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65 Cards in this Set

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Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk):

Credited with founding the Republic of Turkey, he wanted to modernize and secularize the country. He industrialized the nation and established new legislation for equality between the sexes.

Reza Shah/Khan:

Was the shah of power from 1925-1941, when Russia and Britain were establishing a foothold in Iran. He reorganized the army, government administration and finances. He gained “real independence” for Iran by abolishing all special rights to foreigners. The Trans-Iranian railways were built, modern education was founded. He had a dictatorial style of rule.

Muhammad Reza Shah:

Son of Reza Shah. Established himself as a puppet of Western control, shah of Iran that was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy.

Muhammad Mossadiq:

Iranian politician and PM from 1951 to 1953. Overthrown in a coup orchestrated by the CIA and MI6, and previously had been regarded by Iranians as the leading champion of secular democracy and resistance to foreign domination in Iranian markets.

Ayatollah Khomeini:

Becomes too vocal in his opposition to the Shah, is arrested and exiled.Iranian Shia Muslim religious leader and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which overthrew the Pahlavi monarchy. After the revolution he became Iran’s Supreme Leader, which merged political and religious authority into one position.

Sa’ad Zaghlul:

Egyptian statesman, leader of the Wafd party. Became active in nationalist movements, for which the British demanded he end his political agitation and forced him into exile. His wife Safiya became de facto leader of Wafdists during his exile.

Huda Sha’rawi:

Egyptian feminist, founded the first philanthropic society run by Egyptian women, and founded the Egyptian Feminist Union. She also opened a school for girls that focused on academics rather than midwifery.

Hasan al-Banna:

Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, wanted to eliminate British influence, Establish shari’ah law, and focused on social, political and economic reform.

King Farouk:

Had succeeded his father, Fuad I, as king of Egypt in 1936. Was described as an “ineffectual playboy”

King Faysal I:

King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria in 1920 and King of Iraq from 1921 to 1933. Promoted pan-Arabism and was a part of the Faysal-Weizmann Agreement in which the President of the Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann, agreed for Arab-Jewish cooperation in which Faysal accepted the Balfour Declaration while under the impression that an influx of Jewish immigrants would be good for the Arab state.

King Abdullah I:

King of Jordan and sat in the Ottoman legislature as deputy for Mecca. He allied with Britain during WWI and worked with British guerilla leader Lawrence and helped plan the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule. Was promised an Arab state by the English in return for his alliance with them during WWI.

Theodor Herzl:

One of the fathers of modern political Zionism, he demanded the emancipation of the Jews. Austro-Hungarian journalist who saw Jewish persecution around the world and desired their emancipation. He attempted to receive endorsements from the Ottomans as well as from the pope in order to gain a territory for a Jewish homeland.

David Lloyd George:

He was Herzl’s attorney, he was the British PM from 1916 to 1922, was a Christian Zionist. Held much influence in British support of the Zionist movement.

Chaim Weizmann:

A Zionist leader in Britain, Israel’s first President. Known for convincing the US government to recognize the newly formed state of Israel.

Louis Brandeis:

Was the head of the Zionist Organization of America, he sat on the Supreme Court for about 20 years.

Hajj Amin al-Husayni:

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, anti-Zionist, political refugee. Acquired control of vast patronage network and transforms his religious authority into the most extensive Arab political organization in Palestine. Criticized for allying with the Nazi party of Germany, however he did so out of need for an ally and a fellow condemner of Zionism.

Vladimir Jabotinsky:

Was associated with revisionist Zionism. Was a Jewish Russian who established several militant Jewish organizations in Palestine, including the Irgun.

David Ben-Gurion:

Was the primary founder of the State of Israel and the first PM of Israel and heavily advocated the Zionist cause. Known today as the “founding father”

Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasser:

Egyptian President, nationalized the Suez Canal, made Egypt a police state, wanted a constitution under which Egypt became a socialist Arab state with a one-party political system, with Islam as the official religion. Constitution was approved by 99.8%

Muhammad Naguib:

The first President of Egypt, had a conservative political outlook, wanted to return to a constitutional government. Was a primary leader of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.

Sayyid Qutb:

Teacher who travels to the US, experiences severe culture shock and returns to Egypt to attempt to enforce an Islamic Utopia. Leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood and was convicted with plotting Nasser’s assassination- was executed by hanging.

King Hussein:

King of Jordan, recognized Israel in 1994. Lost control of the West Bank during the Six Day War and saw its military shattered. Palestinian refugees were provided citizenship.

Moshe Dayan

Guy with the eye patch. Israeli military commander, he directed operations during the Six-Day War as Defense Minister. Ben-Gurion was his mentor. He eventually played an important role in negotiating the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.

Golda Meir:

Israeli PM in 1969. The “Iron Lady” of Israeli politics, she denied the existence of a Palestinian state

Henry Kissinger:

American diplomat and Secretary of State, who said this about Israel: “It’s hard to convince Israel why they should give up the territory in exchange for something they already have, in order to avoid a war they can win.”

Menchem Begin:

Former leader of Irgun and later the Israeli PM, was determined to establish a Jewish homeland on both sides of the Jordan river.

Gallipoli

Peninsula of Eastern Turkey that was the location of a WWI campaign. It was the last major victory of the Ottomans and the battle in which Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) rose to prominence as a commander.

Greece

A nation with which Turkey has struggled for many years over the island of Cyprus. Cyprus was previously under British control, but then partitioned into Greek and Turkish zones in a strong display of colonialism.

al-Alamain

The location of a WWII battle between the British and the Germans. Pivotal point because the British might have lost control of the Nile Delta and the Suez Canal to the Germans.

Transjordan

A British-controlled territory from 1921-1946 that became the modern Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Basically just a carved-out chunk of land with no historic ties. Britain put Abdullah bin Ali in charge, creating a European style monarchy.

Lebanon

Large population of Maronite Christians. The French wanted to protect Christians in the Middle East, so they formed Lebanon as separate from Syria. Government of Lebanon has fixed ratios of Christians to Muslims, although Muslims far outnumber Christians today.

Straits of Tiran

Narrow sea passages between the Sinai and Arabian Peninsulas. When Nasser created a naval blockade of the region, Israel used this as a sign of aggression and used it as justification to launch their attack on Egypt in the 6 Day War.

Sinai Peninsula

Administered by Egypt until the Israelis overran the peninsula during the Six-Day War. The Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979 led to Israel withdrawing from the Sinai Peninsula.

West Bank:

The Western Bank of the Jordan River, is a landlocked territory forming the bulk of Palestinian territories.

Golan Heights:

Territory in the Levant which was captured from Syria by Israel in the Six Day War, and was effectively annexed in 1981.

Secularism:

The principle of separating government institutions from religious institutions. Ataturk was hard core about this

Desecularization:

(Turkey) The call to prayer in Arabic was reinstated, religious instruction in schools again, training Muslim Imams, etc. in contrast to Ataturk’s previous efforts to secularize Turkey.

Truman Doctrine (1948)

Foundation of American foreign policy in the Middle East, it was a method of Soviet containment. It was created to counter Soviet geopolitical hegemony during the Cold War.

Zionism:

A Jewish political movement whose goal is the establishment and support of a Jewish state.

Pan-Arabism:

Ideology espousing the unification of the Arab world. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism and asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation and must “stick together” so to speak.

Revisionist Zionism

An ideology based on the synthesis of a Jewish religious and national outlook, dedicated to the preservation of Jewish political freedom and the enhancement of Jewish life in Israel. It is the founding ideology of the non-religious right in Israel.

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

Promised military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression.

Ben-Gurionism:

Core principle of this doctrine is that every act of Arab aggression against Israel will be met by an armed response well out of proportion to the original act itself.

AIOC:

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, PM Muhammad Mosaddiq nationalized this company in 1951, when the Brits and US cooperated in a coup plot to overthrow Iran’s democratically elected government. Now BP, British Petroleum.

Savak:

Iran’s security and intelligence organization under the control of Muhammad Reza Shah’s regime, complete with secret police, domestic security and intelligence services. It was established with the help of the CIA and has been known to torture and execute opponents of the Pahlavi regime.

Wafd:

Nationalist political party that was a major key in gaining Independence in Egypt from Britain. Served as a permanent delegation of the Egyptian people. Called for internal autonomy, constitutional government, civil rights, and Egyptian control of both the Sudan and Suez canal.

Muslim Brotherhood:

Islamic organization founded in Egypt by Hassan al-Banna in 1928 as an Islamist religious, political, and social movement

Arab League:

Regional organization of Arab countries in and around N. Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Arabia. It currently has 22 members. Its goal is to improve relations between member states and coordinate collaboration between them. It was founded in 1945 and its first major action was the joint intervention on behalf of the Arab population being uprooted in Israel.

Wahhabism:

A religious Islamic movement in Saudi Arabia, of the branch of Sunni Islam. It is considered puritanical, fundamentalist, and ultraconservative by many. It is named after one al-Wahhab who started a revivalist movement in Saudi Arabia to purge the religion of idolatry and bring it back to its roots. It is the current form of Islam in Saudi Arabia today

Haycraft Commission (1921)

Was a royal commission to study the impact of Jewish immigration to Palestine. Found that the Zionist Commission placed the interest of Jews above all others. They blamed the Arabs for the violence but identified a series of grievances concerning the way their interests were apparently being subsumed to the interests of the Jewish immigrants.

Irgun & Haganah

Zionist militant groups that both stemmed from the Jewish paramilitary organizations. Both groups conducted military attacks on British infrastructure in the region as well as on Palestinian Arabs. Irgun members were later absorbed into the Israel Defense Forces. They have been viewed as a terrorist organization.

Free Officers:

They were a group of Egyptian military officer, let by Nasser, whose goals were to·


end colonialism and Western Imperialism,· eliminate feudalism·


strengthen the military,·


establish social justice·


Eradicate foreign monopolies and exploitation.

United Arab Republic

Short lived political union between Egypt and Syria and lasted from 1958 to 1961, when Syria seceded from the union after the 1961 Syrian coup d’etat. During Nasser’s presidency Egypt continued to be known as the UAR.

Ba’ath Party

Arab political party advocating the formation of a single Arab socialist nation.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

An organization founded with the goal of liberating Palestine through armed struggle. It is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and has enjoyed observer status at the UN since 1974.

Feb. 4 Incident

British Ambassador Miles Lampson threatens King Farouk I of Egypt with forced abdication in 1942. This was a military confrontation that is cited as a major factor in the rise of revolutionary anti-monarchal sentiment in Egypt.

Balfour Declaration (1917)

The British expressed they wanted to establish a national home for all Jewish people in Palestine, stated that the Jewish homeland would not compromise the rights of non-Jews. Was made at the same time as the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the agreement with the Arabs

“Black Sunday”:

-A 1937 Irgun (“The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel”) attack in Jerusalem

Lavon Affair:

Operation Suzannah, Israeli forces infiltrated Egypt to bomb American and British building. The goal was to create a climate of violence and instability which would cause the British to keep its troops in the Suez Canal Zone.

Nationalization of the Suez Canal

Nasser saw the Suez Canal as an embarrassment to the Egyptian people, as it was built on the backs of Egyptian labor yet all profits from it went to the British and the French. As a result he decided to Nationalize the Canal, which led to a string of controversial events. The decision to nationalize the canal was one of great pride for the Egyptian people, however.

Nationalization of the Iranian Oil Industry

March 1951 the Iranian parliament (majlis) voted to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. The majlis then elected Mohammed Mossadegh, the champion of nationalization, to the position of Prime Minister. In response, the British pressured other countries to boycott Iranian oil, which resulted in the Abadan Crisis.

Suez War

Invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, who claimed Egypt had been consolidating military forces on their border. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Nasser from power- Israel was acting in the interests of England and France as well, and the U.S., the USSR, and the UN forced the three invaders to withdraw

Samu Incident (1966):

Israel launched a retaliatory raid into the West Bank to strike at Palestinian guerrilla base. Resulted in 15 Jordanian dead and 54 wounded, 3 arab civilian deaths and 96 wounded. Inflamed Arab public opinion in the Middle East and was a large contributor leading up to the Six-Day War.

UN Resolution 242:

1. Ordered Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict (Gaza, West Bank, Golan Heights, the Sinai)


2. Terminated claims of belligerency, acknowledgement of the sovereignty and respect for every nation.

Law of Return:

Israeli legislation passed granting all Jews across the globe the right to immigrate to Israel.