transmit knowledge to new generations

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Paleolithic Society

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The creativity of homo sapiens

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New tools, weapons, and trade networks

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Paleolithic Society

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Cromagnon

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The first human beings of fully modern type; appeared forty thousand years ago

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Paleolithic Society

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Cromagnon

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Venus figurines--fertility

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Paleolithic Society

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Cromagnon

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Cave paintings of animals--sympathetic magic

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Paleolithic Society

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Cromagnon

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The first human beings of fully modern type; appeared forty thousand years ago

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Paleolithic Society

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Cro-magnon peoples (Homo sapiens sapiens)

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Paleolithic Society

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Ho•mo sa•pi•ens | the primate species to which modern humans belong; humans regarded as a species. See also HOMO. • a member of this species. ORIGIN Latin, literally ‘wise man.’

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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The origins of agriculture

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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ORIGIN late Middle English : from Latin agricultura, from ager, agr- ‘field’ + cultura ‘growing, cultivation.’

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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The origins of agriculture:
Neolithic era; new stone age; refined tools and agriculture

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From about twelve thousand to six thousand years ago

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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The origins of agriculture:
Neolithic era; new stone age; refined tools and agriculture

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Neolithic women began systematic cultivation of plants

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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The origins of agriculture:
Neolithic era; new stone age; refined tools and agriculture

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Neolithic men began to domesticate animals

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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The origins of agriculture:
Neolithic era; new stone age; refined tools and agriculture

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These activities gradually led to the formation of agricultural economies.

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Early agriculture around 9000 B.C.E.

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Agriculture emerged independently in several parts of the world

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Early agriculture around 9000 B.C.E.

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Merchants, migrants, and travelers spread food knowledge

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Early agriculture around 9000 B.C.E.

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Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent movement of farmers

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Early agriculture around 9000 B.C.E.

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Agriculture more work than hunting/gathering but steady, large supply of food.

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Early agricultural society; population explosion caused by surplus

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Emergence of villages and towns

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Early agricultural society; population explosion caused by surplus: Emergence of villages and towns

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Jericho, earliest known neolithic village

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Early agricultural society; population explosion caused by surplus: Emergence of villages and towns

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Mud huts and defensive walls

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Specialization of labor

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Neolithic site of çatal Hüyük, eight thousand people

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Specialization of labor

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Prehistoric craft industries: pottery, metallurgy, and textile production

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Social distinctions, due to private land ownership

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The more land one held in their possession, yielded more food crops.

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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Neolithic culture; calendars and life cycle deities

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Example of calendar system

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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The origins of urban life

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Emergence of cities, larger and more complex than villages

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The neolithic era and the transition to agriculture

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The origins of urban life

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Earliest cities in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, 4000 to 3500 B.C.E.