History Of The South Pt. 1

Front 1

London Company

Back 1

Charter colonial company in 1600's
Established Jamestown
Ultimately loses colony because of unsuccessful settling in Virginia

Front 2

John Smith

Back 2

Initial leader of the Virginia Colony
Saved colony from ruin by establishing strict requirements to cultivate food

Front 3

Thomas Dale

Back 3

New Governor of Virginia after Smith
Imposed even stricter rules
Allowed independent establishment of land and crops

Front 4

John Rolfe

Back 4

Early 1600's
First successful cultivation of tobacco
Married Pocahontas

Front 5

Powhatan

Back 5

Early 1600's
Leader of Natives around Jamestown
Established peace with the English (and Dale)

Front 6

House of Burgesses

Back 6

Colonial Virginia
First elected body of representatives in the colonies

Front 7

Arrival of the First African Slaves

Back 7

1619

Front 8

Legalization of Chattel Slavery

Back 8

1660

Front 9

Villeins

Back 9

Tenant farmers
Dominant form of labor in Virginia before slavery

Front 10

Oscar Handlin

Back 10

Historian, argued perception of Black inferiority came from their position and not from their color

Front 11

Winthrop Jordan, "White Over Black"

Back 11

English prejudice, religion, and manners caused them to justify chattel slavery based on race

Front 12

Gullah

Back 12

Cultural group originating in South Carolina and Georgia low country deriving from West African slaves

Front 13

Eliza Lucas

Back 13

Developed Indigo as a cash crop in South Carolina during mid-1700's

Front 14

Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 14

Inherited recessive trait more prevalent in Africans that gives partial immunity to malaria

Front 15

Indigo

Back 15

A plantation crop in the deep south before cotton displaced it. Introduced by Eliza Lucas in 1748.

Front 16

Rice

Back 16

A principle plantation crops in South Carolina and Georgia, cultivation dependent on technology from West Africa after 1715

Front 17

Nathaniel Bacon

Back 17

Virginia, Mid-1700's, Leader of Bacon's Rebellion against Indians and the Imperial powers

Front 18

William Berkeley

Back 18

Virginia, Mid-1600's, Catalyzed replacement of taboacco elite with first families, established uneasy peace with indians, defended imperial interests during bacon's rebellion

Front 19

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 19

Virginia, 1676, Counter-attack against indian raids against settlements, incensed susquehanah, resulted in depolarization of extreme power

Front 20

Tobacco Aristocrats

Back 20

Obtained modest wealth from shrewd business, coarse and unrefined, displaced in power by first families around mid-1600's

Front 21

English Civil War

Back 21

Early-Mid 1600's, War between Royalists and Parliamentarians, Royalists (Cavaliers) migrated to Virginia after defeat

Front 22

Oliver Cromwell

Back 22

Parliamentary leader during English Civil War, overthrew the Stuart Monarchy

Front 23

Glorious Revolution

Back 23

Ended period of strife in England, ceased chances of Catholicism reestablishing hold in england, Parliamentaries retook power from King James II

Front 24

Fall Line

Back 24

Geographic feature that shapes settlement, divides regions of high and low ground, on rivers, fall lines must usually be portaged

Front 25

Great Wagon Road

Back 25

Connected the backcountry south as a way of transit between Penn all the way down to georgia

Front 26

Piney Barrens

Back 26

Lumber stretches in N Carolina, wood used in North Carolina for outfitting ships with timber and tar

Front 27

Regulator

Back 27

Faction in N. Carolina that opposed arbitrary rich ruling class preceding the Revolutionary War

Front 28

Scots-Irish

Back 28

Predominate back-country ethnic group, known for strong language, crude methods, and violent tempers

Front 29

Sullivan's Island

Back 29

Island in South Carolina, site of slaves being unloaded from West Indies or Africa

Front 30

Cahokia

Back 30

Site of ancient indigenous mounds of the Mississippi culture

Front 31

Trail of Tears

Back 31

Forced migration dictated by Jackson following Indian Removal act of 1830, Five Civilized Tribes of South mostly ended up in OK

Front 32

Oklahoma

Back 32

American territory that was the primary destination of the Trail of Tears

Front 33

de Soto

Back 33

Spanish explorer who futilely searched for Gold around the deep south and wiped out the Mississippians.

Front 34

Natchez

Back 34

The only intact surviving group of Mississippians who were wiped out by the French in mid-1700's.

Front 35

Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw

Back 35

Muskogean speaking tribes who occupied the gulf south.

Front 36

Cherokee

Back 36

Algonquian speaking tribe in the Southern Appalachian mountains

Front 37

Seminoles

Back 37

Derived from the Creeks, fled to the swamps of Florida to ward off hostile English colonists.

Front 38

Muskogean

Back 38

Language of the gulf tribes of the 5 civilized nations

Front 39

Yamasee War

Back 39

1715, Yamasee with the Catawba and the Creeks tried to drive out Carolina and Georgian settlers, thwarted by Cheorkee who warned colonists in advance.

Front 40

Red Sticks

Back 40

Militant faction of the Creek who allied with the British in the War of 1812. Battle at Horseshoe Bend, Jackson ended the red stick conflict by wiping out over a 1000

Front 41

Treaty of Echota

Back 41

1835, Cherokee along with Creeks signed for their protected removal to the Oklahoma territory, precursor to the trail of tears

Front 42

Sea Island Cotton

Back 42

Easy to process because of long fibers and slippery seeds. Limited to warm sea islands of Carolina and expensive to produce.

Front 43

Short Staple Cotton

Back 43

Difficult to process because of seeds but hardy and easy to grow. Was not widespread until the invention of the cotton gin.

Front 44

Cotton Gin

Back 44

Simple invention used for separating seeds from cotton fibers. Revolutionized crop into widespread plantation cash opportunity.

Front 45

Eli Whitney

Back 45

Inventor of the cotton gin in 1794.

Front 46

Dixie

Back 46

Nickname for the slave south deriving from a ten dollar note printed in New Orleans

Front 47

Creole

Back 47

A person of mixed racial backgrounds of origin

Front 48

Cajun

Back 48

White french-catholic americans who emigrated from French Canada to New Orleans area

Front 49

Free People of Color

Back 49

Non-enslaved African-Americans, fairly common in New Orleans, sometimes mistresses or liasons of whites

Front 50

Crescent City

Back 50

Nickname for New Orleans, derives from shape of MS river around the metro area

Front 51

Congo Square

Back 51

Cultural center of slave music, dancing, and trade in New Orleans, possible origin of jazz music

Front 52

French Quarter

Back 52

Oldest neighborhood in New Orleans, site of french cultural sophistication

Front 53

Code Noir

Back 53

1724, Instituted by French Colonial powers, Required slaves be converted to Catholicism, not work on Sundays, couldn't sell slave children, and slaves needed to be married. Lasted until 1820's.

Front 54

Code Napoleon

Back 54

French Civil code put in effect in Lousiana in 1789, making Louisiana the only state with not law not founded on English common law.

Front 55

Battle of New Orleans

Back 55

During War of 1812, British attacked but Jackson et al. spectacularly held off troops. Actually took place after the treaty of ghent. Did not affect war's outcome but vindicated American presence in the west.

Front 56

Voodoo

Back 56

Taken to New Orleans when slaves masters fled the haitian revolution ~1800. Combination of west african believes with catholicism.

Front 57

Treaty of Ghent

Back 57

Marked the end of the ear of 1812.

Front 58

Robert Fulton

Back 58

Inventor of the first commercial steamboat in early 1800's. Allowed for transport up the Mississippi river.

Front 59

Storyville

Back 59

Red light district in New Orleans

Front 60

Mardi Gras

Back 60

Celebration of Fat Tuesday in New Orleans with parades and music.

Front 61

Krewes

Back 61

Clubs initially set up to quell violence on Mardi Gras. Each Krewe has its own float, party, and royalty.

Front 62

Protective Tariff

Back 62

Tariffs used to regulate international commerce.

Front 63

Revenue Tariff

Back 63

Tariff used to raise the national revenue.

Front 64

Strict Construction

Back 64

Constitution explicitly states a limited number of powers possessed by the federal gov

Front 65

Broad Construction

Back 65

Federal powers listed in the constitution only serve as a basic guideline

Front 66

10th Amendment

Back 66

all powers not specifically granted to the federal government, resided in the states

Front 67

Elastic Clause

Back 67

Congress possessed "all the powers necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers.

Front 68

Tallmadge Amendment

Back 68

In order for Missouri to admitted as a state, slavery had to be eliminated within a generation.

Front 69

John C. Calhoun

Back 69

Politician and theorist from South Carolina in early to mid-1800's. Came up with nullification theory.

Front 70

Tariff of 1828

Back 70

Tariff of Abominations. Protective tariff used to force southern planters to buy North American products.

Front 71

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Back 71

Pamphlet published by Calhoun urging the nullification of the Tariff of 1828

Front 72

Force Bill

Back 72

Jackson passed this bill stating the tariff of 1828 could be enforced by federal military powers when the tariff was nullified by SC

Front 73

Cult of Honor

Back 73

affirmed the central doctrines of Christianity, the natural liberty of
all white men, the virtue of rural life, the purity of white women, and the centrality of male
valor

Front 74

Dueling

Back 74

Mutual gift exchange of placing one 's life in mortal danger to protect honor in the face of an insult

Front 75

Middle Passage

Back 75

Transportation of West African slaves across the Atlantic to be sold in the new world. Horrific conditions. International trade banned in US in 1807.

Front 76

Coverture

Back 76

English doctrine by which a woman becomes encompassed legally by her husband. She has no individual rights apart from him.

Front 77

Separate Spheres

Back 77

Related to cult of domesticity after 1820, men dominate public sphere of politics and economics, women dominate domestic sphere of religion and home.

Front 78

"Fire Eaters"

Back 78

Political faction in antebellum S. Carolina, radical southern nationalists. Insisted slavery was a "positive good"

Front 79

Missouri Compromise

Back 79

1820, all areas of former lousiana territory north of latitude must be non-slave states except missouri which would phase out slavery within a couple generations. Arkansas was incepted at same time as Missouri to even out slave and non slave states.

Front 80

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 80

Publisher of the Liberator, a radical abolitionist journal

Front 81

Liberator

Back 81

Abolitionist journal first published in 1831, demanded immediate end of slavery as violation of Declaration and Christianity. Strong support from northern evangelicals.

Front 82

Charles Grandison Finney

Back 82

1830's, leader of Northern Christian movement to make the world a more perfect place. Actively advocated abolition of slavery, temperance, prison reform, and better education. Mostly middle class midwesterners.

Front 83

Nat Turner

Back 83

August 1831, black minister led a violent slave uprising, was executed, tied to southern resentment to liberator movement.

Front 84

Virginia Convention of 1832

Back 84

Last official southern debate regarding the abolition of slavery, tidewater counties won and slavery was upheld

Front 85

Compromise of 1850

Back 85

engineered by Henry Clay. 1) California was admitted as a free state. 2) the status of slavery in the New Mexico Territory remained undecided. 3) The Federal Government agreed to pay Texas' accumulated public debt. 4) The Slave Trade was abolished in the District of Columbia, and 5) the Fugitive Slave Law was strengthened,

Front 86

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Back 86

1854, introduced by Senator Stephen Douglas, allowed residents of Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide whether they wanted slavery in their states, precipitated large conflict

Front 87

Charles Sumner

Back 87

In 1850's, delivered speech condemning senators who supported slavery in Kansas, was beat by another Sneator's nephew for impeaching his honor.

Front 88

Dred Scott Decision

Back 88

1857, Supreme Justice Taney ruled that due process clause allowed slave holders to carry their property into all US territories

Front 89

John Brown

Back 89

Led raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859. violently seized a federal arsenal, hope to start a black liberation army in appalachia, failed and was hanged

Front 90

Fort Sumter

Back 90

Jan 1861, Beauregard (CSA) fires first shots of civil war to repulse a supply steamer to the federal fort.

Front 91

1st Bull Run

Back 91

July 1861, Inexperienced troops under McDowell (USA) march against inexperienced troops under Beauregard. Driven by public opinion. Great casualties, indicated that the war would last longer than previously expected.

Front 92

Ft Henry, Ft Donnelson, and Shiloh

Back 92

Feb-April 1862, Grant drives a campaign in the west, USA success, Henry opens up Tennessee river, Donnelson opens Cumberland river, Shiloh opened up N. Mississippi.

Front 93

Peninsular Invasion

Back 93

General McClellan, April 1862, USA forces invade Virginia peninsular and move towards Richmond, inconclusive battles, ultimately pushed back by Johnston and Lee/Jackson

Front 94

2nd Bull Run

Back 94

Lincoln replaces McClellan with Pope, August 1862, Lee and Jackson demoralize Pope and N. with flanking strategy, S. holds all of Virginia.

Front 95

Antietam

Back 95

Sept 1862, Lee launches counter-offensive into Maryland, but McClellan receives accidental information about Lee's plans and cuts him off at Antietam, Lee escapes back to Virginia

Front 96

Fredericksburg

Back 96

December 1862, New USA commander Burnside offensively attacks Lee regrouped with Jackson, USA completely decimated

Front 97

Chancellorsville

Back 97

May 1863, new Union commander Joe Hooker attacks Lee and Jackson, utterly fails, but Jackson accidentally killed after the battle by a sentry

Front 98

William Sherman

Back 98

One of the Union's most prestigious generals, brutal, led massively successful March to Atlanta and up the East Coast

Front 99

George Meade

Back 99

Union head commander of the army of the potomac during the Battle of Gettysburg.

Front 100

Joseph Johnson

Back 100

Confederate Commander, Nearly killed during peninsular campaign, Lee replaces him

Front 101

Cold Harbor

Back 101

June 1864, end of Grant's Overland Campaign against Lee. Huge casualties, without much tactical gain.

Front 102

Jefferson Davis

Back 102

Confederate President. Actually against secession. Veteran of Mexican-American War.

Front 103

Josiah Gorgas

Back 103

Brilliant administrator for the confederacy and provider of ammunitions.

Front 104

Christopher Meminger

Back 104

Head of the Quartermaster Corps for the Confederacy. Centralization of the process led to huge ineffciencies and failure to adequately supply the army.