History Of The Middle East Final

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Jelali Revolts

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1519-1659.
Series of rebellions of irregular troops led by provincial administrators known as celali, against the authority of the Ottoman empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. An effort to attain tax privileges. Not attempts to overthrow govt.

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Shah Abbas I

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1587-1629.
Shah of Iran and considered the greatest ruler of Safavid dynasty. Took back land from the Portuguese and the Mughals. Great Builder. He became suspicious of sons and had them killed or blinded.

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Treaty of Karlowtiz

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1699.
Modern-day Serbia. Ended the Austro-Ottoman war, which the Ottomans were defeated at the Battle of Zenta. Marks the end of Ottoman control in Europe. First major territorial losses after centuries of expansion.

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Phanariot

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Greek and Hellenized families mostly native to Constantinople, came to occupy high posts of secretaries and interpreters to Ottoman officials and officers.

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Timar/Timariot

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Timar was land granted by Ottoman sultanates between 14th-16th centuries. The holders were known as Timariots. They had to assemble with the army when at war.

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Battle of the Pyramids

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1798.
Napolean vs. Mamluk rulers. Naploean used the massive divisonal square tactic. Battle signaled beginning of the end of 700 years of Mamluk rule.

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Selim I "the Grim"

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1512-1520.
Sultan of Ottoman Empire. Notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire, particularly the conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate. First person to take title Caliph of Islam. Empire was three times the size then when he first came to power.

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Muhammad b. Abdu al-Wahhab

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1703-1792.
Islamic Salafi Scholar. His pact with Muhammad bin Saud helped establish the first Saudi state. Effort to purify Islam by returning Muslims to what he believed were the original principles.

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Safavids

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1501-1722.
One of the most significant ruling dynasty of Persia. Considered the beginning of modern Persian history. Established Twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion. The revival of Persia as an economic stronghold between East and West.

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Selim III

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1761-1808.
Reform-minded Sultan of Ottoman Empire. Janissaries eventually imprisoned him. He was assassinated after a Janissary Revolt.

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Battle of Chaldiran

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1514.
Ottoman Empire defeats Safavid Empire and gain control over E. Anatolia and N. Iraq. Beginning of a 41 year war. They had a large army, numbering 60,000-200,000. It negated the idea that the Murshid of the Shia-Qizilbash was infallible.

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Battle of Lepanto

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1571.
Coalition of S. European Catholic maritime states decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in 5 hours of fighting. Prevented the Ottomans from expanding further along European Meidterranean.

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Shah Isma'il I

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1501-1524.
Founder of the Safavid dynasty. It was one of the greatest Persian Empires after Muslim conquest of Persia. He converted Iran from Sunni to Shi'a. Prolific poet.

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Ilkhanate

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1256-1335.
Breakaway state of Mongol Empire. Based on Genghis Khan's campaigns. Establishment of unified Mongol Empire significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia.

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Mehmet II "The Conqueror"

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1446-46. 1451-1481.
First reign was cut short by his father who took back Sultanate when confronted with war. Second reign he aimed to prove something to Islamic world and set out to conquer Constantinople. Did it successfully, National hero in Turkey.

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Timur-i Lenk

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Turko-Mongol ruler of Barlas lineage. He conquered West, South and Central Asia and founed the Timurid dynasty. Referred to himself as the Sword of Islam.

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Harem

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Refers to the sphere of women in what is usually a polygamous household. Some women of Ottoman harem played very important political roles in Ottoman history.

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Ghazan Khan

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1295-1304. 7th ruler of Mongol Empire. Best known for making a political conversion to Islam when he took the throne. Spoke multiple languages, had many hobbies and reformed currency and fiscal policy.

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Millet

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Confessional communities in Ottoman Empire. Separate legal courts pertaining to "personal law". Used for legally protecting religious minority groups.

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Jalal al-Din Rumi

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13th century Persian poet, jurist, theologian and Sufi mystic. Rumi's poetry forms the basis of much classical Iranian and Afghan music.

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Osman I

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1299-1326.
Leader of the Ottoman Turks and founder of the dynasty. Announced independence of his own small kingdom from Seljuks.

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Kapikulu

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Regular army commanded and paid by some imporant land-holders and became a sort of noble class. Personal slave army; taken as captives, converted to Islam and trained.

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Muhammad al-Ghazali

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Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic of Persian descent. Single most influential Muslim after the prophet Muhammad. Brought the orthodox Islam of his time in close contact with Sufism.

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Suleiman I "the Magnificent"

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1520-1566.
10th and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Personally instituted major legislative changes to society, education, taxation and criminal law. Large military legacy.

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Valide Sultan

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Title held by mother of ruling Sultan. The position was perhaps most important position in Ottoman Empire after sultan.

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Sufism

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Religious branch deriving from Sunni Islam. Inner, mythical dimension of Islam. They believe they are practicing perfection of worship. Consider themselves as the original true proponents of this pure original form of Islam.

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Rabi'a al-Adawiyya

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Female Muslim Saint and Sufi mystic. Helped further integrate Islamic slaves into Muslim society. Passionate against all forms of slavery.

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Qizilbash

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"redheads". Label given to wide variety of Shi'i militant groups. Distinctive twelve-gored crimson headwear. It indicated their adherence to true Twelve Imams.

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Sultanate of Women

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130 yr period during 16th and 17th centuries when women of Imperial Harem of Ottoman Empire exerted extraordinary political influence.

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Devshirme

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(janissaries and kapikulu). Ottoman Empire took slave boys and converted them to Islam and trained them. Ideal age was 7-10 years old. Locally resented and resisted, but they rose very highly in military rank.

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Tariqa

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Term for a school or order of Sufism, aim of seeking ultimate truth. Particularly influential in spread of Islam.