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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Opium Wars |
1840-1842 China forced to accept opium. Led to greater intervention in China so that by 1900 most of coastal China was under western control |
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The New Imperialism |
1870-1914 "Kingdoms expanding beyond their borders" Jules Ferry-twice prime minister of France. Motivations: Colonies sources for raw materials and markets prestige for the mother country Christianize the "heathen" The "White man's burden"-duty of the white man was to bring other races up to par. |
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The New Imperialism Cont. |
Europe's technological superiority-the maxim gun Asia opens to the West: China-opium wars Japan- 1853 Commodore Perry and squadron of U.S. Ships entered Tokyo Bay; Opened Japan up to trade with the West (Japan's response was to copy western ways) Boxer Rebellion- nationalistic Chinese who want to drive westerners out. |
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New Imperialism Cont... Which areas of the world did the Europeans exploit? |
British-Egypt 1885-Wanted souez Canal Africa exploited. Africa was divided among western nations. |
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What was the alliance system in Europe 1882-1914?
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Initiated by Otto Von Bismarck in 1870's he allied Germany with Austria-Hungary & Russia to avoid a 2 front war. After Bismarck retired the new Germany Kaiser allowed the reinsurance treaty with Russia to lapse
Triple Alliance formed and opened door to shifts in international relations Entente Alliance Russia came into conflict with Austria-Hungary & Germany ambitions in the Balkans and joined with France. Britain also joins. 1914 Europe divided itself into two powerful alliance systems: Triple Entente (France, Russia and Great Britain) and Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy) |
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Who were the members of alliance?
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Allies: Britain, France and Russia (Italy joins in 1915)
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary & The Ottoman Empire |
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What even provoked the war?
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June 28, 1914 Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo by Bosnian terrorists, July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia. Germany promises full support (blank check)
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Why did World War I happen?
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Crises in the Balkans. There were 3 events that took place
1. 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed two provinces (Bosnia & Herzegovina) 2. 1912-1913 Various Balkan states defeated Turkey then fought among themselves for more territory. (expansion) 3. June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (Imperialism, militarism, nationalism & alliances) |
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Who were the combatants in WWI?
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Allies-- French, British and their empire (Canadians, Australians, New Zealand), Russians, Italians and Americans.
Central Powers—Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire |
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What is meant by the term “year of the slaughter?”
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1916 from Battle of Verdun to Battle of the Somme. MASS CASUALTIES
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What were some of the most significant battles of World War I?
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Battle of Marne September 6-12, 1914 –German offensive stopped and Paris was saved. Hero of the battle French General Joffre. (1st Battle of the war).
Battle of Verdun February-December 1916—German assault on the French fortress of Verdun. French stand firm, Germany unable to capture Verdun. French lose 542,000 German: 650,000 **this was the longest battle of WWI*** Battle of Somme July-Nov 1916—fought along Somme river in north France. To relieve pressue on Verdun. Allied lost: 614,105 German: 650,000 (killed in one day) outcome: indecisive and continued stalemate on the western front. (introduced tanks) |
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How did the United States become involved in World War I?
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United States entered WWI due to the Zimmermann telegram and the sinking of the American cargo ships (Lusitania) by German submarines
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How did World War I end?
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Germans ran out of money, soldiers, food and war materials. Support at home was dwindling. American armies began to arrive in Europe. The Kaiser abdicated and the new government decided that they had no choice but to surrender. War ended with an armistice at 11am on November 11, 1918.
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Assess the impact of casualties in World War I
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France lost 1.385 million
Translated into losing 10.5 men out of each 100 active men. 9.8 for Germany 5.1 for Britain |
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What were the main points of the Versailles Treaty?
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Between Germany & Allies
Germany lost territory including colonies & population German army reduced to 100,000 Rhineland was demilitarized War Guilt Clause Article #231-Reparations in 1921 were set at 33 billion Signed on June 28, 1919 (50 year anniversary of the Archduke's assassination) ***Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Russia was not at the conference |
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List a number of outcomes that make World War I a “revolutionary” event
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End of empires in German, Russian, Austrian and Ottoman
Advent of Total War –everyone involved—(French men & women civilians were preyed upon by the enemy because they lived behind German lines) Rumblings of nationalism in Africa & Asia (Europe was held on a pedestal, but people viewed them differently and did not want to mimic them) Emergence of United States as a world power (main player on the world stage) Emergence of Marxist Socialism (Russia—Bolshevik 1917) Birth of Fascism (Italy) & National Socialism (Germany) Era of disillusionment—disillusionment was about war, generational rebellion, women rebel, wear short skirts, smoke, cut hair (England, France & Germany) Expanded roles for women (right to vote, right to work) First step in the process of the death of the European continent (they are literally committing suicide) |
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What attempts were made to insure the peace for the future?
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League of Nations was formed that would guarantee borders and settle conflicts that may arise in the future.
Only weapons were economic sanctions and moral condemnations. Map of Europe was redrawn. Austria-Hungary was cut from 50 million to 6.5 million. War guilt-clause where Germany had to accept responsibility for the war and pay reparations |
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4. Who were the Bolsheviks?
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Bolshevik's were a majority faction of the Leninist wing of the Russian Marxist party. After 1917 the Communist Party.
They were led by Lenin who gradually established himself as a dictator, civil war destroyed economic infrastructure and led to adopt the NEP in 1921. NEP steps back into limited capitalism and had revived the Soviet economy by 1927, Planned uprise against provisional government, and Nov 6-7 toppled provisional government. Revolts were led in Moscow and other Russian cities. Bolshevik's considered the provisional government to be bourgeoisie. They helped with the formation of them so they could later overthrow them. |
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Identify Lenin
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He was expelled from university for his radical thinking. Wanted to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model. Introduced the New Economic Policy. Dictator
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How Bolsheviks come to power
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Until 1917, Lenin's Bolsheviks remained only a minor party within Russia.
He developed theoretical and tactical principles that the Bolsheviks would later use. First, the party should be an elite, Second, contrary to what Marx had argued, the socialist revolution need not include only the industrial working class. Third, the party should firmly oppose participation in the war, Sherman, Dennis (2010-10-20). |
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Why Bolsheviks come to power?
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Marxism had become influential among some Russian intellectuals, revolutionaries, and groups critical of Russia's tsarist autocracy toward the end of the nineteenth century.
In 1898, Russian Marxists had formed the Social Democratic Party, whose principal leaders were Georg Plekhanov (1857–1918) and his disciple Lenin. When Kerensky failed to extract Russia from the war, Bolshevik influence grew, especially among the Petrograd workers and soldiers.(715) |
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Three principles that set them apart from other Marxist organizations
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Party should be elite, highly trained and constantly purged of those not dedicated
Socialist revolution need not include only industrial working class, but should include workers and poor land hungry peasants Third, the party should oppose participation in the war, which Lenin considered a product of imperialist rivalries and a continuing civil war among capitalists |
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Why was the Bolshevik revolution a contradiction of Marxism?
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Marxist theory was proletariat vs. bourgeoisie and Russia was not bourgeoisie. Bolshevik's considered Provisional government to be bourgeoisie.
In July 1917, a massive popular demonstration against the provisional government erupted in that city. Most members of the Bolshevik Party supported the demonstration, though in the end the leadership did not. In these bloody July Days, the provisional government put down the demonstrators with force. The Kerensky government arrested many Bolsheviks and impelled others, including Lenin, to flee to Finland. |
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What was the Civil War?
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Mensheviks against the Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks were successful and Lenin seized power) Cheka (secret police) hunted down enemies (Red Terror)
To buy time and free the new regime for the enormous task of refashioning Russian society, Lenin immediately opened peace negotiations with Germany. Lenin had paid a high price for peace. Nevertheless, a bitter civil war broke out in Russia following the peace with Germany. The Russian, including most of the higher army officers, launched a series of uncoordinated attacks against the Bolshevik regime. These “White” forces were aided by various other groups disaffected by the revolution. The Bolsheviks sharply suppressed any internal opposition. A secret police force—the Cheka— unleashed the Red Terror to hunt down “class enemies” and ensure internal conformity to the Bolshevik regime. The Red armies faced numerous obstacles in their all-out effort to defeat the Whites. By 1920, the Russian civil war had ended. Some four to six million had lost their lives in the civil conflict. |
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What was the NEP?
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New Economic Policy (1921) allowed capitalist ventures, state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries. Small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit, peasants were not harassed and could hold on to small plots of land and produce surplus crops.
In 1921 he launched the New Economic Policy (NEP) , a “temporary” compromise with capitalism. This policy allowed peasants to manage their own land and sell their own crops. In addition, small-scale industries could operate under private ownership, and money and credit were restored. Although the state still supervised the economy, the NEP provided enough capitalist incentive to pull the Russian economy out of chaos. |
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Identify the totalitarian regimes in Europe 1919-1939
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USSR-Commies (Stalin) Italy- Fascism (Mussolini) Germany- National Socialism (Hitler) Japan- Ultranationalism (Tojo Hideki)
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5. What are the characteristics of totalitarianism?
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A twentieth-century form of authoritarian government using force, technology, and bureaucracy to effect rule by a single party and controlling most aspects of the lives of the population.
Totalitarianism common features: 1. Cult of leadership 2. Presence of a single political party 3. Concentration camps for political prisoners 4. Secret police (In Russia, Italy, German) 5. Censorship 6. Militarism 7. Viewed as youth movements (Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler) |
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Be able to identify and explain the ideologies of the various totalitarian regimes
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Mussolini-Italy
Fascist Ideology 1919 • Define itself negatively, anti-Marxist, anti-liberal anti-democratic, rejects idea of peace, glorifies war. Glorifies state, religion deserves state protection (it is a positive force) and fascism advocates imperialism and must expand to stay young. Hitler-Germany • 25 Point Program Unification of Greater Germany, Austria & Germany to live and have space to grow, wanted land and expansion, anti-Versailles, wanted German race to be a citizen, anti-semitism (no Jewish person can be member), only citizens can live here, no immigration, everyone must work, division of profit, extension of old age welfare, land reform (In Anthology Book) Stalin-USSR • Five Year Plan (1928) Rapid, massive industrialization of the nation. Double production, increase production of electricity, build 1500 new factories. 1932 Stalin announced all goals were met several months ahead of time. |
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Who was Joseph Stalin?
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Joseph Stalin (1879–1953) Stalin (a pseudonym meaning “man of steel”) was born in Georgia the son of poverty-stricken ex-serfs.
Expelled from the seminary because of his Marxist views, he joined revolutionary groups. He played a prominent role in Russia's civil war and became executive secretary of the Communist Party. In this key position, he made himself master of the all-important party machinery and pursued his drive for power. |
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Be able to explain the Five Year Plans and the Purges
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By 1928, Stalin ended the NEP and launched the first Five-Year plan. It called for the rapid, massive industrialization of the nation. Goals included more than doubling industrial production, increasing the generation of electric
power almost fivefold, and building 1,500 new factories within five years. To help accomplish the Five-Year Plan's goals: Collectivization, it was believed, would also push peasants to become industrial workers in the cities. |
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Who was Benito Mussolini?
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Benito Mussolini was a school teacher by profession who became a member of the socialist movement. Mussolini also fought in World War 1; he was wounded so he got to go home early. Mussolini broke from the socialist movement and formed the Fascist movement in 1919.
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How and when did Mussolini achieve power?
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Mussolini made his reputation by fighting the Socialists in Italy during the years 1919-1922. By 1922 the Fascist Party was the largest single party in the Italian legislature. Mussolini demanded power or he would march on Rome. The Italian government capitulated and named Mussolini prime minister on October 30, 1922.
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What were the main points of Italian Fascism?
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The main points of Italian Fascism:
Fascism defines itself negatively; that is what it opposes Fascism is anti-Marxist, anti-liberalism, and anti-democratic. Fascism rejects peace; it glorifies war. According to Fascism war brings out the best qualities of the human race. Glorifies the state; the state has a will and personality of its own; it can be relied on to solve the problems of society. Religion deserves the state's protection since it is a positive force; specifically Roman Catholicism. Fascism advocates imperialism; the state must expand or it will die; expansion keeps a nation young and vibrant. |
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What was Weimar Germany?
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Soon after the WW2, the Germans set up the Weimar, as a model liberal democracy. Weimar (wy'e-mar) Republic The liberal German government established at the end of World War I and destroyed by Hitler in the 1930s
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What liabilities did Weimar Germany have?
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Government had to pay 33 billion in debt
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Who was Adolf Hitler?
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Adolf Hitler (1889–1945). Hitler was born to a middle-aged Austrian customs official and his much younger wife.
When World War I broke out, he e served as a courier in the German army and was decorated three times. As for Germany's defeat at the end of the conflict, he blamed Jews and Marxists, who he felt sure had “stabbed Germany in the back" |
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What was National Socialism and what were the main points of the ideology?
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Nazism
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How and why did Hitler achieve power?
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The Early Year(1919 – 1933) A. Formation of the NSDAP(National Socialist German Workers Party)
B. The Beer Hall Putsch(8-9 November 1923) C. The Growth of the NSDAP D. Hitler Becomes Chancellor E. Consolidation of the Dictatorship (1933 – 1935) |
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What type of regime did japan embrace during the 1930's?
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Japan embraced a policy of ultranationalism during the 1930s.
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What were Japan's goals and what were the results?
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The Japanese were trying to expand their empire in East Asia. They rejected the European and American ideas of individualism, materialism, and liberalism that were coming into their country. They wanted Japan to return to its original form of independence and prosperity to be free from any American or European influences. They ignited a war with China and this led to the establishment of a puppet state called Manchuko in Manchuria.
In 1937, Japan again attacked China and seized large areas of east and north China. Then in 1940, Japan allied itself with the 2 main ultranationalist powers in the West: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. By the year 1942 Japan controlled much of east and south Asia as well as the Pacific Basin. But in the year 1945 Japan's ultranationalist policies had collapsed. That year, American planes dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, defeating Japan and ending World War 2. |
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What were the crises 1934-1939 that led to another war in Europe?
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The crises from 1934-1939: era of disillusionment, the authoritarian governments that had washed over eastern and southern Europe, political divisions within countries, break down of international affairs, civil war in Spain, and Hitler's control of Germany.
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What was appeasement, who was responsible for it and what were its goals?
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Appeasement was giving in to Hitler's demands in hopes of satisfying him. Britain and France were responsible for appeasement during the Munich Conference. The goals of appeasement were to satisfy Hitler in order to prevent another World War from happening.
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Be able to relate Hitler's conquests in Europe.
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Hitler's Rise to Power sheet
Aggression of the Dictators. |
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What aggression did Japan carry out in the Pacific?
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1931 – 32 – Japan attacked and conquered Manchuria and set up a puppet state, Manchuko
July 1937 – Japan launched a war against China Japan continued its aggression throughout southeast Asia in pursuit of oil. |
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How did the United States become involved in the war?
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American Intervention12/7/1941 – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, an American naval base.
A few days later, Germany and Italy as allies of Japan declared war on the United States. |
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What were the two turning points in the war?
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Turning point of the war in Europe: 12/1942 – 1/1943 – the Battle of Stalingrad.
1.After Stalingrad, the Red Army began to push the Germans out of Russia Turning point of the war in the Pacific – 6/4/1942 –Battle od Midway ended Japan's dominance in the Pacific and put the U.S. on the offensive |
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Where were the atomic bombs dropped in 1945 and why?
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8/6/1945 – atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima (un-touch by bomb during the war) 8/9/1045 – atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki (also untouched during war)
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In Europe in 1945, be able to pinpoint the areas liberated by the Anglo-Americans and the Russians
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(Maps on page 756 and page 777)
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Assess the overall situation in Europe at the end of World War II.
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People faced starvation and homelessness. Memories of lost loved ones and homes, the horrors of concentration camps, the hardships of occupation, and the echoes of bombings haunted people.
Officials and people hunted down and punished collaborators after only summary trials. Citizens shaved off women’s hair for sleeping with German soldiers and marched them through the street. The Soviets, Poles, and Czechoslovakians pushed Germans out of homes toward the west. Officials sent Soviet prisoners to forced-labor camps or to executioner for being “contaminated by anti-Soviet ideas. Western Europe looked to U.S. for loans, relief, defense, and leadership. Eastern Europe was falling under the dominance of Soviet Union. They had to find a way to deal with defeated nations without spawning new conflicts.--- pg. 767 |
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What happened at Belsen camp?
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This is one of the few accounts of real footage that we have from a concentration camp. The Allies arrived at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in the spring of 1945.They had to bury the bodies in huge pits because there were so many people. Many of these people in the Bergen-Belsen camp had lice. There were no gas chambers in Bergen-Belsen, because this was not a killing camp. It was a concentration camp
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13. What is the United Nations and why was it created after the end of World War II?
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United Nations (UN): a United Nations organization was founded in 1945 by fifty-one nations to promote international peace and cooperation.
Conveys the hopes of its founders for peace and international cooperation. |
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14. What were the major outcomes of World War II?
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The leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union shaped postwar Europe in two wartime conferences. They agreed to accept only unconditional surrender by Germany and Japan and to require complete restructuring of the aggressors’ governments. Germany, which had proved so powerful in two world wars, would be disarmed and divided. The Soviet Union, having suffered so much from Germany’s massive invasion, demanded and received pledges of territories on its western border as well as reparations from Germany.
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What happened to the European continent after World War II?
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In 1945, Europe lay prostrate as some 50 million refugees drifted across the land and countless people faced starvation and homelessness.
Outrage, fear, and violence continued to stalk Europe. Many resistance fighters and Soviet troops executed surrendering Nazi soldiers on the spot. The Soviets, Poles, and Czechoslovakians pushed 13 million ethnic Germans out homes in Eastern Europe toward the west. Jews who had managed to survive often found their homes destroyed, and they still suffered from flagrant anti-Semitism. What was the Cold War? Western Europe looked to the United States for loans, relief, defense, and leadership. The main challenge facing them was to find a way to deal with defeated nations without spawning new conflicts. |
