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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the developments during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance that contributed to the Scientific Revolution:
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The reformation broke down Christian unity, and the Scientific Revolution taught Europeans to view the universe and their place in it in a new way. The Scientific Revolution stands as the major force in the transition to the largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that has defined the Western mentality.
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Ptolemaic/geocentric conception of universe:
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The universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at the center.
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Nicolaus Copernicus – jot list his bio:
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Had studied both math and astronomy. Copernicus had argued that the universe had consisted of eight spheres with the sun motionless at the center and the sphere of the fixed stars at rest at the eighth star.
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Tycho Brahe:
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For twenty years, he patiently concentrated on compiling a detailed record of his observations about the movement and location of all the moving stars. He was able to accurately predict where each star would be.
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Johannes Kepler:
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Kepler’s work illustrates well the narrow line that often separated magic and science in the early scientific revolution. Kepler possessed a keen interest in Hermetic mathematical magic.
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Galileo:
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He taught mathematics and taught at one of the most prestigious colleges in all of Europe. He made many discoveries, inventions, and books. His teachings and discoveries were not accepted very much at first, because people still believed in earlier sources. They thought that nothing could be changed.
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Newton:
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Newton: Newton invented calculus, began his investigations into the composition of light, and made his work final for the discovery of universal gravitation.
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Principia Mathematica
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: In this book, Newton spelled out the mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation. In his very first book, Newton defined the basic concepts of mechanics by elaborating the three laws of motion.
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Galen’s Influence
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His influence in the medical world was pervasive in anatomy, physiology, and disease. Galen had relied on animal dissection instead of human dissection to prove that many anatomies of the human body were wrong to this point.
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Paracelsus:
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He rejected the work of both Aristotle and Galen and attacked the universities as centers of their moribund philosophy. He and his followers hoped to replace the traditional system with a new chemical philosophy that was based on new chemical understanding.
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Vesalius:
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He was involved with the works of Galen, and was inspired by an anatomy done by Galen. His hands on approach allowed him to make further discoveries that Galen could not.
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William Harvey:
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His work was based on meticulous observations and procedures which led him to demolish the Greek’s previous beliefs
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Robert Boyle:
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Boyle was one of the first scientists that conducted more controlled experiments. His pioneering work on the properties of gases led to Boyle’s law, which states that the volume of a gas relates to how much pressure is on it.
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Margaret Cavendish:
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She was a good example of the women in England and France who worked in science.
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Maria Merian
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Established a reputation as being an important entomologist by the beginning of the eighteenth century. In 1699, she undertook an expedition into the wilds of the Dutch colony to collect samples of plant and animal life.
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Maria Winkelmann:
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She corresponded with famous scientist Gottfried Leibniz who praised her effusively.
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Jot list querelles des femmes:
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This book was created because at that time, men were seen as superior to women, and the men did not think that women should have the rank to be called chemists.
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Francis Bacon
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He rejected copernicus and Kepler, and did not understand the teachings of Galileo. He did not think that humans did not know how to study the world, but he thought that people were just not doing it the right way.
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Empiricism and Scientific Method
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– inductive logic: Began with systematic observations and experiments, which were used to arrive at systematic concepts. It was important because of its ability to question how and why things work.
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Descartes’ rationalism and deductive logic
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Each step in an argument should be as sharp and well founded as a mathematical proof.
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English Royal Society
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Created a committee to investigate technological improvements for industry. The building of observatories greatly fueled the room for discoveries.
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Jot list Science and Society
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Recent research has stressed that one cannot simply assert that people perceived science was a rationally superior system. It has been argued that political interests used the new scientific conception of the natural worldto bolster social stability.
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Jot list Science and Religion
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In time, theology has seemed to be the queen of the sciences. To Galileo, it made little sense for the church to determine the nature of physical reality on the basis of biblical texts.
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Baruch Spinoza
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He was excommunicated from the Amsterdam synagogue at the age of 24 for rejecting set theories. He lived a quiet life, earning a living by grinding high quality lenses.
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Blaise Pascal
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A French scientist who sought to keep science and religion united. He had a very unique career, excelling at both simple and abstract concepts. In the Pensees, Pascal tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing to both their reason and their emotions.
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